地形坡度和高程变异系数在识别墨脱活动断裂带中的应用
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摘要
喜马拉雅东构造结位于青藏高原东南端,是欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞、会聚的地带,其内部的南迦巴瓦峰地区是喜马拉雅山东段的最高山峰,雅鲁藏布江围绕南迦巴瓦峰形成一个"几"字形的大转弯。南迦巴瓦地区东侧的雅鲁藏布江河谷位于喜马拉雅山的南麓,属于亚热带湿润气候区,分布有茂密的热带雨林植被。该地区的阿尼桥右旋走滑断裂带是南迦巴瓦构造结的东边界断裂。利用30m分辨率的DEM数据,在Arc GIS软件平台上获得了南迦巴瓦及其周边地区的地形坡度和高程变异系数2个定量地貌参数。在地形坡度分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江东西两岸的山体地形为坡度>30°的陡坡,在陡地形坡度的背景下,存在NE走向、断续分布的坡度为5°～25°的缓坡条带。地形高程变异系数分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江两岸地形为高程变异系数>0. 9的高地形起伏区,在高地形起伏区的背景上,发育NE走向、断续分布的高程变异系数为0. 2～0. 9的缓地形起伏条带。通过野外地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,发现上述地貌参数异常条带处为活动断裂通过的位置。上述工作表明,地形坡度和高程变异系数2个地貌参数的定量分析有助于发现地形坡度大、植被覆盖严重、剥蚀强度大的地区的活动断层。
The eastern Himalaya syntaxis is located at the southeastern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the area where the Eurasian plate collides and converges with the Indian plate. The Namjabawa is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Himalayas,and the Yarlung Zangbo River gorge is around the Namjabawa Peak. The NE-striking Aniqiao Fault with right-lateral strike-slip is the eastern boundary fault of the Namjabawa syntaxis. Motuo Fault is in the east of and parallel to the Aniqiao Fault,distributing along the valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The section of Yarlung Zangbo River valley at the eastern side of the Namjabawa area is located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas and belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. Dense vegetation,large terrain elevation difference,strong endogenetic and exogenic forces,and abundant valley deposition bring enormous difficulty to the research on active faults in this area.Since 1990 s,surface morphology can be quantitatively expressed by digital elevation models as the rapid development of remote sensing technology. Geomorphic types and their characteristics can be quantified by geomorphological parameters which are extracted from DEM data, describing geomorphologic evolution and tectonic activity. But to date, researches based on quantitative geomorphic parameters are mainly focus on the differential uplift of regional blocks. In the study and mapping of active faults,surface traces of active faults are acquired by visual interpretation of remote sensing images. It has not been reported to identify the location of active faults via the change of quantitative geomorphic parameters. The distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient is suitable to reflect the regional erosion cutting and topographic relief,and the places with higher topographic elevation variation coefficient are more strongly eroded. In this paper,we attempt to identify the active faults and explore their distribution in the Yarlung Zangbo Gorge in the east of the Namjabawa Peak based on the application of two quantitative geomorphic parameters,namely,the topographic slope and the elevation variation coefficient.Using the DEM data of 30 m resolution,two quantitative geomorphic parameters of topographic slope and elevation variation coefficient in Namjabawa and its surrounding areas were obtained on the ArcGIS software platform. On the topographic slope distribution map,the slope of the eastern and western banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is steep with a slope angle of more than 30°.Under the background of steep terrain,there are gentle slope belts of 5° ～ 25° distributing intermittently and NE-striking. On the distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient,the elevation variation coefficient of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is greater than 0. 9. On the background of the high topographic fluctuation area,it develops gently topographic undulating belts with elevation variation coefficient of 0. 2 ～ 0. 9. The belts are intermittently distributed and northeastern trending. Through the field geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation,it is found that the abnormal strips of the above-mentioned geomorphological parameters are the locations where the active faults pass. The above results show that the quantitative analysis of the topographic slope and the coefficient of variation of elevation can help us find active faults in areas with large terrain slope,serious vegetation coverage and high denudation intensity.
The eastern Himalaya syntaxis is located at the southeastern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the area where the Eurasian plate collides and converges with the Indian plate. The Namjabawa is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Himalayas,and the Yarlung Zangbo River gorge is around the Namjabawa Peak. The NE-striking Aniqiao Fault with right-lateral strike-slip is the eastern boundary fault of the Namjabawa syntaxis. Motuo Fault is in the east of and parallel to the Aniqiao Fault,distributing along the valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The section of Yarlung Zangbo River valley at the eastern side of the Namjabawa area is located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas and belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. Dense vegetation,large terrain elevation difference,strong endogenetic and exogenic forces,and abundant valley deposition bring enormous difficulty to the research on active faults in this area.Since 1990 s,surface morphology can be quantitatively expressed by digital elevation models as the rapid development of remote sensing technology. Geomorphic types and their characteristics can be quantified by geomorphological parameters which are extracted from DEM data, describing geomorphologic evolution and tectonic activity. But to date, researches based on quantitative geomorphic parameters are mainly focus on the differential uplift of regional blocks. In the study and mapping of active faults,surface traces of active faults are acquired by visual interpretation of remote sensing images. It has not been reported to identify the location of active faults via the change of quantitative geomorphic parameters. The distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient is suitable to reflect the regional erosion cutting and topographic relief,and the places with higher topographic elevation variation coefficient are more strongly eroded. In this paper,we attempt to identify the active faults and explore their distribution in the Yarlung Zangbo Gorge in the east of the Namjabawa Peak based on the application of two quantitative geomorphic parameters,namely,the topographic slope and the elevation variation coefficient.Using the DEM data of 30 m resolution,two quantitative geomorphic parameters of topographic slope and elevation variation coefficient in Namjabawa and its surrounding areas were obtained on the ArcGIS software platform. On the topographic slope distribution map,the slope of the eastern and western banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is steep with a slope angle of more than 30°.Under the background of steep terrain,there are gentle slope belts of 5° ～ 25° distributing intermittently and NE-striking. On the distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient,the elevation variation coefficient of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is greater than 0. 9. On the background of the high topographic fluctuation area,it develops gently topographic undulating belts with elevation variation coefficient of 0. 2 ～ 0. 9. The belts are intermittently distributed and northeastern trending. Through the field geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation,it is found that the abnormal strips of the above-mentioned geomorphological parameters are the locations where the active faults pass. The above results show that the quantitative analysis of the topographic slope and the coefficient of variation of elevation can help us find active faults in areas with large terrain slope,serious vegetation coverage and high denudation intensity.
引文
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李勇,Densmore A L,周荣军,等.2006.青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流下切深度和下切速率的约束[J].第四纪研究,26(2):236-243.LI Yong,Densmore A L,ZHOU Rong-jun,et al.2006.Profiles of digital elevation models(DEM)crossing the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and their constraints on dissection depths and incision rates of late Cenozoic rivers[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):236-243(in Chinese).
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李晓峰,王萍,王慧颖,等.2018.雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区河流地貌参数揭示的地质构造意义[J].第四纪地质,38(1):183-192.doi∶10.11928/j.issn.10017410.2018.01.05.LI Xiao-feng,WANG Ping,WANG Hui-ying,et al.2018.Differential tectonic uplift indicated by river geomorphic parameters at the Tsangpo River Gorge[J].Quaternary Sciences,38(1):183-192(in Chinese).
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欧阳晓.2011.区域土壤侵蚀地形指标研究[D].西安:西北大学.OUYANG Xiao.2011.Study on topographic index of regional soil erosion[D].Northwestern University,Xi'an(in Chinese).
王二七,陈良忠,陈智樑.2002.在构造和气候因素制约下的雅鲁藏布江的演化[J].第四纪研究,22(4):365-373.WANG Er-qi,CHEN Liang-zhong,CHEN Zhi-liang.2002.Tectonic and climatic element:Controlled evolution of the Yalungzangbu River in southern Tibet[J].Quaternary Sciences,22(4):365-373(in Chinese).
王猛,刘焰,何延波,等.2008.喜马拉雅山脉的地质地貌特征:来自SRTM数字高程模型和降水量数据的约束[J].地质科学,43(3):603-622.WANG Meng,LIU Yan,HE Yan-bo,et al.2008.Geomorphic characteristics of the Himalaya Mountains and its tectonic implications:New insight from STRM digital elevation model and precipitation data[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,43(3):603-622(in Chinese).
王兆印,余国安,王旭昭,等.2014.青藏高原抬升对雅鲁藏布江泥沙运动和地貌演变的影响[J].泥沙研究,(2):1-7(in Chinese).WANG Zhao-yin,YU Guo-an,WANG Xu-zhao,et al.2014.Impact of tectonic motion on sediment storage and morphology of Yalu Tsangpo Valley[J].Journal of Sediment Research,(2):1-7(in Chinese).
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