城市空间扩展的生态环境效应研究——以内蒙古呼和浩特市为例
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摘要
城市空间扩展对生态环境的影响及其响应研究备受关注。以内蒙古呼和浩特市为例,借助1977—2014年遥感影像,基于城市用地扩展定量分析及相关评估方法,从资源、环境、景观、生态服务价值及生态环境质量与生态风险变化等角度,对其空间扩展所致生态环境效应进行分析。结果表明:研究期内,呼和浩特市建成区面积扩大5.65倍,生态用地减少18.18%,城市排污总量增加1.62倍,热岛比例指数升高0.40倍,斑块数量增加1.12倍,生态系统服务价值降低8.30%,生态环境质量指数下降8.37%,生态压力指数升高6.11倍。可见,呼和浩特城市空间扩展已对生态环境造成影响,是导致生态用地减少、环境污染加重、热岛效应显著、景观格局破碎、生态功能减退、环境质量降低、生态风险加剧的原因之一。研究结论可为有效遏制城市用地扩张对生态环境的负面影响提供理论依据。
The impact of urban spatial expansion on the ecological environment and its response has aroused much attention. The paper selected Hohhot city of Inner Mongolia as the research object, based on the remote sensing image during 1977 to 2014 as the source of information, and analysed the dynamic change of urban land expansion in this city. Based on the quantitative analysis of urban land expansion, the paper used the relevant assessment method and model to analyse the ecological environment effect of urban spatial expansion in the study area from a perspective of changes in resources, environment, landscape, value of ecosystem service, ecological environment quality and ecological risk. Results show that in the study period, the area of the built-up area in Huhhot increased from 34.59 km~2 to 229.98 km~2 and it expanded 5.65 times, while the ecological land area decreased from 2008.30 km~2 to 1643.21 km~2, down by 18.18%. The total pollutant discharge of urban areas increased 1.62 times, with the living garbage, the discharge of domestic sewage, the industrial waste water emissions, the industrial waste gas emissions, the industrial dust emissions, the industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, the industrial solid waste emissions increasing 0.41 times, 0.72 times, 3.91 times, 1.61 times, 1.12 times, 0.61 times and 1.32 times, respectively. The area of high temperature region of the urban area of Hohhot increased from 254.64 km~2 to 325.60 km~2. The heat island ratio index increased from 0.21 to 0.29 and it increased 0.40 times. The patch number and marginal density increased 1.12 times and 0.49 times, respectively, while the dominance index reduced by11.76%. The value of ecosystem services reduced from 35.03 hundred million yuan(RMB) to 32.13 hundred million yuan(RMB), down by 8.30%. The biological abundance index, the vegetation coverage index, and the ecological environment quality index decreased by 8.04%,6.10%, and 8.37%, respectively. The average per capita ecological footprint increased by 3.70 times, the per capita ecological carrying capacity reduced by 33.88% and the ecological pressure index rose 6.11 times. In summary, urban spatial expansion in Huhhot has led to the eco-environmental effects such as the loss of ecological land, the increase of environmental pollution, significant urban heat island effect, fragmented landscape pattern, degraded ecological service function, declined environmental quality, and exacerbated ecological risk.The research results have important theoretical significance and practical value to effective mitigation in the negative impact of urban land expansion on the eco-environment.
The impact of urban spatial expansion on the ecological environment and its response has aroused much attention. The paper selected Hohhot city of Inner Mongolia as the research object, based on the remote sensing image during 1977 to 2014 as the source of information, and analysed the dynamic change of urban land expansion in this city. Based on the quantitative analysis of urban land expansion, the paper used the relevant assessment method and model to analyse the ecological environment effect of urban spatial expansion in the study area from a perspective of changes in resources, environment, landscape, value of ecosystem service, ecological environment quality and ecological risk. Results show that in the study period, the area of the built-up area in Huhhot increased from 34.59 km~2 to 229.98 km~2 and it expanded 5.65 times, while the ecological land area decreased from 2008.30 km~2 to 1643.21 km~2, down by 18.18%. The total pollutant discharge of urban areas increased 1.62 times, with the living garbage, the discharge of domestic sewage, the industrial waste water emissions, the industrial waste gas emissions, the industrial dust emissions, the industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, the industrial solid waste emissions increasing 0.41 times, 0.72 times, 3.91 times, 1.61 times, 1.12 times, 0.61 times and 1.32 times, respectively. The area of high temperature region of the urban area of Hohhot increased from 254.64 km~2 to 325.60 km~2. The heat island ratio index increased from 0.21 to 0.29 and it increased 0.40 times. The patch number and marginal density increased 1.12 times and 0.49 times, respectively, while the dominance index reduced by11.76%. The value of ecosystem services reduced from 35.03 hundred million yuan(RMB) to 32.13 hundred million yuan(RMB), down by 8.30%. The biological abundance index, the vegetation coverage index, and the ecological environment quality index decreased by 8.04%,6.10%, and 8.37%, respectively. The average per capita ecological footprint increased by 3.70 times, the per capita ecological carrying capacity reduced by 33.88% and the ecological pressure index rose 6.11 times. In summary, urban spatial expansion in Huhhot has led to the eco-environmental effects such as the loss of ecological land, the increase of environmental pollution, significant urban heat island effect, fragmented landscape pattern, degraded ecological service function, declined environmental quality, and exacerbated ecological risk.The research results have important theoretical significance and practical value to effective mitigation in the negative impact of urban land expansion on the eco-environment.
引文
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[4]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性-敏感性-连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究,2017,36(3):471-484.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):407-419.]
[5]李杨帆,林静玉,孙翔.城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用.地理研究,2017,36(3):485-494.[Li Yangfan,Lin Jingyu,Sun Xiang.An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):485-494.]
[6]潘竟虎,韩文超.近20 a中国省会及以上城市空间形态演变.自然资源学报,2013,28(3):470-480.[Pan Jinghu,Han Wenchao.Spatial-temporal changes of urban morphology of provincial capital cities or above in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(3):470-480.]
[7]董廷旭,秦其明,王建华.近30年来绵阳市城市用地扩展模式研究.地理研究,2011,30(4):667-675.[Dong Tingxu,Qin Qiming,Wang Jianhua.Expansion modes of urban land use in Mianyang City in the last 30 years.Geographical Research,2011,30(4):667-675.]
[8]潘竟虎,韩文超.兰州中心城区用地扩展及其热岛响应的遥感分析.生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2597-2603.[Pan Jinghu,Han wenchao.Urban expansion and its heat island response in Lanzhou City based on remote sensing analysis.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2597-2603.]
[9]潘竟虎,任皓晨,秦晓娟,等.嘉峪关市瞬时热力场空间格局的遥感分析.城市环境与城市生态,2007,20(5):39-42.[Pan Jinghu,Ren Haochen,Qin Xiaojuan,et al.Analysis on instantaneous spatial pattern of thermal force field in Jiayuguan City.Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2007,20(5):39-42.]
[10]覃志豪,ZHANG Ming-hua,Arnon Karnieli,等.用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,2001,56(4):456-466.[Qin Zhihao,Zhang Minghua,Arnon Karnieli,et al.Mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM6 data.Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(4):456-466.]
[11]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(12):189-195.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(12):189-195.]
[12]满苏尔·沙比提,娜斯曼·那斯尔丁,阿尔斯朗·马木提.托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析.地理研究,2016,35(11):2116-2124.[Mansur Sabit,Nasima Nasirdin,Arrslan Mamut.Analysis on the change of land use/cover ecological service value in Tomur National Nature Reserve.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2116-2124.]
[13]陈强,濮励杰,梁华石,等.快速城市化地区城市用地扩展的生态环境效应评价:以南京市栖霞区为例.江西农业大学学报,2009,31(4):750-755.[Chen Qiang,Pu Lijie,Liang Huashi,et al.Assessment of ecological environment of urban land expansion in rapid urbanization area:A case study of Qixia District in Nanjing.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2009,31(4):750-755.]
[14]徐德明,李静,彭静,等.基于RS和GIS的生态系统健康评价.生态环境学报,2010,19(8):1809-1814.[Xu Deming,Li Jing,Peng Jing,et al.Ecosy-stemhealth assessment based on RS and GIS.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(8):1809-1814.]
[15]姚尧,王世新,周艺,等.生态环境状况指数模型在全国生态环境质量评价中的应用.遥感信息,2012,27(3):93-98.[Yao Yao,Wang Shixin,Zhou Yi,et al.The application of ecological environment index model on the national evaluation of ecological environment quality.Remote Sensing Information,2012,27(3):93-98.]
[16]黎显平.北京城市动态扩展及对生态环境影响的研究.哈尔滨:哈尔滨师范大学硕士学位论文,2016.[Li Xianping.Study on urban dynamic expansion and its effects on ecological environment in Beijing.Harbin:Master Degree Dissertation of Harbin Normal University,2016.]
[17]钟海燕.鄱阳湖区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应研究.南京:南京农业大学博士学位论文,2011.[Zhong Haiyan.Study on land use changes and its effects on eco-environment in the Poyang Lake Region.Nanjing:Doctor Degree Dissertation of Nanjing Agricultural University,2011.]
[18]吉力力?阿不都外力,木巴热克?阿尤普.基于生态足迹的中亚区域生态安全评价.地理研究,2008,27(6):1308-1320.[Jilili Abuduwaili,Mubareke Ayoupu.Regional ecological security assessment on Central Asia based on ecological footprint analysis.Geographical Research,2008,27(6):1308-1320.]
[19]张伟新,范晓秋,姜翠玲,等.生态评价方法与区域生态足迹评价:以无锡市为例.南京财经大学学报,2005,132(2):24-28.[Zhang Weixin,Fan Xiaoqiu,Jiang Cuiling,et al.The method of ecological assessment and an evaluation of regional ecological footprint:Taking Wuxi City as an example.Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,2005,132(2):24-28.]
[20]任志远,黄青,李晶.陕西省生态安全及空间差异定量分析.地理学报,2005,60(4):597-606.[Ren Zhiyuan,Huang Qing,Li Jing.Quantitative analysis of dynamic change and spatial difference of the ecological safety:The case of Shanxi Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(4):597-606.]
[21]龙花楼,刘永强,李婷婷,等.生态用地分类初步研究.生态环境学报,2015,24(1):1-7.[Long Hualou,Liu Yongqiang,Li Tingting,et al.A primary study on ecological land use classification.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(1):1-7.]
[22]张骞,高明,杨乐,等.1988-2013年重庆市主城九区生态用地空间结构及其生态系统服务价值变化.生态学报,2017,37(2):1-10.[Zhang Qian,Gao Ming,Yang Le,et al.Changes in the spatial structure of ecological land and ecosystem service values in nine key districts of Chongqing City over the past 25 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):1-10.]
[23]苏伟忠,杨桂山,甄峰.长江三角洲生态用地破碎度及其城市化关联.地理学报,2007,62(12):1309-1317.[Su Weizhong,Yang Guishan,Zhen Feng.Ecological land fragmentation and its connectivity with urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(12):1309-1317.]
[24]赵丹,李锋,王如松.城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响:以淮北市为例.生态学报,2013,33(8):2343-2349.[Zhao Dan,Li Feng,Wang Rusong.Effects of land use change on ecosystem service value:A case study in Huaibei City,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2343-2349.]
[25]高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索:生态承载力的理论、方法与应用.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:96-98.[Gao Jixi.Exploration of the Theory of Sustainable Development:Theory,Method and Application.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001:96-98.]
[2]蔺雪芹,王岱,刘旭.北京城市空间扩展的生态环境响应及驱动力.生态环境学报,2015,24(7):1159-1165.[Lin Xueqin,Wang Dai,Liu Xu.Eco-environment response to urban spatial expansion and its driving forces in Beijing.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(7):1159-1165.]
[3]甄江红.城市用地扩展对生态安全的影响:以内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市为例.内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(3):52-59.[Zhen Jianghong.Effects of urban land expansion on ecological security:Take Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot City as an example.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2018,39(3):52-59.]
[4]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性-敏感性-连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究,2017,36(3):471-484.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):407-419.]
[5]李杨帆,林静玉,孙翔.城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用.地理研究,2017,36(3):485-494.[Li Yangfan,Lin Jingyu,Sun Xiang.An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):485-494.]
[6]潘竟虎,韩文超.近20 a中国省会及以上城市空间形态演变.自然资源学报,2013,28(3):470-480.[Pan Jinghu,Han Wenchao.Spatial-temporal changes of urban morphology of provincial capital cities or above in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(3):470-480.]
[7]董廷旭,秦其明,王建华.近30年来绵阳市城市用地扩展模式研究.地理研究,2011,30(4):667-675.[Dong Tingxu,Qin Qiming,Wang Jianhua.Expansion modes of urban land use in Mianyang City in the last 30 years.Geographical Research,2011,30(4):667-675.]
[8]潘竟虎,韩文超.兰州中心城区用地扩展及其热岛响应的遥感分析.生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2597-2603.[Pan Jinghu,Han wenchao.Urban expansion and its heat island response in Lanzhou City based on remote sensing analysis.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2597-2603.]
[9]潘竟虎,任皓晨,秦晓娟,等.嘉峪关市瞬时热力场空间格局的遥感分析.城市环境与城市生态,2007,20(5):39-42.[Pan Jinghu,Ren Haochen,Qin Xiaojuan,et al.Analysis on instantaneous spatial pattern of thermal force field in Jiayuguan City.Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2007,20(5):39-42.]
[10]覃志豪,ZHANG Ming-hua,Arnon Karnieli,等.用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,2001,56(4):456-466.[Qin Zhihao,Zhang Minghua,Arnon Karnieli,et al.Mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM6 data.Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(4):456-466.]
[11]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(12):189-195.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(12):189-195.]
[12]满苏尔·沙比提,娜斯曼·那斯尔丁,阿尔斯朗·马木提.托木尔峰国家级自然保护区土地利用/覆被生态服务价值变化分析.地理研究,2016,35(11):2116-2124.[Mansur Sabit,Nasima Nasirdin,Arrslan Mamut.Analysis on the change of land use/cover ecological service value in Tomur National Nature Reserve.Geographical Research,2016,35(11):2116-2124.]
[13]陈强,濮励杰,梁华石,等.快速城市化地区城市用地扩展的生态环境效应评价:以南京市栖霞区为例.江西农业大学学报,2009,31(4):750-755.[Chen Qiang,Pu Lijie,Liang Huashi,et al.Assessment of ecological environment of urban land expansion in rapid urbanization area:A case study of Qixia District in Nanjing.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2009,31(4):750-755.]
[14]徐德明,李静,彭静,等.基于RS和GIS的生态系统健康评价.生态环境学报,2010,19(8):1809-1814.[Xu Deming,Li Jing,Peng Jing,et al.Ecosy-stemhealth assessment based on RS and GIS.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(8):1809-1814.]
[15]姚尧,王世新,周艺,等.生态环境状况指数模型在全国生态环境质量评价中的应用.遥感信息,2012,27(3):93-98.[Yao Yao,Wang Shixin,Zhou Yi,et al.The application of ecological environment index model on the national evaluation of ecological environment quality.Remote Sensing Information,2012,27(3):93-98.]
[16]黎显平.北京城市动态扩展及对生态环境影响的研究.哈尔滨:哈尔滨师范大学硕士学位论文,2016.[Li Xianping.Study on urban dynamic expansion and its effects on ecological environment in Beijing.Harbin:Master Degree Dissertation of Harbin Normal University,2016.]
[17]钟海燕.鄱阳湖区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应研究.南京:南京农业大学博士学位论文,2011.[Zhong Haiyan.Study on land use changes and its effects on eco-environment in the Poyang Lake Region.Nanjing:Doctor Degree Dissertation of Nanjing Agricultural University,2011.]
[18]吉力力?阿不都外力,木巴热克?阿尤普.基于生态足迹的中亚区域生态安全评价.地理研究,2008,27(6):1308-1320.[Jilili Abuduwaili,Mubareke Ayoupu.Regional ecological security assessment on Central Asia based on ecological footprint analysis.Geographical Research,2008,27(6):1308-1320.]
[19]张伟新,范晓秋,姜翠玲,等.生态评价方法与区域生态足迹评价:以无锡市为例.南京财经大学学报,2005,132(2):24-28.[Zhang Weixin,Fan Xiaoqiu,Jiang Cuiling,et al.The method of ecological assessment and an evaluation of regional ecological footprint:Taking Wuxi City as an example.Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,2005,132(2):24-28.]
[20]任志远,黄青,李晶.陕西省生态安全及空间差异定量分析.地理学报,2005,60(4):597-606.[Ren Zhiyuan,Huang Qing,Li Jing.Quantitative analysis of dynamic change and spatial difference of the ecological safety:The case of Shanxi Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(4):597-606.]
[21]龙花楼,刘永强,李婷婷,等.生态用地分类初步研究.生态环境学报,2015,24(1):1-7.[Long Hualou,Liu Yongqiang,Li Tingting,et al.A primary study on ecological land use classification.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(1):1-7.]
[22]张骞,高明,杨乐,等.1988-2013年重庆市主城九区生态用地空间结构及其生态系统服务价值变化.生态学报,2017,37(2):1-10.[Zhang Qian,Gao Ming,Yang Le,et al.Changes in the spatial structure of ecological land and ecosystem service values in nine key districts of Chongqing City over the past 25 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):1-10.]
[23]苏伟忠,杨桂山,甄峰.长江三角洲生态用地破碎度及其城市化关联.地理学报,2007,62(12):1309-1317.[Su Weizhong,Yang Guishan,Zhen Feng.Ecological land fragmentation and its connectivity with urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(12):1309-1317.]
[24]赵丹,李锋,王如松.城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响:以淮北市为例.生态学报,2013,33(8):2343-2349.[Zhao Dan,Li Feng,Wang Rusong.Effects of land use change on ecosystem service value:A case study in Huaibei City,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2343-2349.]
[25]高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索:生态承载力的理论、方法与应用.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:96-98.[Gao Jixi.Exploration of the Theory of Sustainable Development:Theory,Method and Application.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001:96-98.]
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