含高比例分布式电源接入的低感知度配电网电压控制方法
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摘要
大规模分布式电源的接入给中低压配电网的电压控制带来了新的挑战。考虑配电网中低四遥覆盖率和网络建模精度的限制,设计了一种无潮流模型依赖的低感知度配电网集中式电压控制方法。该方法以最小化节点电压与参考值的偏差为优化目标,并用一个深度神经网络来拟合可控节点注入功率与关键节点电压之间的函数关系,然后采用梯度下降的方法对优化模型进行求解实现系统电压控制。该方法对节点电压的拟合和控制梯度的计算都是基于深度神经网络实现,仅以系统历史运行数据作为训练数据,无需依赖系统的电气参数,因此可有效应用于低感知度配电网。最后以修改的IEEE33节点系统作为算例验证了所提方法的有效性。
The voltage control for distribution networks is challenged by increasing penetration of distributed generations(DGs). Considering the limitation of communication rates and modeling accuracy in distribution networks, a power flow model-free centralized voltage control method is proposed for partially visible distribution networks. Voltage control is redesigned by minimizing voltage deviation. A deep neural network taking visible nodal injection power as input is designed to approximate the key nodal voltage, and the optimization problem is solved with gradient descent method with the well-trained deep neural network. The control gradient is calculated using back propagation based on the deep neural network trained with historical operation data. So the method does not need accurately modeling the distribution system, making it possible to be applied to partially visible distribution networks. Effectiveness of the proposed model-free centralized voltage control method is verified with simulation of a modified IEEE 33 bus system.
The voltage control for distribution networks is challenged by increasing penetration of distributed generations(DGs). Considering the limitation of communication rates and modeling accuracy in distribution networks, a power flow model-free centralized voltage control method is proposed for partially visible distribution networks. Voltage control is redesigned by minimizing voltage deviation. A deep neural network taking visible nodal injection power as input is designed to approximate the key nodal voltage, and the optimization problem is solved with gradient descent method with the well-trained deep neural network. The control gradient is calculated using back propagation based on the deep neural network trained with historical operation data. So the method does not need accurately modeling the distribution system, making it possible to be applied to partially visible distribution networks. Effectiveness of the proposed model-free centralized voltage control method is verified with simulation of a modified IEEE 33 bus system.
引文
[1]王颖,文福拴,赵波,等.高密度分布式光伏接入下电压越限问题的分析与对策[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(5):1200-1206.Wang Ying,Wen Fushuan,Zhao Bo,et al.Analysis and countermeasures of voltage violation problems caused by high-density distributed photovoltaics[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(5):1200-1206(in Chinese).
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[12]Maknouninejad A,Qu Z.Realizing unified microgrid voltage profile and loss minimization:a cooperative distributed optimization and control approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):1621-1630.
[13]Cagnano A,Tuglie E D.Centralized voltage control for distribution networks with embedded PV systems[J].Renewable Energy,2015,76(10):173-185.
[14]Tsuji T,Tomura K,Oyama T,et al.A study of centralized voltage profile control of distribution network considering dynamics of distributed generator[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,2012,179(1):29-39.
[15]Gao H,Liu J,Wang L.Robust coordinated optimization of active and reactive power in active distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,9(5):4436-4447.
[16]Kulmala A,Repo S,Jarventausta P.Coordinated voltage control in distribution networks including several distributed energy resources[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):2010-2020.
[17]Christakou K,Paolone M,Abur A.Voltage control in active distribution networks under uncertainty in the system model:a robust optimization approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(6):5631-5642.
[18]Bidgoli H S,Cutsem T H V.Combined local and centralized voltage control in active distribution networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2018,33(2):1374-1384.
[19]李鹏,于航,夏曼,等.分布式光伏集群分层多模式无功控制策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(10):3038-3044.Li Peng,Yu Hang,Xia Man,et al.A hierarchical multi-mode var control strategy for grid-connected PV clusters[J].Power System Technology.2016,40(10):3038-3044(in Chinese).
[20]Vovos P N,Kiprakis A E,Wallace A R,et al.Centralized and distributed voltage control:impact on distributed generation penetration[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(1):476-483.
[21]魏昊焜,刘健.可消除无功振荡的分布式电源本地电压控制策略[J].高电压技术,2018,44(7):2354-2361.Wei Haokun,Liu Jian.Local voltage control algorithm for distributed generators with the ability to eliminate reactive power oscillation[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(7):2354-2361(in Chinese).
[22]周双喜.电力系统电压稳定性及其控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004:373-374.
[23]陈璨,吴文传,张伯明,等.考虑光伏出力相关性的配电网概率潮流[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(9):41-47.Chen Can,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Probabilistic load flow of distribution network considering correlated photovoltaic power output[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(9):41-47(in Chinese).
[24]Lecun Y,Bengio Y,Hinton G.Deep learning[J].Nature,2015,521(7553):436.
[25]Hornik K.Approximation capabilities of multilayer feedforward networks[J].Neural Networks,1991,4(2):251-257.
[26]Chen K,Hu J,He J.A framework for automatically extracting overvoltage features based on sparse autoencoder[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(2):594-604.
[27]Chen K,Chen K,Wang Q,et al.Short-term load forecasting with deep residual networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11956,DOI:10.1109/TSG.2018.2844307.
[28]胡伟,郑乐,闵勇,等.基于深度学习的电力系统故障后暂态稳定评估研究[J].电网技术,2017,41(10):3140-3146.Hu Wei,Zheng Le,Min Yong,et al.Research on power system transient stability assessment based on deep learning of big data technique[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(10):3140-3146(in Chinese).
[29]Xu Y,Zhang W,Liu W,et al.Distributed subgradient-based coordination of multiple renewable generators in a microgrid[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2013,29(1):23-33.
[30]Nedic A,Ozdaglar A.Distributed subgradient methods for multi-agent optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2009,54(1):48-61.
[31]柴园园,郭力,王成山,等.含高渗透率光伏的配电网分布式电压控制[J].电网技术,2018,42(3):738-747.Chai Yuanyuan,Guo Li,Wang Chengshan,et al.Distributed voltage control in distribution networks with high penetration of PV[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(3):738-747(in Chinese).
[2]王志群,朱守真,周双喜,等.分布式发电对配电网电压分布的影响[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(16):56-60.Wang Zhiqun,Zhu Shouzhen,Zhou Shuangxi,et al.Impact of distributed generation on distributed system voltage profile[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2004,28(16):56-60(in Chinese).
[3]Thomson M,Infield D G.Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution systems[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2007,1(1):33-40.
[4]Mahmud N,Zahedi A.Review of control strategies for voltage regulation of the smart distribution network with high penetration of renewable distributed generation[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(64):582-595.
[5]Antoniadou-Plytaria K E,Kouveliotis-Lysikatos I N,Georgilakis P S,et al.Distributed and decentralized voltage control of smart distribution networks:models,methods,and future research[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(6):2999-3008.
[6]蔡永翔,唐巍,徐鸥洋,等.含高比例户用光伏的低压配电网电压控制研究综述[J].电网技术,2018,42(1):220-229.Cai Yongxiang,Tang Wei,Xu Ouyang,et al.Review of voltage control research in LV distribution network with high proportion of residential PVs[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(1):220-229(in Chinese).
[7]Pham H V,Erlich I,Rueda J L.Probabilistic evaluation of voltage and reactive power control methods of wind generators in distribution networks[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2014,9(3):195-206.
[8]Samadi A,Eriksson R,Soder L,et al.Coordinated active powerdependent voltage regulation in distribution grids with PV systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(3):1454-1464.
[9]Cavraro G,Carli R.Local and distributed voltage control algorithms in distribution network[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,33(2):1420-1430.
[10]Liu H J,Shi W,Zhu H.Distributed voltage control in distribution networks:online and robust implementations[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(6):6106-6117.
[11]王笑雪,徐弢,王成山,等.基于MAS的主动配电网分布式电压控制[J].中国电机工程学报.2016,36(11):2918-2926.Wang Xiaoxue,Xu Tao,Wang Chengshan,et al.Distributed voltage control in active distribution networks utilizing multiple agent system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(11):2918-2926(in Chinese).
[12]Maknouninejad A,Qu Z.Realizing unified microgrid voltage profile and loss minimization:a cooperative distributed optimization and control approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):1621-1630.
[13]Cagnano A,Tuglie E D.Centralized voltage control for distribution networks with embedded PV systems[J].Renewable Energy,2015,76(10):173-185.
[14]Tsuji T,Tomura K,Oyama T,et al.A study of centralized voltage profile control of distribution network considering dynamics of distributed generator[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,2012,179(1):29-39.
[15]Gao H,Liu J,Wang L.Robust coordinated optimization of active and reactive power in active distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,9(5):4436-4447.
[16]Kulmala A,Repo S,Jarventausta P.Coordinated voltage control in distribution networks including several distributed energy resources[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):2010-2020.
[17]Christakou K,Paolone M,Abur A.Voltage control in active distribution networks under uncertainty in the system model:a robust optimization approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(6):5631-5642.
[18]Bidgoli H S,Cutsem T H V.Combined local and centralized voltage control in active distribution networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2018,33(2):1374-1384.
[19]李鹏,于航,夏曼,等.分布式光伏集群分层多模式无功控制策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(10):3038-3044.Li Peng,Yu Hang,Xia Man,et al.A hierarchical multi-mode var control strategy for grid-connected PV clusters[J].Power System Technology.2016,40(10):3038-3044(in Chinese).
[20]Vovos P N,Kiprakis A E,Wallace A R,et al.Centralized and distributed voltage control:impact on distributed generation penetration[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(1):476-483.
[21]魏昊焜,刘健.可消除无功振荡的分布式电源本地电压控制策略[J].高电压技术,2018,44(7):2354-2361.Wei Haokun,Liu Jian.Local voltage control algorithm for distributed generators with the ability to eliminate reactive power oscillation[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(7):2354-2361(in Chinese).
[22]周双喜.电力系统电压稳定性及其控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004:373-374.
[23]陈璨,吴文传,张伯明,等.考虑光伏出力相关性的配电网概率潮流[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(9):41-47.Chen Can,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Probabilistic load flow of distribution network considering correlated photovoltaic power output[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(9):41-47(in Chinese).
[24]Lecun Y,Bengio Y,Hinton G.Deep learning[J].Nature,2015,521(7553):436.
[25]Hornik K.Approximation capabilities of multilayer feedforward networks[J].Neural Networks,1991,4(2):251-257.
[26]Chen K,Hu J,He J.A framework for automatically extracting overvoltage features based on sparse autoencoder[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(2):594-604.
[27]Chen K,Chen K,Wang Q,et al.Short-term load forecasting with deep residual networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11956,DOI:10.1109/TSG.2018.2844307.
[28]胡伟,郑乐,闵勇,等.基于深度学习的电力系统故障后暂态稳定评估研究[J].电网技术,2017,41(10):3140-3146.Hu Wei,Zheng Le,Min Yong,et al.Research on power system transient stability assessment based on deep learning of big data technique[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(10):3140-3146(in Chinese).
[29]Xu Y,Zhang W,Liu W,et al.Distributed subgradient-based coordination of multiple renewable generators in a microgrid[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2013,29(1):23-33.
[30]Nedic A,Ozdaglar A.Distributed subgradient methods for multi-agent optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2009,54(1):48-61.
[31]柴园园,郭力,王成山,等.含高渗透率光伏的配电网分布式电压控制[J].电网技术,2018,42(3):738-747.Chai Yuanyuan,Guo Li,Wang Chengshan,et al.Distributed voltage control in distribution networks with high penetration of PV[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(3):738-747(in Chinese).
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