鄱阳湖湿地候鸟栖息地微塑料污染特征
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摘要
微塑料(粒径<5 mm的塑料)污染问题日益严重.以鄱阳湖湿地候鸟栖息地之一的白沙湖为研究区,采集了湖岸边、湖中心和候鸟活动区域的湖水、底泥和候鸟粪便,利用浮选分离法对其中的微塑料进行分离,分析其微塑料污染特征.结果表明:(1)研究区不同采样点水体和底泥中微塑料丰度有较大差异,表现为湖中心<湖岸边<候鸟活动区域,水体和底泥中微塑料平均丰度分别为263.28个·m~(-3)和215.9个·kg~(-1),候鸟粪便中微塑料平均丰度为4.93个·g~(-1).研究区存在颗粒、薄膜、碎片和纤维这4种不同形貌的微塑料.(2)水体中微塑料以颗粒类最多,颜色主要为红色,微塑料粒径丰度表现为<1 mm>1～2 mm>2～3 mm>3～5 mm,且基本呈随粒径增大丰度减小的趋势.(3)底泥中微塑料以纤维类为主,颜色主要为紫色,湖岸边和鸟类栖息地微塑料粒径以<1 mm为主,湖中心以1～2 mm为主.(4)候鸟粪便内微塑料以颗粒类为主,颜色主要为红色,粒径以<1 mm为主.(5)水体、底泥和候鸟粪便中微塑料类型分布无一致性,水体和候鸟粪便颜色和粒径分布保持一致.可见,鄱阳湖鸟类栖息地已经受到了微塑料的污染,鸟类也无可避免地接触到了微塑料,警示人们微塑料将会是候鸟的新兴威胁.
Microplastic pollution(plastics with particle sizes < 5 mm) has become a serious problem. In this study,we sampled the surface water,sediment,and bird excrement from the shore,center of the lake,and active areas for birds in Baisha Lake,which is key habitat for migratory birds in the Poyang Lake wetlands. The microplastics were separated by flotation separation,and then,we analyzed the pollution characteristics of this area. The main results were as follows. (1) There were significant differences in the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment at different sampling points in the study area. The average abundance of microplastics in water and sediment were 263. 28 per·m~(-3) and 215. 9 per·kg~(-1),respectively. The average abundance of microplastics in migratory bird feces was 4. 93 per·g~(-1). (2) There were four kinds of microplastics in the surface water in terms of the different morphologies of particles,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers,among which pellets were the major type. The main colors of microplastics were red,yellow,green,blue,purple,black,and transparent. The rank in terms of the size of microplastics was follows: < 1 mm >1-2 mm > 2-3 mm > 3-5 mm,and the abundance decreased with the increase of particle size. (3) There were also four kinds of microplastics with different morphologies in the sediment,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers. The main colors of these microplastics were red,yellow,blue,purple,black,and transparent. Microplastic sizes on the shore of the lake and bird habitat were mainly < 1 mm,and 1-2 mm particles were mainly detected in the center of the lake. (4) There were four types of microplastics in the excrement of migratory birds,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers. The colors of these microplastics were red,yellow,green,purple,and transparent,and the particle size was mainly < 1 mm. (5) There was no consistency in the types of microplastics in the water body,sediment,and bird droppings. However,the size distribution for water and bird excrement was consistent. The results indicate that Poyang Lake bird habitat is polluted by microplastics,and the birds are inevitably exposed to microplastics. This study warns that microplastics will be an emerging threat to migratory birds.
Microplastic pollution(plastics with particle sizes < 5 mm) has become a serious problem. In this study,we sampled the surface water,sediment,and bird excrement from the shore,center of the lake,and active areas for birds in Baisha Lake,which is key habitat for migratory birds in the Poyang Lake wetlands. The microplastics were separated by flotation separation,and then,we analyzed the pollution characteristics of this area. The main results were as follows. (1) There were significant differences in the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment at different sampling points in the study area. The average abundance of microplastics in water and sediment were 263. 28 per·m~(-3) and 215. 9 per·kg~(-1),respectively. The average abundance of microplastics in migratory bird feces was 4. 93 per·g~(-1). (2) There were four kinds of microplastics in the surface water in terms of the different morphologies of particles,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers,among which pellets were the major type. The main colors of microplastics were red,yellow,green,blue,purple,black,and transparent. The rank in terms of the size of microplastics was follows: < 1 mm >1-2 mm > 2-3 mm > 3-5 mm,and the abundance decreased with the increase of particle size. (3) There were also four kinds of microplastics with different morphologies in the sediment,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers. The main colors of these microplastics were red,yellow,blue,purple,black,and transparent. Microplastic sizes on the shore of the lake and bird habitat were mainly < 1 mm,and 1-2 mm particles were mainly detected in the center of the lake. (4) There were four types of microplastics in the excrement of migratory birds,namely,pellets,films,fragments,and fibers. The colors of these microplastics were red,yellow,green,purple,and transparent,and the particle size was mainly < 1 mm. (5) There was no consistency in the types of microplastics in the water body,sediment,and bird droppings. However,the size distribution for water and bird excrement was consistent. The results indicate that Poyang Lake bird habitat is polluted by microplastics,and the birds are inevitably exposed to microplastics. This study warns that microplastics will be an emerging threat to migratory birds.
引文
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[4] Fendall L S,Sewell M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:Microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(8):1225-1228.
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[6]周隆胤,简敏菲,余厚平,等.乐安河—鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1222-1232.Zhou L Y, Jian M F, Yu H P, et al. Distribution of microplastics and its source in the sediments of the Le'an River in Poyang Lake[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1222-1232.
[7] Provencher J F,Vermaire J C,Avery-Gomm S,et al. Garbage in guano? Microplastic debris found in faecal precursors of seabirds known to ingest plastics[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,644:1477-1484.
[8] Li J N,Qu X Y,Su L,et al. Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:177-184.
[9] Castro R O,Silva M L,Marques M R C,et al. Evaluation of microplastics in Jurujuba Cove,Niterói,RJ,Brazil,an area of mussels farming[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,110(1):555-558.
[10] Alomar C,Deudero S. Evidence of microplastic ingestion in the shark Galeus melastomus Rafinesque,1810 in the continental shelf off the western Mediterranean Sea[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,223:223-229.
[11]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林,等.鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(6):597-605.Hu Z P,Ge G,Liu C L,et al. Structure of Poyang Lake wetland plants ecosystem and influence of lake water level for the structure[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(6):597-605.
[12]简敏菲,李玲玉,余厚平,等.鄱阳湖湿地水体与底泥重金属污染及其对沉水植物群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(1):96-105.Jian M F,Li L Y,Yu H P,et al. Heavy Metals pollution on the water and sediments and its influence on the submerged macrophyte community in the wetland of Poyang Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(1):96-105.
[13] Cooper D A,Corcoran P L. Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai,Hawaii[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(5):650-654.
[14]邹亚丹,徐擎擎,张哿,等. 6种消解方法对荧光测定生物体内聚苯乙烯微塑料的影响[J].环境科学,2019,40(1):496-503.Zou Y D,Xu Q Q,Zhang G,et al. Influence of six digestion methods on the determination of polystyrene microplastics in organisms using the fluorescence intensity[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(1):496-503.
[15] Harrison J P, Ojeda J J, Romero-González M E. The applicability of reflectance micro-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine sediments[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,416:455-463.
[16] Fischer E K,Paglialonga L, Czech E, et al. Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments-A case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi(central Italy)[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:648-657.
[17] Xiong X,Zhang K,Chen X C,et al. Sources and distribution of microplastics in China's largest inland lake-Qinghai Lake[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,235:899-906.
[18] Su L,Xue Y G,Li L Y,et al. Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,216:711-719.
[19] Tsang Y Y,Mak C W,Liebich C,et al. Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1-2):20-28.
[20]刘启明,梁海涛,锡桂莉,等.厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征[J].环境科学,2019,40(3):1217-1221.Liu Q M,Liang H T,Xi G L,et al. Microplastic pollution of the beaches in Xiamen Bay,China[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(3):1217-1221.
[21] Wu W M,Yang J,Criddle C S. Microplastics pollution and reduction strategies[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2017,11(1):6.
[22] Castillo A B, Al-Maslamani I,Obbard J P. Prevalence of microplastics in the marine waters of Qatar[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,111(1-2):260-267.
[23] Nel H A,Hean J W,Noundou X S,et al. Do microplastic loads reflect the population demographics along the southern African coastline?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1-2):115-119.
[24] Wright S L,Thompson R C,Galloway T S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[25] Heindler F M,Alajmi F,Huerlimann R,et al. Toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the calanoid copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,141:298-305.
[26] Frias J P G L,Otero V,Sobral P. Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters[J].Marine Environmental Research,2014,95:89-95.
[27] Van Cauwenberghe L,Janssen C R. Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption[J]. Environmental Pollution,2014,193:65-70.
[28] Nadal M A,Alomar C,Deudero S. High levels of microplastic ingestion by the semipelagic fish bogue Boops boops(L.)around the Balearic Islands[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:517-523.
[29] Li J N,Yang D Q,Li L,et al. Microplastics in commercial bivalves from China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,207:190-195.
[30] Laglbauer B J L,Franco-Santos R M,Andreu-Cazenave M,et al. Macrodebris and microplastics from beaches in Slovenia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,89(1-2):356-366.
[31] Baini M,Martellini T,Cincinelli A,et al. First detection of seven phthalate esters(PAEs)as plastic tracers in superficial neustonic/planktonic samples and cetacean blubber[J].Analytical Methods,2017,9(9):1512-1520.
[32] Green D S,Boots B,Sigwart J,et al. Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer(Arenicola marina)and sediment nutrient cycling[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,208:426-434.
[33] Paul-Pont I,Lacroix C,Fernández C G,et al. Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics:Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,216:724-737.
[34] Welden N A C,Cowie P R. Long-term microplastic retention causes reduced body condition in the langoustine, Nephrops norvegicus[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,218:895-900.
[35] Hmer J,Gutow L,Khler A,et al. Fate of microplastics in the marine isopod Idotea emarginata[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(22):13451-13458.
[36] Güven O,Gkdaˇg K,Jovanovi'c B,et al. Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea,and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:286-294.
[2] Ng K L,Obbard J P. Prevalence of microplastics in Singapore's coastal marine environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2006,52(7):761-767.
[3] Frias J P G L,Sobral P,Ferreira A M. Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(11):1988-1992.
[4] Fendall L S,Sewell M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:Microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(8):1225-1228.
[5]赵其国,黄国勤,钱海燕.鄱阳湖生态环境与可持续发展[J].土壤学报,2007,44(2):318-326.Zhao Q G,Huang G Q,Qian H Y. Ecological environment and sustainable development of Poyang Lake[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(2):318-326.
[6]周隆胤,简敏菲,余厚平,等.乐安河—鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1222-1232.Zhou L Y, Jian M F, Yu H P, et al. Distribution of microplastics and its source in the sediments of the Le'an River in Poyang Lake[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1222-1232.
[7] Provencher J F,Vermaire J C,Avery-Gomm S,et al. Garbage in guano? Microplastic debris found in faecal precursors of seabirds known to ingest plastics[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,644:1477-1484.
[8] Li J N,Qu X Y,Su L,et al. Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:177-184.
[9] Castro R O,Silva M L,Marques M R C,et al. Evaluation of microplastics in Jurujuba Cove,Niterói,RJ,Brazil,an area of mussels farming[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,110(1):555-558.
[10] Alomar C,Deudero S. Evidence of microplastic ingestion in the shark Galeus melastomus Rafinesque,1810 in the continental shelf off the western Mediterranean Sea[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,223:223-229.
[11]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林,等.鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(6):597-605.Hu Z P,Ge G,Liu C L,et al. Structure of Poyang Lake wetland plants ecosystem and influence of lake water level for the structure[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(6):597-605.
[12]简敏菲,李玲玉,余厚平,等.鄱阳湖湿地水体与底泥重金属污染及其对沉水植物群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(1):96-105.Jian M F,Li L Y,Yu H P,et al. Heavy Metals pollution on the water and sediments and its influence on the submerged macrophyte community in the wetland of Poyang Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(1):96-105.
[13] Cooper D A,Corcoran P L. Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai,Hawaii[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(5):650-654.
[14]邹亚丹,徐擎擎,张哿,等. 6种消解方法对荧光测定生物体内聚苯乙烯微塑料的影响[J].环境科学,2019,40(1):496-503.Zou Y D,Xu Q Q,Zhang G,et al. Influence of six digestion methods on the determination of polystyrene microplastics in organisms using the fluorescence intensity[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(1):496-503.
[15] Harrison J P, Ojeda J J, Romero-González M E. The applicability of reflectance micro-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine sediments[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,416:455-463.
[16] Fischer E K,Paglialonga L, Czech E, et al. Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments-A case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi(central Italy)[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:648-657.
[17] Xiong X,Zhang K,Chen X C,et al. Sources and distribution of microplastics in China's largest inland lake-Qinghai Lake[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,235:899-906.
[18] Su L,Xue Y G,Li L Y,et al. Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,216:711-719.
[19] Tsang Y Y,Mak C W,Liebich C,et al. Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1-2):20-28.
[20]刘启明,梁海涛,锡桂莉,等.厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征[J].环境科学,2019,40(3):1217-1221.Liu Q M,Liang H T,Xi G L,et al. Microplastic pollution of the beaches in Xiamen Bay,China[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(3):1217-1221.
[21] Wu W M,Yang J,Criddle C S. Microplastics pollution and reduction strategies[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2017,11(1):6.
[22] Castillo A B, Al-Maslamani I,Obbard J P. Prevalence of microplastics in the marine waters of Qatar[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,111(1-2):260-267.
[23] Nel H A,Hean J W,Noundou X S,et al. Do microplastic loads reflect the population demographics along the southern African coastline?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1-2):115-119.
[24] Wright S L,Thompson R C,Galloway T S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[25] Heindler F M,Alajmi F,Huerlimann R,et al. Toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the calanoid copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,141:298-305.
[26] Frias J P G L,Otero V,Sobral P. Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters[J].Marine Environmental Research,2014,95:89-95.
[27] Van Cauwenberghe L,Janssen C R. Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption[J]. Environmental Pollution,2014,193:65-70.
[28] Nadal M A,Alomar C,Deudero S. High levels of microplastic ingestion by the semipelagic fish bogue Boops boops(L.)around the Balearic Islands[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:517-523.
[29] Li J N,Yang D Q,Li L,et al. Microplastics in commercial bivalves from China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,207:190-195.
[30] Laglbauer B J L,Franco-Santos R M,Andreu-Cazenave M,et al. Macrodebris and microplastics from beaches in Slovenia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,89(1-2):356-366.
[31] Baini M,Martellini T,Cincinelli A,et al. First detection of seven phthalate esters(PAEs)as plastic tracers in superficial neustonic/planktonic samples and cetacean blubber[J].Analytical Methods,2017,9(9):1512-1520.
[32] Green D S,Boots B,Sigwart J,et al. Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer(Arenicola marina)and sediment nutrient cycling[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,208:426-434.
[33] Paul-Pont I,Lacroix C,Fernández C G,et al. Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics:Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,216:724-737.
[34] Welden N A C,Cowie P R. Long-term microplastic retention causes reduced body condition in the langoustine, Nephrops norvegicus[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,218:895-900.
[35] Hmer J,Gutow L,Khler A,et al. Fate of microplastics in the marine isopod Idotea emarginata[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(22):13451-13458.
[36] Güven O,Gkdaˇg K,Jovanovi'c B,et al. Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea,and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:286-294.
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