吉林省土壤冻融的逐日变化及与气温、地温的关系
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摘要
土壤冻融过程对气候和生态环境演变有重要影响。为了研究季节冻土区土壤冻融过程及其对气候变化的响应,利用2014-2017年吉林省典型代表观测站逐日冻土、气温和地温数据,研究土壤冻融的逐日变化及其与气温、地温的关系。结果表明:在土壤冻结和融化完整过程中,冻土上限呈直线上升趋势变化,下限呈先增大后减小的三次曲线趋势变化,即从稳定冻结初日起,冻土深度逐渐加深,在达到最大值后,缓慢变浅。冻土融化包括下限和上限融化两个过程,具有"两头化"的变化特征。冻土上限融化与下限同时开始或者晚于下限,但冻土上限融化的日变化量要大于下限。在土壤冻结过程中,活动积温、 0 cm地积温、 10 cm地积温与冻结深度呈三次曲线变化关系,随负积温的增加,冻结深度加深。在冻土上限融化过程中,活动积温、 0 cm地积温、 10 cm地积温与冻土上限深度呈三次曲线变化关系,随正积温的增加,上限融化深度加深。在冻土下限融化过程中,活动积温、 0 cm地积温、 160 cm地积温与冻土下限深度呈显著的直线趋势,随正积温的增加,下限融化深度变浅。
The process of soil freezing and thawing has an important influence on the evolution of climate and ecological environment. In order to study the soil freezing and thawing process and its response to climate change in the seasonal frozen soil region, the daily variation of soil freezing and thawing process and its relationship with air temperature and soil temperature were analyzed based on the observation data of frozen soil, air temperature and soil temperature of the four typical representative stations from 2014 to 2017 in Jilin Province. The results showed that the upper limit of frozen soil showed a linear upward trend, and the lower limit value showed a trend of three times curve in the whole process of soil freezing and thawing. From the beginning of stable freezing, the lower limit of frozen soil increased gradually, and it decreased slowly after reached the maximum. The process of soil thawing include the lower and upper soil thawing. The upper limit of frozen soil have thawed at the same time or later than lower limit, but the daily variation of soil thawing of the upper limit was greater than the lower limit. During the soil freezing process, the accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 10 cm and the depth of freezing had three times curve relationship, with the increase of negative accumulated temperature, the depth of freezing increased. The accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 10 cm and the depth of upper limit of frozen soil had three times curve relationship in the process of upper limit of soil thawing, with the increase of positive accumulated temperature, the depth of upper limit of frozen soil increased. During the process of lower limit of soil thawing, the accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 160 cm and the depth of lower limit of frozen soil showed a linear trend significantly. The depth of lower limit of frozen soil decreased with the increase of positive accumulated air temperature, the depth of frozen soil was shallower.
The process of soil freezing and thawing has an important influence on the evolution of climate and ecological environment. In order to study the soil freezing and thawing process and its response to climate change in the seasonal frozen soil region, the daily variation of soil freezing and thawing process and its relationship with air temperature and soil temperature were analyzed based on the observation data of frozen soil, air temperature and soil temperature of the four typical representative stations from 2014 to 2017 in Jilin Province. The results showed that the upper limit of frozen soil showed a linear upward trend, and the lower limit value showed a trend of three times curve in the whole process of soil freezing and thawing. From the beginning of stable freezing, the lower limit of frozen soil increased gradually, and it decreased slowly after reached the maximum. The process of soil thawing include the lower and upper soil thawing. The upper limit of frozen soil have thawed at the same time or later than lower limit, but the daily variation of soil thawing of the upper limit was greater than the lower limit. During the soil freezing process, the accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 10 cm and the depth of freezing had three times curve relationship, with the increase of negative accumulated temperature, the depth of freezing increased. The accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 10 cm and the depth of upper limit of frozen soil had three times curve relationship in the process of upper limit of soil thawing, with the increase of positive accumulated temperature, the depth of upper limit of frozen soil increased. During the process of lower limit of soil thawing, the accumulated air temperature, accumulated soil temperature at 0 cm, accumulated soil temperature at 160 cm and the depth of lower limit of frozen soil showed a linear trend significantly. The depth of lower limit of frozen soil decreased with the increase of positive accumulated air temperature, the depth of frozen soil was shallower.
引文
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[21] Gao Rong,Wei Zhigang,Dong Wenjie.Analysis of the cause of the different in interannual variation between snow cover and seasonal frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(2):153-159.[高荣,韦志刚,董文杰.青藏高原冬春积雪和季节冻土年际变化差异的成因分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(2):153-159.]
[22] Bai Lei,Li Lanhai,Li Qian,et al.Relationship between soil′s seasonal freezing process and daily accumulative hourly temperature in northern Xinjiang region[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):328-335.[白磊,李兰海,李倩,等.新疆北疆地区季节性冻土结冻过程与日积温的关系[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):328-335.]
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[24] Ni Chaoyu,Wang Huiqing.The statistical characteristics of frozen soil in Jilin Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1989,11(1):34-43.[倪超玉,王惠清.吉林省冻土的统计特征[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(1):34-43.]
[25] Zhang Xiyin,Zhang Mingyi,Lu Jianguo,et al.Study of the freezing and thawing features of soil:current situation and outlook[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(6):1644-1657.[张熙胤,张明义,路建国,等.土体冻融特征研究现状与展望[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1644-1657.]
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[27] Zhao Xianbo,Liu Tiejun,Xu Shiguo,et al.Freezing-thawing process and soil moisture migration within the black soil plow layer in seasonally frozen ground regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):233-240.[赵显波,刘铁军,许士国,等.季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):233-240.]
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[2] Sherstyukov A B,Sherstyukov B G.Spatial features and new trends in thermal conditions of soil and depth of its seasonal thawing in the permafrost zone[J].Russian Meteorology and Hydrology,2015,40(2):73-78.
[3] Kalyuzhnyi I L,Lavrov S A.Mechanism of the influence of soil freezing depth on winter runoff[J].Water Resources,2017,44(4):604-613.
[4] Zhang Xia,Sun Shufen.The impact of soil freezing/thawing processes on water and energy balances[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2011,28(1):169-177.
[5] Yang Jianping,Yang Suiqiao,Li Man,et al.Vulnerability of frozen ground to climate change in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1436-1445.[杨建平,杨岁桥,李曼,等.中国冻土对气候变化的脆弱性[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1436-1445.]
[6] Yang Cheng,Yao Jimin,Zhao Lin,et al.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface albedo in permafrost region of northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(6):1518-1528.[杨成,姚继敏,赵林,等.藏北高原多年冻土区地表反照率时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1518-1528.]
[7] Du Jun,Jian Jun,Hong Jianchang,et al.Response of seasonal frozen soil to climate change on Tibet region from 1961 to 2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):512-521.[杜军,建军,洪健昌,等.1961-2010年西藏季节性冻土对气候变化的响应[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):512-521.]
[8] Gao Rong,Wei Zhigang,Dong Wenjie.International variation of the beginning date and the ending date of soil freezing in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(1):49-54.[高荣,韦志刚,董文杰.青藏高原土壤冻结始日和终日的年际变化[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(1):49-54.]
[9] Liu Minghao,Sun Zhizhong,Niu Fujun,et al.Variation characteristics of the permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway under the background of climate change[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(5):1122-1130.[刘明浩,孙志忠,牛富俊,等.气候变化背景下青藏铁路沿线多年冻土变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(5):1122-1130.]
[10] Fu Chuanbo,Dan Li,Wu Jian,et al.Variation and abrupt change of maximum depth of frozen soil over Xinjiang under the background of global warming,1961-2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1410-1418.[符传博,丹利,吴溅,等.全球变暖背景下新疆地区近45 a来最大冻土深度变化及其突变分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1410-1418.]
[11] Chen Bo,Li Jianping.Characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of seasonal and short term frozen soil in China in recent 50 years[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(3):432-443.[陈博,李建平.近50 a来中国季节性冻土与短时冻土的时空变化特征[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):432-443.]
[12] Wang Kang,Zhang Tingjun.Spatial and temporal distribution and variations in the near-surface soil freezing days across China,1956-2006[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(11):1269-1275.[王康,张廷军.中国1956-2006年地表土壤冻结天数时空分布及其变化特征[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(11):1269-1275.]
[13] Li Jia,Zhou Zuhao,Wang Hao,et al.The spatial-temporal distribution of maximum depth of frozen soil and its response to temperature change in the Songhuajiang River basin[J].Resources Science,2017,39(1):147-156.[李佳,周祖昊,王浩,等.松花江流域最大冻土深度的时空分布及对气温变化的响应[J].资源科学,2017,39(1):147-156.]
[14] Yang Xiaoling,Ma Zhonghua,Ma Yushan,et al.The spatial-temporal distribution state of seasonal frozen soil and responses to temperature change in the Shiyang River basin[J].Resources Science,2013,35(10):2104-2111.[杨晓玲,马中华,马玉山,等.石羊河流域季节性冻土的时空分布及对气温变化的响应[J].资源科学,2013,35(10):2104-2111.]
[15] Luo Dongliang,Jin Huijun,Lü Lanzhi,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics of freezing and thawing of the active layer in the source areas of the Yellow River (SAYR)[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(14):1327-1336.[罗栋梁,金会军,吕兰芝,等.黄河源区多年冻土活动层和季节冻土冻融过程时空特征[J].科学通报,2014,59(14):1327-1336.]
[16] Xia Kun,Luo Yong,Li Weiping.Simulation of freezing and melting of soil on the northeast Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(22):1828-1838.[夏坤,罗勇,李伟平.青藏高原东北部土壤冻融过程的数值模拟[J].科学通报,2011,56(22):1828-1838.]
[17] Zhang Yinsheng,Ma Yingzhao,Zhang Yanlin,et al.Hillslope patterns in thaw-freeze cycle and hydrothermal regimes on Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,60(7):664-673.[张寅生,马颖钊,张艳林,等.青藏高原坡面尺度冻融循环与水热条件空间分布[J].科学通报,2015,60(7):664-673.]
[18] Zhou Youwu,Guo Dongxin.Principal characteristics of permafrost in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1982,4(1):1-19.[周幼吾,郭东信.我国多年冻土的主要特征[J].冰川冻土,1982,4(1):1-19.]
[19] Li Ren,Zhao Lin,Ding Yongjian,et al.The climatic characteristics of the maximum seasonal frozen depth in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(6):1050-1056.[李韧,赵林,丁永建,等.青藏高原季节冻土的气候学特征[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(6):1050-1056.]
[20] Gao Rong,Wei Zhigang,Dong Wenjie,et al.Variation of the snow and frozen soil over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the twentieth century and their relations to climatic change[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(2):191-196.[高荣,韦志刚,董文杰,等.20世纪后期青藏高原积雪和冻土变化及其与气候变化的关系[J].高原气象,2003,22(2):191-196.]
[21] Gao Rong,Wei Zhigang,Dong Wenjie.Analysis of the cause of the different in interannual variation between snow cover and seasonal frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(2):153-159.[高荣,韦志刚,董文杰.青藏高原冬春积雪和季节冻土年际变化差异的成因分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(2):153-159.]
[22] Bai Lei,Li Lanhai,Li Qian,et al.Relationship between soil′s seasonal freezing process and daily accumulative hourly temperature in northern Xinjiang region[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):328-335.[白磊,李兰海,李倩,等.新疆北疆地区季节性冻土结冻过程与日积温的关系[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):328-335.]
[23] China Meteorological Administration.Specifications for surface meteorological observation Part 14:measurement of frozen soil:QX/T58-2007[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2007.[中国气象局.地面气象观测规范第14部分:冻土观测:QX/T58-2007[S].北京:气象出版社,2007.]
[24] Ni Chaoyu,Wang Huiqing.The statistical characteristics of frozen soil in Jilin Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1989,11(1):34-43.[倪超玉,王惠清.吉林省冻土的统计特征[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(1):34-43.]
[25] Zhang Xiyin,Zhang Mingyi,Lu Jianguo,et al.Study of the freezing and thawing features of soil:current situation and outlook[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(6):1644-1657.[张熙胤,张明义,路建国,等.土体冻融特征研究现状与展望[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(6):1644-1657.]
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