宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中硝基多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险
|
摘要
利用大气主动采样技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的污染特征、一次排放和二次形成源贡献及呼吸暴露风险进行了观测研究.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs质量浓度在2. 06～37. 14ng·m~(-3)之间,其中基于能源产业的宝丰采样点冬、夏季采样期Σ _(12)NPAHs的平均质量浓度分别为(25. 57±5. 76) ng·m~(-3)和(6. 22±1. 74) ng·m~(-3).以化工、电力产业为主的英力特采样点冬、夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7. 13±1. 44)ng·m~(-3)和(2. 58±0. 39) ng·m~(-3),两采样点均表现出冬季高于夏季的季节特征,推测为冬季取暖造成较高的NPAHs一次排放所致.宝丰采样点Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平明显高于英力特,可能与宝丰的煤炭开采及焦炭生产的能源产业较化工产业造成更高的NPAHs一次排放相关,因而造成了Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平的空间差异.两个采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度的夜昼比表明,夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度日间明显高于夜间而冬季则相反,表明夏季日间较夜间存在更活跃的大气光化学反应,较夜间贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs. NPAHs族谱特征的时空差异表现为:宝丰和英力特采样点冬夏季均以一次排放标识物2N-FLO和6N-CHR为主要占比,其中宝丰采样点冬季2N-FLO和6N-CHR总占比为46%,夏季为73%,英力特采样点冬季总占为59%,夏季为55%.但英力特采样点夏季二次形成的标识物3N-PHE浓度占比较宝丰更高,表明基于化工产业的英力特较宝丰存在更高的前体物排放,由此贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs.本研究还借助Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ _(16)PAHs比值对NPAHs可能的来源贡献进行了分析研究,结果表明宁东能源化工基地夏季较高的温度促进了PAHs的降解以及NPAHs的二次形成,较冬季贡献更多二次形成源的NPAHs.基于BaP等效毒性因子评价法估算了PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的呼吸暴露肺癌风险,结果表明,宝丰采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的肺癌风险值冬季为(3. 06×10~(-5)±1. 36×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 79×10~(-5)±0. 80×10~(-5)),英力特采样点冬季为(2. 85×10~(-5)±1. 20×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 86×10~(-5)±0. 83×10~(-5)).宝丰和英力特肺癌风险值均高于Cal/EPA规定的1. 00×10~(-5)的限值,表明宁东能源化工基地人群存在一定程度的大气PM_(2.5)中NPAHs呼吸暴露肺癌风险.
Atmospheric PM_(2.5) samples were collected by using the active sampling method to investigate the pollution characteristics of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs) at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base,Northwest China.Furthermore,the primary sources and the contributions of secondary formation sources as well as the inhalation exposure risks were identified.The main results were as follows.The concentration levels of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) ranged from 2.06 ng·m~(3) to 37.14ng·m~(-3) at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base.The average concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs were(25.57±5.76)ng·m~(-3) in winter and(6.22±1.74)ng·m~(-3) in summer for the Baofeng sampling site associated with the energy industry.The average concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs were(7.13±1.44)ng·m~(-3) in winter and(2.58±0.39)ng·m~(-3) in summer for the Yinglite sampling site associated with chemical and electricity industries.The levels of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) were higher in winter than those in summer because of the increased heating in winter.Atmospheric pollution levels of NPAHs at the Baofeng sampling site were generally higher than those at the Yinglite sampling because of the higher primary NPAHs emissions from coal mining and coke production in Baofeng compared with those from the chemical industry in Yinglite.The calculated nocturnal/diurnal ratios revealed that the concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) during the summer season were higher in the daytime than those in the nighttime,but the opposite trend occurred in winter,thus indicating that secondary formation processes made more contributions to NPAHs during summer in the daytime.The congener profiles of NPAHs were mainly composed of primary emission markers such as 2-nitrofluorene(2N-FLO) and 6-nitrochrysene(6N-CHR),which were the predominant ones in winter and summer for both the Baofeng and Yinglite sampling sites.Total proportions of 2N-FLO and 6N-CHR were 46% in winter and 73% in summer for Baofeng and 59% in winter and 55% in summer for Yinglite,respectively.Meanwhile,3N-PHE,which is a marker compound of secondary formation processes,accounted for a higher percentage in summer especially at Yinglite.This finding revealed that the chemical production at Yinglite was associated with higher precursor emissions than that of Baofeng,and thus,more NPAHs were derived from secondary formation processes.Moreover, Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ -(16)PAHs ratios were calculated to identify the potential sources of NPAHs across the city.The results indicated tha higher environmental temperatures in summer promoted the degradation of PAHs and secondary formation of NPAHs,and thus,secondary formation contributed more to NPAHs in summer than in winter.Furthermore,lung cancer risks induced by inhalation exposures to Σ _5NPAHs were assessed based on the BaP equivalent toxicity factor.The results showed that the lung cancer risk values of Σ _5NPAHs were(3.06×10~(-5)±1.36×10~(-5)) in winter and(1.79×10~(-5)±0.80×10~(-5)) in summer for the Baofeng sampling site,while the risk values were(2.85×10~(-5)±1.20×10~(-5)) in winter and(1.86×10~(-5)±0.83×10~(-5)) in summer for the Yinglite sampling site.Notably,the lung cancer risk values in our study for both sampling sites were higher than the standard limit value(1.00×10~(-5))of the California Environmental Protection Agency,which indicates that the local population at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base has been subjected to potentially elevated lung cancer risks due to inhalation exposures to PM_(2.5)-bound NPAHs.
Atmospheric PM_(2.5) samples were collected by using the active sampling method to investigate the pollution characteristics of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs) at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base,Northwest China.Furthermore,the primary sources and the contributions of secondary formation sources as well as the inhalation exposure risks were identified.The main results were as follows.The concentration levels of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) ranged from 2.06 ng·m~(3) to 37.14ng·m~(-3) at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base.The average concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs were(25.57±5.76)ng·m~(-3) in winter and(6.22±1.74)ng·m~(-3) in summer for the Baofeng sampling site associated with the energy industry.The average concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs were(7.13±1.44)ng·m~(-3) in winter and(2.58±0.39)ng·m~(-3) in summer for the Yinglite sampling site associated with chemical and electricity industries.The levels of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) were higher in winter than those in summer because of the increased heating in winter.Atmospheric pollution levels of NPAHs at the Baofeng sampling site were generally higher than those at the Yinglite sampling because of the higher primary NPAHs emissions from coal mining and coke production in Baofeng compared with those from the chemical industry in Yinglite.The calculated nocturnal/diurnal ratios revealed that the concentrations of Σ _(12)NPAHs in PM_(2.5) during the summer season were higher in the daytime than those in the nighttime,but the opposite trend occurred in winter,thus indicating that secondary formation processes made more contributions to NPAHs during summer in the daytime.The congener profiles of NPAHs were mainly composed of primary emission markers such as 2-nitrofluorene(2N-FLO) and 6-nitrochrysene(6N-CHR),which were the predominant ones in winter and summer for both the Baofeng and Yinglite sampling sites.Total proportions of 2N-FLO and 6N-CHR were 46% in winter and 73% in summer for Baofeng and 59% in winter and 55% in summer for Yinglite,respectively.Meanwhile,3N-PHE,which is a marker compound of secondary formation processes,accounted for a higher percentage in summer especially at Yinglite.This finding revealed that the chemical production at Yinglite was associated with higher precursor emissions than that of Baofeng,and thus,more NPAHs were derived from secondary formation processes.Moreover, Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ -(16)PAHs ratios were calculated to identify the potential sources of NPAHs across the city.The results indicated tha higher environmental temperatures in summer promoted the degradation of PAHs and secondary formation of NPAHs,and thus,secondary formation contributed more to NPAHs in summer than in winter.Furthermore,lung cancer risks induced by inhalation exposures to Σ _5NPAHs were assessed based on the BaP equivalent toxicity factor.The results showed that the lung cancer risk values of Σ _5NPAHs were(3.06×10~(-5)±1.36×10~(-5)) in winter and(1.79×10~(-5)±0.80×10~(-5)) in summer for the Baofeng sampling site,while the risk values were(2.85×10~(-5)±1.20×10~(-5)) in winter and(1.86×10~(-5)±0.83×10~(-5)) in summer for the Yinglite sampling site.Notably,the lung cancer risk values in our study for both sampling sites were higher than the standard limit value(1.00×10~(-5))of the California Environmental Protection Agency,which indicates that the local population at the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base has been subjected to potentially elevated lung cancer risks due to inhalation exposures to PM_(2.5)-bound NPAHs.
引文
[1] Durant J L,Busby Jr W F,Lafleur A L,et al. Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated,nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols[J].Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology,1996,371(3-4):123-157.
[2] Albinet A,Leoz-Garziandia E,Budzinski H,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area(South of France):concentrations and sources[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2007,384(1-3):280-292.
[3] Wu S P,Yang B Y,Wang X H,et al. Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10at a roadside site in Xiamen,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(10):1767-1776.
[4] Huang B,Liu M,Bi X H,et al. Phase distribution,sources and risk assessment of PAHs,NPAHs and OPAHs in a rural site of Pearl River Delta region, China[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2014,5(2):210-218.
[5] Chen S C,Liao C M. Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(1):112-123.
[6] Peng C,Chen W P,Liao X L,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing:status, sources,distribution and potential risk[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(3):802-808.
[7] Wang W,Huang M J,Kang Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527.
[8] Bandowe B A M, Meusel H, Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(nitro-PAHs)in the environment-A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,581-582:237-257.
[9]杨丹.东莞市大气颗粒物中NPAHs的污染特征及其对人体健康的影响评价[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.
[10]林刚,孙贵范,唐宁,等.抚顺大气悬浮颗粒物、PAHs和NPAHs污染调查[J].中国公共卫生,2005,21(5):604-606.Lin G,Sun G F,Tang N,et al. Analysis on concentrations of atmospheric particles and PAHs/NPAHs in Fushun[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health,2005,21(5):604-606.
[11] Ding J N,Zhong J J,Yang Y F,et al. Occurrence and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in a rural Chinese home through biomass fuelled cooking[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,169:160-166.
[12] Valle-Hernández B L,Mugica-álvarez V,Salinas-Talavera E,et al. Temporal variation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10and PM2. 5collected in Northern Mexico City[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(22):5429-5438.
[13] Kameda T,Takenaka N,Bandow H,et al. Determination of atmospheric nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors at a heavy traffic roadside and at a residential area in Osaka,Japan[J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds,2004,24(4-5):657-666.
[14] Bandowe B A M,Meusel H,Huang R J,et al. PM2. 5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity:seasonal variation,sources and cancer risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,473-474:77-87.
[15] Wang W,Jing L,Zhan J,et al. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution during the Shanghai World Expo 2010[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,89:242-248.
[16] Wang W T,Jariyasopit N,Schrlau J,et al. Concentration and photochemistry of PAHs,NPAHs,and OPAHs and toxicity of PM2. 5during the Beijing Olympic games[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(16):6887-6895.
[17] Alam M S,Keyte I J,Yin J X,et al. Diurnal variability of polycyclic aromatic compound(PAC)concentrations:relationship with meteorological conditions and inferred sources[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:427-438.
[18] Wei S L,Huang B,Liu M,et al. Characterization of PM2. 5-bound nitrated and oxygenated PAHs in two industrial sites of South China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2012,109-110:76-83.
[19] Lafontaine S,Schrlau J,Butler J,et al. Relative influence of trans-pacific and regional atmospheric transport of PAHs in the Pacific Northwest, U. S.[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(23):13807-13816.
[20] Teixeira E C,Garcia K O,Meincke L,et al. Study of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine and coarse atmospheric particles[J]. Atmospheric Research,2011,101(3):631-639.
[21] Ringuet J,Leoz-Garziandia E,Budzinski H,et al. Particle size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs and OPAHs)on traffic and suburban sites of a European megacity:Paris(France)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(18):8877-8887.
[22] Arey J,Zielinska B,Atkinson R,et al. The formation of nitroPAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx[J]. Atmospheric Environment(1967),1986,20(12):2339-2345.
[23] Atkinson R, Arey J. Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:formation of atmospheric mutagens[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,1994,102Suppl 4:117-126.
[24] Lin Y,Qiu X H,Ma Y Q,et al. A novel approach for apportionment between primary and secondary sources of airborne nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,138:108-113.
[25] Tomaz S,Jaffrezo J L,Favez O,et al. Sources and atmospheric chemistry of oxy-and nitro-PAHs in the ambient air of Grenoble(France)[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,61:144-154.
[26] Feilberg A,Nielsen T. Photodegradation of nitro-PAHs in viscous organic media used as models of organic aerosols[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(1):108-113.
[27] Jia C H,Mao X X,Huang T,et al. Non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and their contribution to ozone formation potential in a petrochemical industrialized city, Northwest China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,169:225-236.
[28] Garcia K O,Teixeira E C,Agudelo-Casta? eda D M,et al.Assessment of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM1near an area of heavy-duty traffic[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,479-480:57-65.
[29] Tang N,Araki Y,Tamura K,et al. Distribution and source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Tieling City, Liaoning Province, a typical local city in Northeast China[J]. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment,2009,3(1):52-58.
[30] Li W,Wang C,Shen H Z,et al. Concentrations and origins of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in urban and rural areas in northern China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,197:156-164.
[31] Collins J F, Brown J P, Alexeeff G V, et al. Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1998,28(1):45-54.
[2] Albinet A,Leoz-Garziandia E,Budzinski H,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area(South of France):concentrations and sources[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2007,384(1-3):280-292.
[3] Wu S P,Yang B Y,Wang X H,et al. Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10at a roadside site in Xiamen,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(10):1767-1776.
[4] Huang B,Liu M,Bi X H,et al. Phase distribution,sources and risk assessment of PAHs,NPAHs and OPAHs in a rural site of Pearl River Delta region, China[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2014,5(2):210-218.
[5] Chen S C,Liao C M. Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(1):112-123.
[6] Peng C,Chen W P,Liao X L,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing:status, sources,distribution and potential risk[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(3):802-808.
[7] Wang W,Huang M J,Kang Y,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527.
[8] Bandowe B A M, Meusel H, Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(nitro-PAHs)in the environment-A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,581-582:237-257.
[9]杨丹.东莞市大气颗粒物中NPAHs的污染特征及其对人体健康的影响评价[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.
[10]林刚,孙贵范,唐宁,等.抚顺大气悬浮颗粒物、PAHs和NPAHs污染调查[J].中国公共卫生,2005,21(5):604-606.Lin G,Sun G F,Tang N,et al. Analysis on concentrations of atmospheric particles and PAHs/NPAHs in Fushun[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health,2005,21(5):604-606.
[11] Ding J N,Zhong J J,Yang Y F,et al. Occurrence and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in a rural Chinese home through biomass fuelled cooking[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,169:160-166.
[12] Valle-Hernández B L,Mugica-álvarez V,Salinas-Talavera E,et al. Temporal variation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10and PM2. 5collected in Northern Mexico City[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(22):5429-5438.
[13] Kameda T,Takenaka N,Bandow H,et al. Determination of atmospheric nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors at a heavy traffic roadside and at a residential area in Osaka,Japan[J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds,2004,24(4-5):657-666.
[14] Bandowe B A M,Meusel H,Huang R J,et al. PM2. 5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity:seasonal variation,sources and cancer risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,473-474:77-87.
[15] Wang W,Jing L,Zhan J,et al. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution during the Shanghai World Expo 2010[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,89:242-248.
[16] Wang W T,Jariyasopit N,Schrlau J,et al. Concentration and photochemistry of PAHs,NPAHs,and OPAHs and toxicity of PM2. 5during the Beijing Olympic games[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(16):6887-6895.
[17] Alam M S,Keyte I J,Yin J X,et al. Diurnal variability of polycyclic aromatic compound(PAC)concentrations:relationship with meteorological conditions and inferred sources[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:427-438.
[18] Wei S L,Huang B,Liu M,et al. Characterization of PM2. 5-bound nitrated and oxygenated PAHs in two industrial sites of South China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2012,109-110:76-83.
[19] Lafontaine S,Schrlau J,Butler J,et al. Relative influence of trans-pacific and regional atmospheric transport of PAHs in the Pacific Northwest, U. S.[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(23):13807-13816.
[20] Teixeira E C,Garcia K O,Meincke L,et al. Study of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine and coarse atmospheric particles[J]. Atmospheric Research,2011,101(3):631-639.
[21] Ringuet J,Leoz-Garziandia E,Budzinski H,et al. Particle size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs and OPAHs)on traffic and suburban sites of a European megacity:Paris(France)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(18):8877-8887.
[22] Arey J,Zielinska B,Atkinson R,et al. The formation of nitroPAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of NOx[J]. Atmospheric Environment(1967),1986,20(12):2339-2345.
[23] Atkinson R, Arey J. Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:formation of atmospheric mutagens[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,1994,102Suppl 4:117-126.
[24] Lin Y,Qiu X H,Ma Y Q,et al. A novel approach for apportionment between primary and secondary sources of airborne nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(NPAHs)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,138:108-113.
[25] Tomaz S,Jaffrezo J L,Favez O,et al. Sources and atmospheric chemistry of oxy-and nitro-PAHs in the ambient air of Grenoble(France)[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,61:144-154.
[26] Feilberg A,Nielsen T. Photodegradation of nitro-PAHs in viscous organic media used as models of organic aerosols[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(1):108-113.
[27] Jia C H,Mao X X,Huang T,et al. Non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and their contribution to ozone formation potential in a petrochemical industrialized city, Northwest China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,169:225-236.
[28] Garcia K O,Teixeira E C,Agudelo-Casta? eda D M,et al.Assessment of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM1near an area of heavy-duty traffic[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,479-480:57-65.
[29] Tang N,Araki Y,Tamura K,et al. Distribution and source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Tieling City, Liaoning Province, a typical local city in Northeast China[J]. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment,2009,3(1):52-58.
[30] Li W,Wang C,Shen H Z,et al. Concentrations and origins of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in urban and rural areas in northern China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,197:156-164.
[31] Collins J F, Brown J P, Alexeeff G V, et al. Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1998,28(1):45-54.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |