关于三北防护林体系建设的思考与展望——基于40年建设综合评估结果
|
摘要
三北防护林体系建设工程(简称:三北工程)是同我国改革开放同步实施的世界最大生态工程,是生态文明建设的重要标志。三北工程规划建设期限历时73年,现已经过40年建设,为科学、准确把握三北工程40年建设来的成效、经验、问题等综合状况,国家林业和草原局(原国家林业局)于2017年委托中国科学院作为第三方评估机构,对三北工程建设40年进行了全面、系统评价与分析。本文在简要介绍三北工程建设40年的历程、取得的成效、积累的经验和存在问题的基础上,对三北工程未来建设与发展进行了思考与展望;提出了重大生态工程未来研究方向,以期为推动三北工程未来高质量发展,为美丽中国-生态文明建设提供重要证据和为全球生态安全建设提供经验与范式等提供参考。
The Three-North Afforestation Program( TNAP,also known as the Three North Protective Forest Program or the Green Great Wall) in China,the largest ecological project all over the world,was initiated in 1978 and will be fulfilled in 2050. The TNAP is an important landmark project for the construction of Ecological Civilization. During the past 40 years( 1978-2018),TNAP has made remarkable achievements and accumulated valuable experiences,which makes it an exemplary record of global ecological management. However,some inevitable problems appeared synchronously. To scientifically and accurately understand the comprehensive situation and promote high-quality development of the TNAP in the future,the National Forestry and Grassland Administration( formerly the National Forestry Administration,which is the Administration Agency of TNAP) commissioned the Chinese Academy of Sciences as a third-party evaluation agency to carry out a comprehensive and systematic assessment for the 40-year construction of TNAP. The assessment results would provide important evidence for the construction of Beautiful China-Ecological Civilization,and offer the experiences and examples for the construction of global projects for ecological security. In this paper,we gave a brief introduction to the assessment,including history,achievements,impacts,and the problems of the 40-year construction of TNAP.On the basis of this assessment,we proposed some prospects for the future construction and development of TNAP.
The Three-North Afforestation Program( TNAP,also known as the Three North Protective Forest Program or the Green Great Wall) in China,the largest ecological project all over the world,was initiated in 1978 and will be fulfilled in 2050. The TNAP is an important landmark project for the construction of Ecological Civilization. During the past 40 years( 1978-2018),TNAP has made remarkable achievements and accumulated valuable experiences,which makes it an exemplary record of global ecological management. However,some inevitable problems appeared synchronously. To scientifically and accurately understand the comprehensive situation and promote high-quality development of the TNAP in the future,the National Forestry and Grassland Administration( formerly the National Forestry Administration,which is the Administration Agency of TNAP) commissioned the Chinese Academy of Sciences as a third-party evaluation agency to carry out a comprehensive and systematic assessment for the 40-year construction of TNAP. The assessment results would provide important evidence for the construction of Beautiful China-Ecological Civilization,and offer the experiences and examples for the construction of global projects for ecological security. In this paper,we gave a brief introduction to the assessment,including history,achievements,impacts,and the problems of the 40-year construction of TNAP.On the basis of this assessment,we proposed some prospects for the future construction and development of TNAP.
引文
国家林业局.2008.1978-2008三北防护林体系建设30年发展报告.北京:中国林业出版社.
侯英雨,何延波,柳钦火,等.2007.干旱监测指数研究.生态学杂志,26(6):892-897.
李海奎,雷渊才.2010.中国森林植被生物量和碳储量评估.北京:中国林业出版社.
林业部三北防护林建设局.1992.中国三北防护林体系建设.北京:中国林业出版社.
姜凤岐,朱教君,曾德慧,等.2003.防护林经营学.北京:中国林业出版社.
姜凤岐.2012a.林业生态工程构建与管理.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社.
姜凤岐.2012b.曹新孙文集.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社.
张永利.2010.中国森林生态系统服务功能研究.北京:科学出版社.
赵金龙,王泺鑫,韩海荣,等.2013.森林生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展与趋势.生态学杂志,32(8):2229-2237.
郑晓,朱教君.2013a.基于多元遥感影像的三北地区片状防护林面积估算.应用生态学报,24(8):2257-2264.
郑晓,朱教君,闫妍.2013b.三北地区农田防护林面积的多尺度遥感估算.生态学杂志,32(5):1355-1363.
朱教君,曾德慧,康宏樟,等.2005.沙地樟子松人工林衰退机制.北京:中国林业出版社.
朱教君,郑晓,闫巧玲.2015.三北防护林生态环境效应遥感监测与评估研究.北京:科学出版社.
朱教君.2013.防护林学研究现状与展望.植物生态学报,37(9):872-888.
Lu F,Hu HF,Sun WJ,et al.2018.Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4039-4044.
Song LN,Li MC,Zhu JJ,et al.2017.Comparisons of radial growth and tree-ring celluloseδ13C for Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in natural and plantation forests on sandy lands.Journal of Forest Research,22:160-168.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2018a.Water use strategies of natural Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees with different ages in Hulunbeier sandy land of Inner Mongolia,China based on stable isotopic analysis.Trees,32:1001-1011.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2018b.Canopy transpiration of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in a sparse wood grassland in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,250-251:192-201.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2016a.Water use patterns of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees of different ages in a semiarid sandy lands of Northeast China.Environmental and Experimental Botany,129:94-107.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2016b.Sources of water used by Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees based on stable isotope measurements in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Agricultural Water Management,164:281-290.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2015.Comparison of intrinsic water use efficiency between different aged Pinussylvestris var.mongolica wide windbreaks in semiarid sandy land of northern China.Agroforestry Systems,89:477-489.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2014.Water utilization of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in a sparse wood grassland in the semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Trees,28:971-982.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2012.Estimation of groundwater levels with vertical electrical sounding in the semiarid area of South Keerqin sandy aquifer,China.Journal of Applied Geophysics,83:11-18.
Sun YR,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2016.Changes in vegetation carbon stocks between 1978 and 2007 in central Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,75:1-16.
Yan QL,Zhu JJ,Hu ZB,et al.2011.Environmental impacts of the shelter forests in Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China.Journal of Environmental Quality,40:815-824.
Yan QL,Zhu JJ,Zheng X,et al.2015.Causal effects of shelter forests and water factors on desertification processes during2000-2010 in the Horqin Sandy Land region,China.Journal of Forestry Research,26:33-45.
Yan Y,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2014.Modeling shallow groundwater levels in Horqin Sandy Land,North China,using satellite-based remote sensing images.Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,8:083647.
Yang K,Zhu JJ,Xu S,et al.2018.Conversion of natural secondary forests to larch plantations alters belowground carbon and nutrient pools in Northeast China.Land Degradation&Development,29:4129-4139.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2017.A new climatic classification of afforestation in Three-North regions of China with multi-source remote-sensing data.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,127:465-480.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Xing ZF.2016.Assessment of the effects of shelterbelts on the crop yield at regional scale,Northeast China.Agricultural Systems,143:49-60.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2015a.Temperature-based approaches for estimating monthly reference evapotranspiration based on MO-DIS data over North China.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,121:695-711.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2015b.A methodological approach for spatial downscaling of TRMM precipitation data in North China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,36:144-169.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Yan QL.2013.Monthly air temperatures over Northern China estimated by integrating MODIS data with GIS techniques.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,52:1987-2000.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2012.Effects of land use changes on groundwater table and the decline of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantations in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China.Agricultural Water Management,109:94-106.
Zhu JJ.2008.Wind shelter belts//Sven Erik Jrgensen,Brian D.Fath,eds.Ecosystems.Encyclopedia of Ecology.Oxford:Elsevier:5:3803-3812.
Zhu JJ,Gonda Y,Matsuzaki T,et al.2002.Salt distribution in response to optical stratification porosity and relative windspeed in a coastal forest in Niigata,Japan.Agroforestry Systems,56:73-85.
Zhu JJ,Kang HZ,Gonda Y.2007.Application of Wenner configuration to estimate surface soil water content in Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land.Pedosphere,17:801-812.
Zhu JJ,Li FQ,Xu ML,et al.2008.The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in alleviating pine decline in semiarid sandy soil of northern China:An experimental approach.Annals of Forest Science,65:304.
Zhu JJ,Matsuzaki T,Gonda Y.2003.Optical stratification porosity as a measure of vertical canopy structure in a Japanese pine coastal forest.Forest Ecology and Management,173:89-104.
Zhu JJ,Yu LZ,Xu TL,et al.2019.Comparison of water quality in two catchments with different forest types in the headwater region of the Hun River,Northeast China.Journal of Forestry Research,30:565-576.
侯英雨,何延波,柳钦火,等.2007.干旱监测指数研究.生态学杂志,26(6):892-897.
李海奎,雷渊才.2010.中国森林植被生物量和碳储量评估.北京:中国林业出版社.
林业部三北防护林建设局.1992.中国三北防护林体系建设.北京:中国林业出版社.
姜凤岐,朱教君,曾德慧,等.2003.防护林经营学.北京:中国林业出版社.
姜凤岐.2012a.林业生态工程构建与管理.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社.
姜凤岐.2012b.曹新孙文集.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社.
张永利.2010.中国森林生态系统服务功能研究.北京:科学出版社.
赵金龙,王泺鑫,韩海荣,等.2013.森林生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展与趋势.生态学杂志,32(8):2229-2237.
郑晓,朱教君.2013a.基于多元遥感影像的三北地区片状防护林面积估算.应用生态学报,24(8):2257-2264.
郑晓,朱教君,闫妍.2013b.三北地区农田防护林面积的多尺度遥感估算.生态学杂志,32(5):1355-1363.
朱教君,曾德慧,康宏樟,等.2005.沙地樟子松人工林衰退机制.北京:中国林业出版社.
朱教君,郑晓,闫巧玲.2015.三北防护林生态环境效应遥感监测与评估研究.北京:科学出版社.
朱教君.2013.防护林学研究现状与展望.植物生态学报,37(9):872-888.
Lu F,Hu HF,Sun WJ,et al.2018.Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115:4039-4044.
Song LN,Li MC,Zhu JJ,et al.2017.Comparisons of radial growth and tree-ring celluloseδ13C for Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in natural and plantation forests on sandy lands.Journal of Forest Research,22:160-168.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2018a.Water use strategies of natural Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees with different ages in Hulunbeier sandy land of Inner Mongolia,China based on stable isotopic analysis.Trees,32:1001-1011.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2018b.Canopy transpiration of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in a sparse wood grassland in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,250-251:192-201.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2016a.Water use patterns of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees of different ages in a semiarid sandy lands of Northeast China.Environmental and Experimental Botany,129:94-107.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2016b.Sources of water used by Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trees based on stable isotope measurements in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Agricultural Water Management,164:281-290.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2015.Comparison of intrinsic water use efficiency between different aged Pinussylvestris var.mongolica wide windbreaks in semiarid sandy land of northern China.Agroforestry Systems,89:477-489.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Li MC,et al.2014.Water utilization of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in a sparse wood grassland in the semiarid sandy region of Northeast China.Trees,28:971-982.
Song LN,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2012.Estimation of groundwater levels with vertical electrical sounding in the semiarid area of South Keerqin sandy aquifer,China.Journal of Applied Geophysics,83:11-18.
Sun YR,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2016.Changes in vegetation carbon stocks between 1978 and 2007 in central Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,75:1-16.
Yan QL,Zhu JJ,Hu ZB,et al.2011.Environmental impacts of the shelter forests in Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China.Journal of Environmental Quality,40:815-824.
Yan QL,Zhu JJ,Zheng X,et al.2015.Causal effects of shelter forests and water factors on desertification processes during2000-2010 in the Horqin Sandy Land region,China.Journal of Forestry Research,26:33-45.
Yan Y,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2014.Modeling shallow groundwater levels in Horqin Sandy Land,North China,using satellite-based remote sensing images.Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,8:083647.
Yang K,Zhu JJ,Xu S,et al.2018.Conversion of natural secondary forests to larch plantations alters belowground carbon and nutrient pools in Northeast China.Land Degradation&Development,29:4129-4139.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2017.A new climatic classification of afforestation in Three-North regions of China with multi-source remote-sensing data.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,127:465-480.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Xing ZF.2016.Assessment of the effects of shelterbelts on the crop yield at regional scale,Northeast China.Agricultural Systems,143:49-60.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2015a.Temperature-based approaches for estimating monthly reference evapotranspiration based on MO-DIS data over North China.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,121:695-711.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ.2015b.A methodological approach for spatial downscaling of TRMM precipitation data in North China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,36:144-169.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Yan QL.2013.Monthly air temperatures over Northern China estimated by integrating MODIS data with GIS techniques.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,52:1987-2000.
Zheng X,Zhu JJ,Yan QL,et al.2012.Effects of land use changes on groundwater table and the decline of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantations in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China.Agricultural Water Management,109:94-106.
Zhu JJ.2008.Wind shelter belts//Sven Erik Jrgensen,Brian D.Fath,eds.Ecosystems.Encyclopedia of Ecology.Oxford:Elsevier:5:3803-3812.
Zhu JJ,Gonda Y,Matsuzaki T,et al.2002.Salt distribution in response to optical stratification porosity and relative windspeed in a coastal forest in Niigata,Japan.Agroforestry Systems,56:73-85.
Zhu JJ,Kang HZ,Gonda Y.2007.Application of Wenner configuration to estimate surface soil water content in Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land.Pedosphere,17:801-812.
Zhu JJ,Li FQ,Xu ML,et al.2008.The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in alleviating pine decline in semiarid sandy soil of northern China:An experimental approach.Annals of Forest Science,65:304.
Zhu JJ,Matsuzaki T,Gonda Y.2003.Optical stratification porosity as a measure of vertical canopy structure in a Japanese pine coastal forest.Forest Ecology and Management,173:89-104.
Zhu JJ,Yu LZ,Xu TL,et al.2019.Comparison of water quality in two catchments with different forest types in the headwater region of the Hun River,Northeast China.Journal of Forestry Research,30:565-576.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |