利用地面激光与地质雷达综合探测活断层浅层三维结构——以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘正断层为例
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摘要
快速获取活断层的高精度微地貌形态和对应的浅层三维结构是揭示活断层浅地表形迹与活动特征的关键。文中综合利用地面三维激光扫描仪和地质雷达技术,以川西理塘地区毛垭坝盆地北缘主边界断裂禾尼段的正断层崖为研究对象,获取了该处正断层错动2期最新地貌面的精确地表垂直位移量和浅层二维地质雷达图像,并初步建立了基于地面三维激光与地质雷达的活断层微地貌精细化三维测量方法,构建了断层崖微地貌的精细三维模型和浅表三维图像,揭示了正断层崖处发育的伸展地堑结构,同时初步实现了断层微地貌地表地下三维数据的一体化融合显示及相互解译。应用结果表明,该方法可以同时快速、高效、无损地获取大范围内的活断层微地貌及浅层结构的多层次、多视觉的空间数据,极大地提高了对活动断层微地貌形态与浅层结构进行快速调查与研究的精度和认识水平,也为更全面地认识和理解活断层的空间分布与变形特征、活动习性和多期古地震遗迹等提供重要的数据和方法支持。因此,对该方法的继续探索和完善,将显著提升和扩展其在活断层定量化和精细化研究中的实用性及应用前景。
It is crucial to reveal the surface traces and activity of active faults by obtaining high-precision microtopography and three-dimensional shallow geometry. However, limited by the traditional geological investigation methods in the field and geological condition factors,the measurement method on microtopography and shallow geometry of active fault is badly insufficient. In this study,the TLS and GPR are firstly used comprehensively to delineate the microtopography and shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp on the north margin of Maoyaba Basin in Litang. Firstly, the vertical displacements of two landforms produced by the latest two periods of normal faulting and the twodimensional GPR profiles are obtained separately. Secondly,the three-dimensional measurement method of active fault based on TLS and GPR is preliminarily established. On this basis,threedimensional model of fault scarp and three-dimensional images of subsurface geometry are also obtained. These data all reveal a graben structure at normal fault scarps. Thirdly,the fusion and interpretation of three-dimensional data from the surface and subsurface are realized. The study results show: 1) the vertical displacements of the T1 and T2 terraces by the normal fault movement is 1. 4 m and 5. 7 m,the GPR profile shows a typical fault structure and indicates the existence of small graben structure with a maximum width of about 40 m in the shallow layer,which further proves that it is a normal fault. 2) the shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp can be more graphically displayed by the three-dimensional radar images,and it also makes the geometry structure of the fault more comprehensive. The precise location and strike of faults F1 and F2 on the horizontal surface are also determined in the three-dimensional radar images,which further proves the existence of small graben structure,indicating the extensional deformation characteristics in the subsurface of the fault scarps.Furthermore,the distribution of small graben structure on the surface and subsurface is defined more precisely. 3) the integrated display of microgeomorphology and shallow geometry of normal fault scarp is realized based on the three-dimensional point cloud and GPR data. The fusion of the point cloud and GPR data has obvious advantages,for the spatial structure,morphological and spectral features from the point cloud can improve the recognition and interpretation accuracy of GPR images. The interpreted results of the GPR profiles could minimize the transformation of the surface topography by the external environment at the most extent,restore the original geomorphology,relocate the position and trend of faults on the surface and constrain the width of deformation zones under the surface,the geological structure,and the fault dislocation,etc.In a word,the TLS and GPR can quickly and efficiently provide the spatial data with multi-level and multi-visual for non-destructive inspection of the microgeomorphology and shallow structure for the active fault in a wide range, and for the detection of active fault in the complex geological environments,and it is helpful to improve the accuracy and understanding of the investigation and research on microtopography and shallow geometry of active faults. What's more, it also offers important data and method for more comprehensive identification and understanding of the distribution,deformation features,the behaviors of active faults and multi-period paleoseismicity.Therefore,to continuously explore and improve this method will significantly enhance and expand the practicability and application prospects of the method in the quantitative and elaborate studies of active faults.
It is crucial to reveal the surface traces and activity of active faults by obtaining high-precision microtopography and three-dimensional shallow geometry. However, limited by the traditional geological investigation methods in the field and geological condition factors,the measurement method on microtopography and shallow geometry of active fault is badly insufficient. In this study,the TLS and GPR are firstly used comprehensively to delineate the microtopography and shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp on the north margin of Maoyaba Basin in Litang. Firstly, the vertical displacements of two landforms produced by the latest two periods of normal faulting and the twodimensional GPR profiles are obtained separately. Secondly,the three-dimensional measurement method of active fault based on TLS and GPR is preliminarily established. On this basis,threedimensional model of fault scarp and three-dimensional images of subsurface geometry are also obtained. These data all reveal a graben structure at normal fault scarps. Thirdly,the fusion and interpretation of three-dimensional data from the surface and subsurface are realized. The study results show: 1) the vertical displacements of the T1 and T2 terraces by the normal fault movement is 1. 4 m and 5. 7 m,the GPR profile shows a typical fault structure and indicates the existence of small graben structure with a maximum width of about 40 m in the shallow layer,which further proves that it is a normal fault. 2) the shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp can be more graphically displayed by the three-dimensional radar images,and it also makes the geometry structure of the fault more comprehensive. The precise location and strike of faults F1 and F2 on the horizontal surface are also determined in the three-dimensional radar images,which further proves the existence of small graben structure,indicating the extensional deformation characteristics in the subsurface of the fault scarps.Furthermore,the distribution of small graben structure on the surface and subsurface is defined more precisely. 3) the integrated display of microgeomorphology and shallow geometry of normal fault scarp is realized based on the three-dimensional point cloud and GPR data. The fusion of the point cloud and GPR data has obvious advantages,for the spatial structure,morphological and spectral features from the point cloud can improve the recognition and interpretation accuracy of GPR images. The interpreted results of the GPR profiles could minimize the transformation of the surface topography by the external environment at the most extent,restore the original geomorphology,relocate the position and trend of faults on the surface and constrain the width of deformation zones under the surface,the geological structure,and the fault dislocation,etc.In a word,the TLS and GPR can quickly and efficiently provide the spatial data with multi-level and multi-visual for non-destructive inspection of the microgeomorphology and shallow structure for the active fault in a wide range, and for the detection of active fault in the complex geological environments,and it is helpful to improve the accuracy and understanding of the investigation and research on microtopography and shallow geometry of active faults. What's more, it also offers important data and method for more comprehensive identification and understanding of the distribution,deformation features,the behaviors of active faults and multi-period paleoseismicity.Therefore,to continuously explore and improve this method will significantly enhance and expand the practicability and application prospects of the method in the quantitative and elaborate studies of active faults.
引文
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