利用R语言半自动化提取河流阶地——以米家山黄河阶地为例
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摘要
构造活跃地区阶地的发育对于分析不同时间域下的构造变形或气候作用具有重要意义。因此,如何利用有效的定量方法提取和精细刻画这类地貌特征显得极为重要。R语言是一种集统计分析和图形显示于一体的优秀编程语言,目前已被广泛应用于医学、生物学等领域,但尚未应用于地质与地貌学领域。文中以海原断裂带景泰—哈思山段的米家山东侧保存较好的多级黄河河流阶地为研究目标,初步尝试基于R语言对Sf M技术获取的高精度地形数据进行分析和可视化,完成了对米家山黄河阶地的半自动提取,共划分出20级河流阶地,同时揭示出较年轻的阶地具有较好的连续性和延伸性,而较老阶地的连续性和延伸性则相对较差,且老阶地变形逐渐趋于明显,阶地年龄越老,其似半抛物线形态的翘曲越明显,反映了米家山东侧多级阶地形成后的不同演化历史。此次试验结果表明R语言有望成为高精度地形数据分析和可视化的有效工具。
The generation,abandonment and preservation of terraces formed in active tectonic areas are important to the analysis of the role of the tectonics and climate along the temporal variations,so it appears significant as how to use the effective quantitative methods to extract and accurately depict these terraces. The increasingly convenient acquisition of high-precision topographic data has greatly promoted the advancement of quantitative research in geoscience,making it possible to analyze midmicro-geomorphic features on a large scale,especially by studying the temporal and spatial evolution of tectonic deformation through accurate capture of micro-geomorphic features. Over the past decade,the rapid development of Li DAR(Light Detection and Ranging) technology has provided unprecedented opportunity to access high-precision topographic data(up to centimeter in vertical and horizontal directions). However, its relatively high cost and relatively complex data processing techniques limit its widespread application in the field of earth sciences. In recent years,with the continuous innovation and advancement of topographic measurement technology,the three-dimensional structure of motion reconstruction technology(Structure from Motion, SfM) has gradually been introduced into the field of digital topographic photogrammetry due to its rapid advantage in providing quick,convenient and cost-effective methods for obtaining high-density geospatial point data. This method thus shows great potential for providing high resolution topographic data with comparable resolution and precision. Therefore,with the acquisition of more and more high-resolution terrain data in recent years, it is an important development trend to explore automated or semi-automated quantitative geomorphological analysis methods. R language,as an excellent programming language,has not been used in the geology and geomorphology,although is widely applied in medicine and meteorology based on its powerful capability of statistician and graphic visualization. In this paper,we focus on the Yellow River multi-terraces formed to the east of the Mijia Shan,which belongs to the Jingtai-Hasi Shan segment of the Haiyuan Fault. With the analysis and visualization of the high-resolution topographic data collected from the SfM in the environment of the R language, we implement the semiautomatic classification and mapping of the Yellow River multi-terraces. The method identifies 20 terraces with different elevation. Our results also imply that the younger terraces have better continuity and elongation,and the older terraces have more deformation,which can be demonstrated from their gradually notable semi-parabolic shape. Besides this,it also suggests the diverse evolution stages of the Yellow River terraces. Our study indicates that R language is expected to become an efficient tool of statistics and visualization of the high-resolution topographic data.
The generation,abandonment and preservation of terraces formed in active tectonic areas are important to the analysis of the role of the tectonics and climate along the temporal variations,so it appears significant as how to use the effective quantitative methods to extract and accurately depict these terraces. The increasingly convenient acquisition of high-precision topographic data has greatly promoted the advancement of quantitative research in geoscience,making it possible to analyze midmicro-geomorphic features on a large scale,especially by studying the temporal and spatial evolution of tectonic deformation through accurate capture of micro-geomorphic features. Over the past decade,the rapid development of Li DAR(Light Detection and Ranging) technology has provided unprecedented opportunity to access high-precision topographic data(up to centimeter in vertical and horizontal directions). However, its relatively high cost and relatively complex data processing techniques limit its widespread application in the field of earth sciences. In recent years,with the continuous innovation and advancement of topographic measurement technology,the three-dimensional structure of motion reconstruction technology(Structure from Motion, SfM) has gradually been introduced into the field of digital topographic photogrammetry due to its rapid advantage in providing quick,convenient and cost-effective methods for obtaining high-density geospatial point data. This method thus shows great potential for providing high resolution topographic data with comparable resolution and precision. Therefore,with the acquisition of more and more high-resolution terrain data in recent years, it is an important development trend to explore automated or semi-automated quantitative geomorphological analysis methods. R language,as an excellent programming language,has not been used in the geology and geomorphology,although is widely applied in medicine and meteorology based on its powerful capability of statistician and graphic visualization. In this paper,we focus on the Yellow River multi-terraces formed to the east of the Mijia Shan,which belongs to the Jingtai-Hasi Shan segment of the Haiyuan Fault. With the analysis and visualization of the high-resolution topographic data collected from the SfM in the environment of the R language, we implement the semiautomatic classification and mapping of the Yellow River multi-terraces. The method identifies 20 terraces with different elevation. Our results also imply that the younger terraces have better continuity and elongation,and the older terraces have more deformation,which can be demonstrated from their gradually notable semi-parabolic shape. Besides this,it also suggests the diverse evolution stages of the Yellow River terraces. Our study indicates that R language is expected to become an efficient tool of statistics and visualization of the high-resolution topographic data.
引文
陈涛,张培震,刘静,等.2014.机载激光雷达技术与海原断裂带的精细地貌定量化研究[J].科学通报,59(14):1293-1304.CHEN Tao,ZHANG Pei-zhen,LIU-ZENG Jing,et al.2014.Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan Fault based on airborne Li DAR[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,59(14):1293-1304(in Chinese).
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李吉均,方小敏,马海洲,等,1996.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起[J].中国科学(D辑),26(4):316-322.LI Ji-jun,FANG Xiao-min,MA Hai-zhou,et al.1996.Landform evolution of the upper reaches of Huanghe River in late Cenozoic era and the upwelling of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Science in China(Ser D),26(4):316-322(in Chinese).
李占飞.2016.海原断裂米家山阶区的抬升及其对断裂几何演化的指示意义[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.LI Zhan-fei.2016.The uplift of Mijia Shan step-over and its implication to the fault geometry evolution of the Haiyuan strike-slip fault[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘静,陈涛,张培震,等.2013.机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J].科学通报,58(1):41-45.LIU-ZENG Jing,CHEN Tao,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2013.Illuminating the active Haiyuan Fault,China by airborne light detection and ranging[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(1):41-45(in Chinese).
刘培宁,韩笑,杨福兴.2014.基于R语言的Net CDF文件分析和可视化应用[J].气象科技,42(4):629-634.LIU Pei-ning,HAN Xiao,YANG Fu-xing.2014.Visualized application and analysis of Net CDF files based on RLanguage[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,42(4):629-634(in Chinese).
邵延秀,张波,邹小波,等.2017.采用无人机载Li DAR进行快速地质调查实践[J].地震地质,39(6):1185-1197.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.06.007.SHAO Yan-xiu,ZHANG Bo,ZOU Xiao-bo,et al.2017.Application of UAVLS rapid geological surveys[J].Seismology and Geology,39(6):1185-1197(in Chinese).
王书兵,蒋复初,傅建利,等.2013.关于黄河形成时代的一些认识[J].第四纪研究,33(4):705-714.WANG Shu-bing,JIANG Fu-chu,FU Jian-li,et al.2013.Some knowledge of the formation of the Yellow River[J].Quaternary Sciences,33(4):705-714(in Chinese).
汪洋,胡代玉,杨德香,等.2013.使用R语言对2种结核病发病预测模型的对比分析[J].中国全科医学,16(17):1498-1501.WANG Yang,HU Dai-yu,YANG De-xiang,et al.2013.Comparison of two predicting models for tuberculosis using RLanguage[J].Chinese General Practice,16(17):1498-1501(in Chinese).
魏占玉,何宏林,高伟,等.2014.基于Li DAR数据开展活动断层填图的实验研究:以新疆独山子背斜-逆冲断裂带为例[J].地震地质,36(3):794-813.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.019.WEI Zhan-yu,HE Hong-lin,GAO Wei,et al.2014.Experimental study on geologic mapping of active tectonics based on Li DAR data:A case of Dushanzi anticline-reverse fault zone in Xinjiang[J].Seismology and Geology,36(3):794-813(in Chinese).
邢成起,丁国瑜,卢演俦,等.2001.黄河中游河流阶地的对比及阶地系列形成中构造作用的多层次性分析[J].中国地震,17(2):187-201.XING Cheng-qi,DING Guo-yu,LU Yan-chou,et al.2001.Comparison of river terraces in the middle reach valleys of the Yellow River and analysis on the multi-gradational features of tectonics action in the formation of terrace series[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(2):187-201(in Chinese).
张珂.2012.河流的竞争:以汾河与晋陕黄河形成演化为例[J].第四纪研究,32(5):859-865.ZHANG Ke.2012.Fluvial competition:Exemplified by formation and evolution of the Fen River and Jinshan Yellow River[J].Quaternary Sciences,32(5):859-865(in Chinese).
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(3)https://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html。
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Earthquake Administration of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.1990.Active Haiyuan Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李吉均,方小敏,马海洲,等,1996.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起[J].中国科学(D辑),26(4):316-322.LI Ji-jun,FANG Xiao-min,MA Hai-zhou,et al.1996.Landform evolution of the upper reaches of Huanghe River in late Cenozoic era and the upwelling of Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Science in China(Ser D),26(4):316-322(in Chinese).
李占飞.2016.海原断裂米家山阶区的抬升及其对断裂几何演化的指示意义[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.LI Zhan-fei.2016.The uplift of Mijia Shan step-over and its implication to the fault geometry evolution of the Haiyuan strike-slip fault[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘静,陈涛,张培震,等.2013.机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J].科学通报,58(1):41-45.LIU-ZENG Jing,CHEN Tao,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2013.Illuminating the active Haiyuan Fault,China by airborne light detection and ranging[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,58(1):41-45(in Chinese).
刘培宁,韩笑,杨福兴.2014.基于R语言的Net CDF文件分析和可视化应用[J].气象科技,42(4):629-634.LIU Pei-ning,HAN Xiao,YANG Fu-xing.2014.Visualized application and analysis of Net CDF files based on RLanguage[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,42(4):629-634(in Chinese).
邵延秀,张波,邹小波,等.2017.采用无人机载Li DAR进行快速地质调查实践[J].地震地质,39(6):1185-1197.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.06.007.SHAO Yan-xiu,ZHANG Bo,ZOU Xiao-bo,et al.2017.Application of UAVLS rapid geological surveys[J].Seismology and Geology,39(6):1185-1197(in Chinese).
王书兵,蒋复初,傅建利,等.2013.关于黄河形成时代的一些认识[J].第四纪研究,33(4):705-714.WANG Shu-bing,JIANG Fu-chu,FU Jian-li,et al.2013.Some knowledge of the formation of the Yellow River[J].Quaternary Sciences,33(4):705-714(in Chinese).
汪洋,胡代玉,杨德香,等.2013.使用R语言对2种结核病发病预测模型的对比分析[J].中国全科医学,16(17):1498-1501.WANG Yang,HU Dai-yu,YANG De-xiang,et al.2013.Comparison of two predicting models for tuberculosis using RLanguage[J].Chinese General Practice,16(17):1498-1501(in Chinese).
魏占玉,何宏林,高伟,等.2014.基于Li DAR数据开展活动断层填图的实验研究:以新疆独山子背斜-逆冲断裂带为例[J].地震地质,36(3):794-813.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.019.WEI Zhan-yu,HE Hong-lin,GAO Wei,et al.2014.Experimental study on geologic mapping of active tectonics based on Li DAR data:A case of Dushanzi anticline-reverse fault zone in Xinjiang[J].Seismology and Geology,36(3):794-813(in Chinese).
邢成起,丁国瑜,卢演俦,等.2001.黄河中游河流阶地的对比及阶地系列形成中构造作用的多层次性分析[J].中国地震,17(2):187-201.XING Cheng-qi,DING Guo-yu,LU Yan-chou,et al.2001.Comparison of river terraces in the middle reach valleys of the Yellow River and analysis on the multi-gradational features of tectonics action in the formation of terrace series[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(2):187-201(in Chinese).
张珂.2012.河流的竞争:以汾河与晋陕黄河形成演化为例[J].第四纪研究,32(5):859-865.ZHANG Ke.2012.Fluvial competition:Exemplified by formation and evolution of the Fen River and Jinshan Yellow River[J].Quaternary Sciences,32(5):859-865(in Chinese).
Anderson R S,Densmore A L,Ellis M A.1999.The generation and degradation of marine terraces[J].Basin Research,11(1):7-19.
Armijo R,Meyer B,King G C P,et al.1996.Quaternary evolution of the Corinth rift and its implications for the late Cenozoic evolution of the Aegean[J].Geophysical Journal International,126(1):11-53.
Arrowsmith J R,Zielke O.2009.Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas fault zone from high resolution topography:An example from the Cholame segment[J].Geomorphology,113(1-2):70-81.
Athanassas C,Fountoulis I.2013.Quaternary neotectonic configuration of the southwestern Peloponnese,Greece,based on luminescence ages of marine terraces[J].Journal of Earth Science,24(3):410-427.
Bemis S P,Micklethwaite S,Turner D,et al.2014.Ground-based and UAV-based photogrammetry:A multi-scale,high-resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology[J].Journal of Structural Geology,69:163-178.
Bi H,Zheng W,Ren Z,et al.2017.Using an unmanned aerial vehicle for topography mapping of the fault zone based on structure from motion photogrammetry[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,38(8-10):2495-2510.
Bird S,Hogan D,Schwab J.2010.Photogrammetric monitoring of small streams under a riparian forest canopy[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,35(8):952-970.
Bowles C J,Cowgill E.2012.Discovering marine terraces using airborne Li DAR along the Mendocino-Sonoma coast,northern California[J].Geosphere,8(2):386-402.
Bridgland D,Westaway R.2008.Climatically controlled river terrace staircases:A worldwide Quaternary phenomenon[J].Geomorphology,98(3-4):285-315.
Cabioch G,Ayliffe L K.2001.Raised coral terraces at Malakula,Vanuatu,southwest Pacific,indicate high sea level during marine isotope stage 3[J].Quaternary Research,56(3):357-365.
Chen M C,Frohlich C,Taylor F W,et al.2011.Arc segmentation and seismicity in the Solomon Islands arc,SWPacific[J].Tectonophysics,507(1):47-69.
Chen T,Liu-Zeng J,Shao Y X,et al.2018.Geomorphic offsets along the creeping Laohu Shan section of the Haiyuan Fault,northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Geosphere,14(3):1165-1186.
Cornée J J,Moissette P,Sébastien J,et al.2006.Tectonic and climatic controls on coastal sedimentation:The late Pliocene-middle Pleistocene of northeastern Rhodes,Greece[J].Sedimentary Geology,187(3-4):159-181.
Crawley M J.2007.The R Book[M].1st edition.Chichester:Wiley Publishing.
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