云南小江流域典型泥石流沟中底栖动物群落特征及其对河流地貌的响应
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摘要
云南小江流域为典型干热河谷区,该区域干热少雨,流域内泥石流沟众多,生态环境十分脆弱. 2017年4月和9月对小江流域的吊嘎河、蒋家沟、蓝泥坪沟、清水沟、陶家小河5条泥石流沟及小江干流开展了系统调查,旨在摸清5条泥石流沟及小江干流河流地貌、水环境及底栖动物群落现状,分析不同河床结构发育程度的泥石流沟间的底栖动物群落差异,揭示底栖动物对反映河床结构发育程度的河流地貌特征参数凹凸度的响应关系.调查期间于5条泥石流沟及小江干流中共采集到底栖动物70种,隶属于4门6纲38科69属,其中环节动物6种,软体动物2种,节肢动物61种,扁形动物1种.从种类类群来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流的底栖动物物种数、密度、生物量上均以节肢动物占绝对优势,分别占总量的78.0%～92.5%、98.7%～100%、65.0%～100%.从功能摄食类群上来看,5条泥石流沟及小江干流底栖动物密度上均以直接收集者为主,占总量的74.3%～96.3%.回归分析表明,5条泥石流沟中底栖动物物种数、密度及生物量均与河流地貌特征参数凹凸度呈正相关关系,由此可见,发育良好的河床结构在维持河流地貌稳定和改善河流生态方面起着举足轻重的作用.本研究结果可为小江流域山区河流泥石流沟河床结构重建及生态修复提供科学依据.
The Xiaojiang River Basin is a typical dry-hot valley area,characterized by high temperatures,little rain and many debris flow gullies,where ecological environment is very fragile. In April and September of 2017,field surveys were conducted in the five debris flow gullies( i.e.,the Diaoga Creek,the Jiangjia Creek,the Lanniping Creek,the Qingshui Creek,and the Taojiaxiaohe Creek) and the Xiaojiang River. The purpose of this study is to understand fluvial geomorphological feature,water environment,and macroinvertebrate communities in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,to analyze the differences in macroinvertebrate communities among debris flow gullies with different riverbed structures,and to reveal the responses of macroinvertebrates to the fluvial geomorphological parameter( degree of concavity-convexity) reflecting the development degree of riverbed structure. A total of 70 taxa of macroinvertebrates were identified,belonging to 4 phyla,6 classes,38 families and 69 genera. With regard to the taxonomic groups,arthropods were dominant in the species richness,density,and biomass of macroinvertebrates in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,accounting for 78.0%-92.5%,98.7%-100.0% and 65.0%-100.0% of the total richness,densities,and biomass,respectively. With regard to the functional feeding groups,collector-gatherers were all dominated in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,accounting for 74. 3%-96. 3% of the total densities. Regression analyses showed that the species number,density,and biomass of macroinvertebrates were all positively correlated with the fluvial geomorphological parameter( degree of concavity-convexity) of the five debris flow gullies. The present study indicated that the well-developed riverbed structure plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the fluvial geomorphology and ecological quality. The results of this study can provide scientific basis for riverbed structure reconstruction and ecological restoration of debris flow gullies in mountain regions of the Xiaojiang River Basin.
The Xiaojiang River Basin is a typical dry-hot valley area,characterized by high temperatures,little rain and many debris flow gullies,where ecological environment is very fragile. In April and September of 2017,field surveys were conducted in the five debris flow gullies( i.e.,the Diaoga Creek,the Jiangjia Creek,the Lanniping Creek,the Qingshui Creek,and the Taojiaxiaohe Creek) and the Xiaojiang River. The purpose of this study is to understand fluvial geomorphological feature,water environment,and macroinvertebrate communities in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,to analyze the differences in macroinvertebrate communities among debris flow gullies with different riverbed structures,and to reveal the responses of macroinvertebrates to the fluvial geomorphological parameter( degree of concavity-convexity) reflecting the development degree of riverbed structure. A total of 70 taxa of macroinvertebrates were identified,belonging to 4 phyla,6 classes,38 families and 69 genera. With regard to the taxonomic groups,arthropods were dominant in the species richness,density,and biomass of macroinvertebrates in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,accounting for 78.0%-92.5%,98.7%-100.0% and 65.0%-100.0% of the total richness,densities,and biomass,respectively. With regard to the functional feeding groups,collector-gatherers were all dominated in the five debris flow gullies and the Xiaojiang River,accounting for 74. 3%-96. 3% of the total densities. Regression analyses showed that the species number,density,and biomass of macroinvertebrates were all positively correlated with the fluvial geomorphological parameter( degree of concavity-convexity) of the five debris flow gullies. The present study indicated that the well-developed riverbed structure plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the fluvial geomorphology and ecological quality. The results of this study can provide scientific basis for riverbed structure reconstruction and ecological restoration of debris flow gullies in mountain regions of the Xiaojiang River Basin.
引文
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[28] Epler JH. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae(Diptera)of North and South Carolina. FEBS Letters,2001,81(2). DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(77)80570-X.
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[30] Liu YY,Zhang WZ,Wang YX et al eds. Zoology of Chinese economy. Freshwater molluscs. Beijing:Science Press,1979.[刘月英,张文珍,王跃先等.中国经济动物志.淡水软体动物.北京:科学出版社,1979.]
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[2] Wang DJ,Cui P,Zhu B et al. Vegetation rehabilitation techniques and ecological effects in Dry-Hot Valley of Jinsha River. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):95-98.[王道杰,崔鹏,朱波等.金沙江干热河谷植被恢复技术及生态效应———以云南小江流域为例.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):95-98.]
[3] Downes BJ,Lake PS,Schreiber ESG et al. Habitat structure,resources and diversity:the separate effects of surface texture and macroalgae on stream invertebrates. Oecologia,2000,123:569-581.
[4] Grant G,Swanson FJ,Wolman MG et al. Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams,western Cascades,Oregon. Geological Society American Bulletin,1990,102:340-352.
[5] Lamarre H,Roy AG. The role of morphology on the displacement of particlesina step-pool river system. Geomorphology,2008,99:270-279.
[6] Xu J,Wang ZY. The formation of thestep-pool and its mechanism of action. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,(10):48-55.[徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理.水利学报,2004,(10):48-55.]
[7] Wang ZY,Cui P,Liu HX. Mountain disasters caused by the Wenchuan earthquake and the management strategy of the barrier lake. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(7):757-763.[王兆印,崔鹏,刘怀湘.汶川地震引发的山地灾害以及堰塞湖的管理方略.水利学报,2010,41(7):757-763.]
[8] Yu GA,Wang ZY,Zhang K et al. Field experiment for harnessing incised mountain stream(the Diaoga river)by using artificial step-pools. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2008,27(1):85-89.[余国安,王兆印,张康等.应用人工阶梯-深潭治理下切河流———吊嘎河的尝试.水力发电学报,2008,27(1):85-89.]
[9] Brink FWBDV,Beljaards MJ,Boots NCA et al. Macrozoobenthos abundance and community composition in three lower Rhine floodplain lakes with varying inundation regimes. Regulated Rivers:Research and Management,1994,9:279-293.
[10] Liang YL,Wang HZ eds. Chapter 10 Benthic Animals∥Liu JK ed. Advanced aquatic biology. Beijing:Science Press,1999:241-259.[梁彦龄,王洪铸.第十章底栖动物∥刘建康.高级水生生物学.北京:科学出版社,1999:241-259.]
[11] Chessman BC,Royal MJ. Bioassessment without reference sites:use of environmental filters to predict natural assemblages of river macroinvertebrats. Journal of the North American Benthological Society,2003,23(3):599-615.
[12] Flotemersch JE,Stribling JB,Paul MJ et al eds. Concepts and approaches for the bioassessment of non-wadeable streams and rivers. Ohio:US Environmental Protection Agency,2006,EPA600-R-06-127.
[13] Miller SW,Budy P,Schmidt JC et al. Quantifying macroinvertebrate responses to in-stream habitat restoration:applications of meta-analysis to river restoration. Restoration Ecology,2009,18:8-19.
[14] Wang BX. Water qualitybioassessment using benthic macroinvertebrates[Dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2003.[王备新.大型底栖无脊椎动物水质生物评价研究[学位论文].南京:南京农业大学,2003.]
[15] Wu J,Wu MS. Fish fauna of the Jinsha River. Sichuan Animals,1990,9(3):23-26.[吴江,吴明森.金沙江的鱼类区系.四川动物,1990,9(3):23-26.]
[16] Wang XA,Chen XY,Yang JX. Ichthyologic fauna of Niulan River. Zoological Research,2009,30(5):585-592.[王晓爱,陈小勇,杨君兴.中国金沙江一级支流牛栏江的鱼类区系分析.动物学研究,2009,30(5):585-592.]
[17] Brown LR,May JT. Periphyton and macroinvertebrate communities at five sites in the San Joaquin River Basin,California,during June and September,2001. U.S. Scientific Investigations Report,2004:43.
[18] Wang ZY,Melching CS,Duan XH et al. Ecological and hydraulic studies of step-pool systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,135(9):705-717.
[19] Yu GA,Wang ZY,Zhang K et al. Artificial step-pool improves the aquatic habitat and ecology in incised river. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(2):162-167.[余国安,王兆印,张康等.人工阶梯-深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用.水利学报,2008,39(2):162-167.]
[20] Wang ZY,Cheng DS,He YP et al. The ecological role of the river ladder in the southwest mountainous step-pool system.Advances in Earth Science,2006,21(4):409-416.[王兆印,程东升,何易平等.西南山区河流阶梯—深潭系统的生态学作用.地球科学进展,2006,21(4):409-416.]
[21] Duan XH,Wang ZY,Yu GA. Evaluation of water ecology in the Yangtze River Basin with benthic animals as indicator species. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(3):241-247.[段学花,王兆印,余国安.以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(3):241-247.]
[22] Cheng ZL,You Y,Zhu PY. Characteristics and model test of sediment in the upper reaches of Xiaojiang River Basin in Yunnan Province. Journal of Natural Disasters,2000,9(3):113-114.[程尊兰,游勇,朱平一.云南小江流域中上游泥沙特征及模型试验.自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):113-114.]
[23] Zhang DD. GIS-based analysis of landslide impact factors and dangers in Xiaojiang River Basin,Yunnan Province[Dissertation]. Qingdao:Shandong University of Science and Technology,2015.[张丹丹.基于GIS的云南小江流域滑坡影响因子及危险性分析[学位论文].青岛:山东科技大学,2015.]
[24] Xie YB ed. Water information technology. Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2009.[谢悦波.水信息技术.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.]
[25] Barbour MT,Gertisen J,Snyder BD et al eds. Rapid bioassessment for in use streams and Wadeeble Rivers:Periphyton,bethic macrionvertebrates and fish:2nd edition. Washington DC:Envioonme Protection Agecy,Office of Water,1999.
[26] Zhang RJ ed. River sediment dynamics. Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,1998.[张瑞瑾.河流泥沙动力学.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.]
[27] Editorial board of"Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method",Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China ed. Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater:third edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1989.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第3版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989.]
[28] Epler JH. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae(Diptera)of North and South Carolina. FEBS Letters,2001,81(2). DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(77)80570-X.
[29] Brinkhurst RO. Guide to the freshwater aquatic Microdrile oligochaetes on North America. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1986,84:1-259.
[30] Liu YY,Zhang WZ,Wang YX et al eds. Zoology of Chinese economy. Freshwater molluscs. Beijing:Science Press,1979.[刘月英,张文珍,王跃先等.中国经济动物志.淡水软体动物.北京:科学出版社,1979.]
[31] Morse JC,Yang L,Tian L et al eds. Aquatic insects of China useful for monitoring water quality. Nanjing:Hohai University Press,1984.
[32] Merritt RW,Cummins KW,Berg MB et al eds. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America:4th edition.Dubuque:Kendall Hunt Publishing,2008:181-771.
[33] Duan XH,Wang ZY,Xu MZ eds. Benthic mcroinvertebrate and application in the assessment of stream ecology. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2010:49-53.[段学花,王兆印,徐梦珍.底栖动物与河流生态评价.北京:清华大学出版社,2010:49-53.]
[34] Barbour MT,Gerritsen J,Snyder BD et al eds. Rapid bioassessement protocols for use in streams and wadeable river:Periphyton,benthic macroinvertebrates and fish:2nd edition. Washington,DC:US EPA,Office of Water,1999:B1-B50.
[35] Duan XH,Wang ZY,Xu MZ et al. Effect of streambed sediment on benthic ecology. International Journal of Sediment Research,2009,24(3):325-338.
[36] Allan JD ed. Stream ecology. London:Chapman and Hall,1995.
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