论热液矿床深部大比例尺“四步式”找矿方法——以川滇黔接壤区毛坪富锗铅锌矿为例
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摘要
深部矿床(体)定位探测是当前找矿预测学的科学前沿,是矿床勘查领域的主要难题和研究热点之一。本文基于川滇黔接壤区富锗铅锌矿近20年的综合研究和找矿实践,提出了热液矿床深部及外围大比例尺"四步式"综合找矿方法:(1)通过成矿地质作用、构造成矿系统及流体成矿作用研究,确定矿床的成矿地质体、厘定成矿结构面、揭示成矿流体作用特征标志,构建找矿预测地质模型,提出找矿方向,依次实现"空间择向";(2)通过成矿构造精细解析与大比例尺蚀变岩相填图,厘定成矿构造体系,揭示矿体定位规律,圈定矿化自然边界,筛选出有利的找矿区段,实现"面中筛区";(3)通过构造地球化学精细勘查技术应用,圈定热液矿化中心,提出重点找矿靶区和定位靶区,实现"区中选点";(4)综合应用大比例尺地球物理勘查技术(坑道重力、AMT、TEM、IP),优选重点找矿靶区,指出隐伏矿体产状和埋深,实现"点上探深"。进一步建立了"四步式"综合找矿勘查模型,最终通过验证和勘探发现深部矿床(体)。现以川滇黔接壤区毛坪富锗铅锌矿为典型实例,阐述该方法在热液矿床深部找矿预测中的具体应用过程。该方法无论对沉积盆地内的川滇黔接壤区会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿,还是对其他热液矿床的深部和外围找矿预测及矿产评价,必将发挥重要的指导作用。
Prospecting and exploration of deeply concealed ore-bodies or deposits are the most challenge and difficult issues in ore exploration and the frontier of metallogeny. Based on comprehensive researches and prospecting practices in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Triangle(SYGT) area in the last 20 years, particularly those of the depth and periphery exploration of known deposits, we proposed a ‘Four Steps Type' ore-prospecting method for concealed hydrothermal ore deposits. First, in order to successfully apply this integrated technology system, ‘four main factors' including metallogenic time, space, materials and evolution processes, and ‘five links' including mineral origin, transportation,storage, change, and preserving, should be well documented. After that, it is important to determine the metallogenic geologic body of deposits, to set metallogenic structural planes, to reveal fluid characteristic symbols, to gradually establish ore-finding prediction model based on the ore-forming geological processes, metallogenic tectonic system and fluid metallogenic processes. The prospecting directions can be chosen at this stage. Secondly, it is essential to delineate the structural controls on the distribution of the deposits and ore-bodies, to define the metallotectonic system by using fine structural resolution and large-scale alteration lithofacies mapping, to delineate the natural boundaries of mineralization and screening favorable ore-prospecting zones. Thirdly, by applying fine tectono-geochemical exploration method, the mineralization center and key prospecting targets have to be delineated. Fourthly, to explore concealed or deeply buried ore-bodies in selected locations, comprehensive application of large-scale geophysical exploration techniques including high-precision tunnel gravity exploration method(TGEM), AMT, TEM and IP will be carried out to determine the occurrences and buried depth of concealed ore-bodies. A successful implication of the ‘Four Steps Type' method consists of ① choosing a potential ore-prospecting direction by applying ore-finding prediction model, ② selecting favorable zones by structural resolution and alteration lithofacies mapping, ③ sorting out the most promising prospecting targets by using fine tectono-geochemical exploration method, and ④ locating the deeply concealed ore bodies by applying geophysical exploration techniques. Based on establishing the integrated ore-prospecting exploration model, deep deposits or orebodies are discovered finally through exploration engineering.The method is further exemplified by prospecting and exploration engineering in the Maoping Zn-Pb-(Ge-Ag) deposit.Important ore-prospecting breakthroughs have been made by using the ‘Four Steps Type' ore-finding exploration model in the Maoping deposit, moreover, the results showed that it could shed lights on prospecting of the HZT-type deposits in the SYGT area, and it is likely that this method may be useful for ore prediction and evaluation of the overall hydrothermal-type ore deposits in sedimentary basins.
Prospecting and exploration of deeply concealed ore-bodies or deposits are the most challenge and difficult issues in ore exploration and the frontier of metallogeny. Based on comprehensive researches and prospecting practices in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Triangle(SYGT) area in the last 20 years, particularly those of the depth and periphery exploration of known deposits, we proposed a ‘Four Steps Type' ore-prospecting method for concealed hydrothermal ore deposits. First, in order to successfully apply this integrated technology system, ‘four main factors' including metallogenic time, space, materials and evolution processes, and ‘five links' including mineral origin, transportation,storage, change, and preserving, should be well documented. After that, it is important to determine the metallogenic geologic body of deposits, to set metallogenic structural planes, to reveal fluid characteristic symbols, to gradually establish ore-finding prediction model based on the ore-forming geological processes, metallogenic tectonic system and fluid metallogenic processes. The prospecting directions can be chosen at this stage. Secondly, it is essential to delineate the structural controls on the distribution of the deposits and ore-bodies, to define the metallotectonic system by using fine structural resolution and large-scale alteration lithofacies mapping, to delineate the natural boundaries of mineralization and screening favorable ore-prospecting zones. Thirdly, by applying fine tectono-geochemical exploration method, the mineralization center and key prospecting targets have to be delineated. Fourthly, to explore concealed or deeply buried ore-bodies in selected locations, comprehensive application of large-scale geophysical exploration techniques including high-precision tunnel gravity exploration method(TGEM), AMT, TEM and IP will be carried out to determine the occurrences and buried depth of concealed ore-bodies. A successful implication of the ‘Four Steps Type' method consists of ① choosing a potential ore-prospecting direction by applying ore-finding prediction model, ② selecting favorable zones by structural resolution and alteration lithofacies mapping, ③ sorting out the most promising prospecting targets by using fine tectono-geochemical exploration method, and ④ locating the deeply concealed ore bodies by applying geophysical exploration techniques. Based on establishing the integrated ore-prospecting exploration model, deep deposits or orebodies are discovered finally through exploration engineering.The method is further exemplified by prospecting and exploration engineering in the Maoping Zn-Pb-(Ge-Ag) deposit.Important ore-prospecting breakthroughs have been made by using the ‘Four Steps Type' ore-finding exploration model in the Maoping deposit, moreover, the results showed that it could shed lights on prospecting of the HZT-type deposits in the SYGT area, and it is likely that this method may be useful for ore prediction and evaluation of the overall hydrothermal-type ore deposits in sedimentary basins.
引文
陈毓川,裴荣富,宋天锐,邱小平.1998.中国矿床成矿系列初论.北京:地质出版社.
陈毓川,裴荣富,王登红.2006.三论矿床的成矿系列问题.地质学报,80(10):1501-1508.
陈毓川,王登红,朱裕生等.2007.中国成矿体系与区域成矿评价.北京:地质出版社.
程裕淇,陈毓川,赵一鸣.1979.初论矿床的成矿系列问题.中国地质科学院院报,1(1):32-58.
程裕淇,陈毓川,赵一鸣,宋天锐.1983.再论矿床的成矿系列问题.中国地质科学院院报,第6号:1-66.
方维萱.2012a.论铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床地球化学岩相学填图新技术研发.地球科学进展,27(10):1178-1184.
方维萱.2012b.地球化学岩相学类型及其在沉积盆地分析中应用.现代地质,26(5):996-1006.
韩润生.2003.初论构造成矿动力学及其隐伏矿定位预测的研究内容和方法.地质与勘探,39(1):5-9.
韩润生.2005.隐伏矿定位预测的矿田(床)构造地球化学方法.地质通报,24(10-11):978-984.
韩润生.2007.成矿理论研究新进展、地质勘查技术方法//周爱民等.有色金属进展(1996~2005)(第二卷有色金属矿业).中南大学出版社.
韩润生,陈进,黄智龙,马德云,薛传东,李元,邹海俊,李勃,胡煜昭,马更生,黄德镛,王学琨.2006.构造成矿动力学及隐伏矿定位预测--以云南会泽铅锌(银、锗)矿床为例.北京:科学出版社:161-168.
韩润生,王峰,赵高山,王进,周高明,王学琨.2010.滇东北矿集区昭通毛坪铅锌矿床深部找矿新进展.地学前缘,17(3):275.
韩润生,王峰,胡煜昭,王学琨,任涛,邱文龙,钟康惠.2014.会泽型(HZT)富锗银铅锌矿床成矿构造动力学研究及年代学约束.大地构造与成矿学,38(4):758-771.
韩润生,张艳,王峰,吴鹏,邱文龙,等.2017.滇东北矿集区富锗铅锌矿床成矿机制与隐伏矿定位预测.北京:科学出版社.
胡旺亮.1995.矿床统计预测方法流程研究.地球科学,20(2):128-132.
柳贺昌,林文达.1999.滇东北铅锌银矿床规律研究.昆明:云南大学出版社.
毛景文,张作衡,裴荣富.2012.中国矿床模型概论.北京:地质出版社.
萨多夫斯基A H.1990.针对具体构造的地区预测普查组合(以亚洲东北部为例).国外地质科技,(4):1-7.
孙家骢,江祝伟.1987.个旧矿区马拉格矿田构造?地球化学特征.地球化学,16(4):303-310.
王雷,韩润生,黄建国,胡一多,杨勇.2010.云南易门凤山铜矿床59矿体分布区断裂构造地球化学特征及成矿预测.大地构造与成矿学,34(2):233-238.
王世称,许亚光,侯惠群.1992.综合信息成矿系列预测的基本思路与方法.中国地质,19(10):12-14.
肖克炎,丁建华,刘锐.2006.美国“三步式”固体矿产资源潜力评价方法评述.地质论评,52(6):793-798.
肖克炎,朱裕生,宋国耀.2000.矿产资源GIS定量评价.中国地质,27(7):29-33.
叶天竺.2004.固体矿产预测评价方法技术.北京:中国大地出版社,1-4,104-106.
叶天竺.2010.流体成矿作用过程、矿物标志、空间特征(全国危机矿山项目办典型矿床研究专项中期成果会的报告).
叶天竺.2013.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术方法理论框架.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),43(4):1053-1072.
叶天竺,吕志成,庞振山,张德会,刘士毅,王全明,刘家军,程志中,李超岭,肖克炎,甄世民,杜泽慧,陈正乐.2014.勘查区找矿预测理论与方法(总论).北京:地质出版社.
叶天竺,肖克炎,严光生.2007.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术研究.地学前缘,14(5):11-19.
袁见齐、朱上庆、翟裕生.1985.矿床学.北京:地质出版社.
翟裕生.1999.论成矿系统.地学前缘,6(1):13-27.
赵鹏大.2000.“三联式”定量成矿预测.北京:中国地质大学出版社.
赵鹏大.2001.矿产资源评价理论与方法技术.中国地质调查,4:21-24.
赵鹏大,陈建平,张寿庭.2003.“三联式”成矿预测新进展.地学前缘,10(2):455-463.
赵鹏大,陈永清.1998.地质异常矿体定位的基本途径.地球科学,23(2):111-114.
赵鹏大,池顺都.1991.初论地质异常.地球科学,16(3):241-248.
赵鹏大,胡旺亮,李紫金.1983.矿床统计预测的理论与实践.地球科学,8(4):107-121.
赵鹏大,孟宪国.1993.地质异常与矿产预测.地球科学,18(1):39-47.
赵鹏大,王京贵,饶明辉,李浩昌.1995.中国地质异常.地球科学,20(2):117-127.
赵鹏大,池顺都,陈永清.1996.查明地质异常:成矿预测的基础.高校地质学报,2(4):361-373.
Singer D A and Menzie W D.2010.Quantitative Mineral Resource Assessments:An Integrated Approach.Oxford University Press Inc.
Han R S,Chen J,Wang F,Wang X K and Li Y.2015.Analysis of metal-element association halos within fault zones for the exploration of concealed ore-bodies-Acase study of the Qilinchang Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge)deposit in the Huizemine district,northeastern Yunnan,China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,159:62-78.
陈毓川,裴荣富,王登红.2006.三论矿床的成矿系列问题.地质学报,80(10):1501-1508.
陈毓川,王登红,朱裕生等.2007.中国成矿体系与区域成矿评价.北京:地质出版社.
程裕淇,陈毓川,赵一鸣.1979.初论矿床的成矿系列问题.中国地质科学院院报,1(1):32-58.
程裕淇,陈毓川,赵一鸣,宋天锐.1983.再论矿床的成矿系列问题.中国地质科学院院报,第6号:1-66.
方维萱.2012a.论铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床地球化学岩相学填图新技术研发.地球科学进展,27(10):1178-1184.
方维萱.2012b.地球化学岩相学类型及其在沉积盆地分析中应用.现代地质,26(5):996-1006.
韩润生.2003.初论构造成矿动力学及其隐伏矿定位预测的研究内容和方法.地质与勘探,39(1):5-9.
韩润生.2005.隐伏矿定位预测的矿田(床)构造地球化学方法.地质通报,24(10-11):978-984.
韩润生.2007.成矿理论研究新进展、地质勘查技术方法//周爱民等.有色金属进展(1996~2005)(第二卷有色金属矿业).中南大学出版社.
韩润生,陈进,黄智龙,马德云,薛传东,李元,邹海俊,李勃,胡煜昭,马更生,黄德镛,王学琨.2006.构造成矿动力学及隐伏矿定位预测--以云南会泽铅锌(银、锗)矿床为例.北京:科学出版社:161-168.
韩润生,王峰,赵高山,王进,周高明,王学琨.2010.滇东北矿集区昭通毛坪铅锌矿床深部找矿新进展.地学前缘,17(3):275.
韩润生,王峰,胡煜昭,王学琨,任涛,邱文龙,钟康惠.2014.会泽型(HZT)富锗银铅锌矿床成矿构造动力学研究及年代学约束.大地构造与成矿学,38(4):758-771.
韩润生,张艳,王峰,吴鹏,邱文龙,等.2017.滇东北矿集区富锗铅锌矿床成矿机制与隐伏矿定位预测.北京:科学出版社.
胡旺亮.1995.矿床统计预测方法流程研究.地球科学,20(2):128-132.
柳贺昌,林文达.1999.滇东北铅锌银矿床规律研究.昆明:云南大学出版社.
毛景文,张作衡,裴荣富.2012.中国矿床模型概论.北京:地质出版社.
萨多夫斯基A H.1990.针对具体构造的地区预测普查组合(以亚洲东北部为例).国外地质科技,(4):1-7.
孙家骢,江祝伟.1987.个旧矿区马拉格矿田构造?地球化学特征.地球化学,16(4):303-310.
王雷,韩润生,黄建国,胡一多,杨勇.2010.云南易门凤山铜矿床59矿体分布区断裂构造地球化学特征及成矿预测.大地构造与成矿学,34(2):233-238.
王世称,许亚光,侯惠群.1992.综合信息成矿系列预测的基本思路与方法.中国地质,19(10):12-14.
肖克炎,丁建华,刘锐.2006.美国“三步式”固体矿产资源潜力评价方法评述.地质论评,52(6):793-798.
肖克炎,朱裕生,宋国耀.2000.矿产资源GIS定量评价.中国地质,27(7):29-33.
叶天竺.2004.固体矿产预测评价方法技术.北京:中国大地出版社,1-4,104-106.
叶天竺.2010.流体成矿作用过程、矿物标志、空间特征(全国危机矿山项目办典型矿床研究专项中期成果会的报告).
叶天竺.2013.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术方法理论框架.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),43(4):1053-1072.
叶天竺,吕志成,庞振山,张德会,刘士毅,王全明,刘家军,程志中,李超岭,肖克炎,甄世民,杜泽慧,陈正乐.2014.勘查区找矿预测理论与方法(总论).北京:地质出版社.
叶天竺,肖克炎,严光生.2007.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术研究.地学前缘,14(5):11-19.
袁见齐、朱上庆、翟裕生.1985.矿床学.北京:地质出版社.
翟裕生.1999.论成矿系统.地学前缘,6(1):13-27.
赵鹏大.2000.“三联式”定量成矿预测.北京:中国地质大学出版社.
赵鹏大.2001.矿产资源评价理论与方法技术.中国地质调查,4:21-24.
赵鹏大,陈建平,张寿庭.2003.“三联式”成矿预测新进展.地学前缘,10(2):455-463.
赵鹏大,陈永清.1998.地质异常矿体定位的基本途径.地球科学,23(2):111-114.
赵鹏大,池顺都.1991.初论地质异常.地球科学,16(3):241-248.
赵鹏大,胡旺亮,李紫金.1983.矿床统计预测的理论与实践.地球科学,8(4):107-121.
赵鹏大,孟宪国.1993.地质异常与矿产预测.地球科学,18(1):39-47.
赵鹏大,王京贵,饶明辉,李浩昌.1995.中国地质异常.地球科学,20(2):117-127.
赵鹏大,池顺都,陈永清.1996.查明地质异常:成矿预测的基础.高校地质学报,2(4):361-373.
Singer D A and Menzie W D.2010.Quantitative Mineral Resource Assessments:An Integrated Approach.Oxford University Press Inc.
Han R S,Chen J,Wang F,Wang X K and Li Y.2015.Analysis of metal-element association halos within fault zones for the exploration of concealed ore-bodies-Acase study of the Qilinchang Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge)deposit in the Huizemine district,northeastern Yunnan,China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,159:62-78.
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