日光温室太阳辐射模型构建及应用
|
摘要
太阳辐射是影响日光温室光、热环境的重要参数,准确获得温室内部墙体与地面的太阳辐射照度变化规律可对温室设计建造、温室内环境调控与作物生产起到重要的指导意义。该文在总结已有日光温室太阳辐射模型的基础上,通过气象数据,地球、太阳的运动规律以及太阳光线与日光温室前屋面入射角的关系,建立了较为完善的日光温室太阳辐射模型,并利用该模型对温室内部辐射规律进行分析。采用典型晴天数据对模型进行检验,结果显示计算值与实测值平均偏差最大为63.46 W/m~2,平均绝对误差最大为63.48 W/m~2,均方根误差最大为79.18 W/m~2,决定系数在0.95～0.99范围内。利用该模型分析温室内部辐射规律发现,相比不同位置屋面角度的影响而言,透光率受时间即太阳方位与太阳高度角的影响更大。温室墙体表面与地面太阳辐射照度随季节不断变化,春秋分是一年中墙体与地面接受太阳辐射时间最长的节气,该日墙体表面与地面太阳辐射照度大致相当。春分到秋分期间,地面辐射照度高于墙体表面;从秋分到春分期间,墙体表面太阳辐射照度大于地面。不同区域温室内太阳辐射日积累量主要受纬度影响,低纬度地区较高纬度地区而言,冬季太阳辐射日积累量大,夏季太阳辐射日积累量小。研究结果可为日光温室内墙体蓄热、屋面优化、作物种植、围护结构能量平衡等研究提供理论参考与相关数据。
Solar radiation is an important parameter affecting light and thermal environment in solar greenhouse. Accurately obtaining the solar radiation value and variation of the interior wall and ground in the greenhouse can play an important guiding role in greenhouse design, construction, environmental regulation and crop production. On the basis of summarizing the previous models of solar radiation, a relatively perfect solar radiation model of solar greenhouse was established in this paper. Meteorological data, the laws of the earth and the movement of the sun, and the relationship between the sun's rays and the angle of the front roof were all considered in this solar radiation model. Internal radiation change of the greenhouse was analyzed based on the model. The model was verified in typical sunny days. The results showed that there were some differences between the calculated and measured solar radiation values, the MBE(mean bias error) was 63.46 W/m~2, the MAE(mean absolute error) was 63.48 W/m~2, the RMSE(root mean square error) was 79.18 W/m~2 and the coefficient of determination R2 was high, ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. The model can be used to calculate the solar radiation intensity of the wall and the ground of solar greenhouse in any area anytime. Highly accurate analysis of the radiation change and the variation of light transmittance in the greenhouse in different seasons were achieved in this paper. It was found that the light transmittance is more affected by the solar azimuth and the solar elevation angle than by the roof angles at different positions. The solar radiation on the surface of the wall and the ground in greenhouse changes with the seasons. The spring equinox and autumn equinox are the days in which the wall and the ground received the longest solar radiation during the year. At this time, the surface of the wall is roughly equivalent to the solar radiation on the ground. From the spring equinox to the autumn equinox, the ground radiation is higher than the surface radiation, while it is opposite when it comes from the autumnal equinox to the vernal equinox. The daily accumulation of solar radiation on the wall changed little from the winter solstice to the start of spring, decreased from the start of the spring to the summer solstice and rose from the summer solstice to the start of winter. The time from winter to the start of the spring is the main production season in the greenhouse, and the heat accumulation of the wall is also the highest in the whole year. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out research on the heat storage at this stage. Solar radiation in greenhouses in different regions is mainly affected by latitude. In lower latitudes, the amount of solar radiation in winter is large and the amount of radiation in summer is small. The research results can provide reference and related data for the study of wall heat storage, roof optimization, crop planting and energy balance of envelope in solar greenhouse. In addition, the change rule of solar radiation in greenhouse was analyzed just under clear and cloudless conditions. For the plant canopy shade, radiation under different weather conditions, insulation quilt position, different rear roof incline angles and lengths, azimuth angles, wall inclined angle and other aspects of the solar radiation change inside the greenhouse can be further explored by the method proposed in this paper.
Solar radiation is an important parameter affecting light and thermal environment in solar greenhouse. Accurately obtaining the solar radiation value and variation of the interior wall and ground in the greenhouse can play an important guiding role in greenhouse design, construction, environmental regulation and crop production. On the basis of summarizing the previous models of solar radiation, a relatively perfect solar radiation model of solar greenhouse was established in this paper. Meteorological data, the laws of the earth and the movement of the sun, and the relationship between the sun's rays and the angle of the front roof were all considered in this solar radiation model. Internal radiation change of the greenhouse was analyzed based on the model. The model was verified in typical sunny days. The results showed that there were some differences between the calculated and measured solar radiation values, the MBE(mean bias error) was 63.46 W/m~2, the MAE(mean absolute error) was 63.48 W/m~2, the RMSE(root mean square error) was 79.18 W/m~2 and the coefficient of determination R2 was high, ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. The model can be used to calculate the solar radiation intensity of the wall and the ground of solar greenhouse in any area anytime. Highly accurate analysis of the radiation change and the variation of light transmittance in the greenhouse in different seasons were achieved in this paper. It was found that the light transmittance is more affected by the solar azimuth and the solar elevation angle than by the roof angles at different positions. The solar radiation on the surface of the wall and the ground in greenhouse changes with the seasons. The spring equinox and autumn equinox are the days in which the wall and the ground received the longest solar radiation during the year. At this time, the surface of the wall is roughly equivalent to the solar radiation on the ground. From the spring equinox to the autumn equinox, the ground radiation is higher than the surface radiation, while it is opposite when it comes from the autumnal equinox to the vernal equinox. The daily accumulation of solar radiation on the wall changed little from the winter solstice to the start of spring, decreased from the start of the spring to the summer solstice and rose from the summer solstice to the start of winter. The time from winter to the start of the spring is the main production season in the greenhouse, and the heat accumulation of the wall is also the highest in the whole year. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out research on the heat storage at this stage. Solar radiation in greenhouses in different regions is mainly affected by latitude. In lower latitudes, the amount of solar radiation in winter is large and the amount of radiation in summer is small. The research results can provide reference and related data for the study of wall heat storage, roof optimization, crop planting and energy balance of envelope in solar greenhouse. In addition, the change rule of solar radiation in greenhouse was analyzed just under clear and cloudless conditions. For the plant canopy shade, radiation under different weather conditions, insulation quilt position, different rear roof incline angles and lengths, azimuth angles, wall inclined angle and other aspects of the solar radiation change inside the greenhouse can be further explored by the method proposed in this paper.
引文
[1]鲍恩财,曹晏飞,邹志荣,等.节能日光温室蓄热技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):1-14.Bao Encai,Cao Yanfei,Zou Zhirong,et al.Research progress of thermal storage technology in energy-saving solar greenhouses[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(6):1-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]许红军,曹晏飞,李彦荣,等.基于CFD的日光温室墙体蓄热层厚度的确定[J].农业工程学报,2019,35(4):175-184.Xu Hongjun,Cao Yanfei,Li Yanrong,et al.Determination of thickness of thermal storage layer of solar greenhouse wall based on CFD[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(4):175-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang X,Wang H,Zou Z,et al.CFD and weighted entropy based simulation and optimisation of Chinese solar greenhouse temperature distribution[J].Biosystems Engineering,2016,142:12-26.
[4]吴毅明,曹永华,孙忠富,等.温室采光设计的理论分析方法:设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之一[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(3):73-80.Wu Yiming,Cao Yonghua,Sun Zhongfu,et al.An analytical method of light transmissivity in greenhouse design-the first part of serial studies in simulation of light environment in protected cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(3):73-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]孙忠富,李佑祥,吴毅明,等.北京地区典型日光温室直射光环境的模拟与分析-设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之四[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(2):45-51.Sun Zhongfu,Li Youxiang,Wu Yiming,et al.Simulation and analysis of direct solar radiation in greenhouses in Beijing area-the fourth part of serial studies on simulation of light environment of farming under structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(2):45-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]孙忠富,吴毅明,曹永华,等.日光温室中直射光的计算机模拟方法:设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之三[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(1):36-42.Sun Zhongfu,Wu Yiming,Cao Yonghua,et al.A method of computer simulation of direct solar radiation within greenhouses:The third part of serial studies on simulation of light environment of farming under structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(1):36-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]曹永华,孙忠富,吴毅明,等.温室采光辅助设计软件(GRLT)的研制-设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之二[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(4):69-77.Cao Yonghua,Sun Zhongfu,Wu Yiming,et al.Research of auxiliary designing software GRLT in light transmissivity of greenhouse-the second part of serial studies in simulation of light environment in protected cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(4):69-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]陈端生,郑海山,张建国,等.日光温室气象环境综合研究(三):几种弧型采光屋面温室内直射光量的比较研究[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(4):78-82.Chen Duansheng,Zheng Haishan,Zhang Jianguo,et al.Acomprehensive research on the meteorological environment in sun-light greenhouse(Ⅲ):A comparative research on the total amount of direct radiation in the greenhouse with different arc lighting surfaces[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(4):78-82.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]周长吉,孙山,吴德让.日光温室前屋面采光性能的优化[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(4):58-61.Zhou Changji,Sun Shan,Wu Derang.Optimal curve shape of energy-saving sunlight greenhouse with respect to light transmissivity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(4):58-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王朝栋,史为民,裴先文.4种曲线形日光温室前屋面采光性能及其拱架力学性能的比较[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010(8):143-150.Wang Chaodong,Shi Weimin,Yan Xianwen.Comparing the front roof permeated sunlight performances and the arch mechanical performances of four curvilinear roofs of solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2010(8):143-150.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]李家宁,马承伟,赵淑梅,等.几种常用屋面形状和倾角的日光温室光照环境比较[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(6):1008-1014.Li Jianing,Ma Chengwei,Zhao Shumei,et al.Light environment comparison of solar greenhouse with different roof shapes and inclination angles[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014,51(6):1008-1014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]杜军,王怀彬,杨励丹.温室内太阳净辐射分配及计算[J].太阳能学报,2001,22(1):115-118.Du Jun,Wang Huaibin,Yang Lidan.Distribution and calculation of net solar radiation in greenhouse[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2001,22(1):115-118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]佟国红,李保明.日光温室内各表面太阳辐射照度的模拟计算[J].中国农业大学学报,2006,11(1):61-65.Tong Guohong,Li Baoming.Simulation of solar radiation on surfaces of a solar greenhouse[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2006,11(1):61-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]陈青云.单屋面温室光照环境的数值实验[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(3):96-101.Chen Qingyun.Numerical experiments on direct light transmission of single roof greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(3):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]李小芳,陈青云.用云遮系数法计算日光温室内太阳辐射[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):212-216.Li Xiaofang,Chen Qingyun.Calculation of the solar radiation inside the sunlight greenhouse using the cloud cover coefficient method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(3):212-216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]李小芳,陈青云.日光温室山墙对室内太阳直接辐射得热量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(5):241-245.Li Xiaofang,Chen Qingyun.Effect of gable wall on the heat gain from direct solar radiation in sunlight greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(5):241-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]韩亚东,薛学武,罗新兰,等.日光温室内太阳辐射估算模型的构建[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(10):174-181.Han Yadong,Xue Xuewu,Luo Xinlan,et al.Establishment of estimation model of solar radiation within solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(10):174-181.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]马承伟,赵淑梅,程杰宇,等.日光温室光辐射环境模型构建研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2013,44(5):513-517.Ma Chengwei,Zhao Shumei,Cheng Jieyu,et al.On establishing light environment model in Chinese solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013,44(5):513-517.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Yang W X,Wang X Z.Radiation and sunlight greenhouse light environment model[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,716/717:479-483.
[20]毕玉革,麻硕士,徐轶群.北方干寒地区日光温室太阳辐射预测模型构建[J].农机化研究,2010,32(12):11-14,18.Bi Yuge,Ma Shuoshi,Xu Yiqun.Forecasting model of shortwave solar radiation in Chinese sunlight greenhouse in the north drought cold area[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(12):11-14,18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Duffie J A,Beckman W A.Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes[M].Fourth edition.New York:John Wiley&Sons,2013.
[22]Kreith F,Kreider J F.Principles of Solar Engineering[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Education,1978.
[23]于瑛,杨柳,陈猛,等.日散射辐射推算模型在中国的适用性研究[J].太阳能学报,2018,39(11):3005-3013.Yu Ying,Yang Liu,Chen Meng,et al.Applicability of estimation models for diffuse solar radiation in China[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2018,39(11):3005-3013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Liu B Y H,Jordan R C.The relationship and characteristics distribution of direct diffuse and total radiation[J].Solar Energy,1960,4(3):1-19.
[25]彦启森,赵庆珠.建筑热过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986.
[26]张青雯,崔宁博,冯禹,等.基于气象资料的日辐射模型在中国西北地区适用性评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):189-196.Zhang Qingwen,Cui Ningbo,Feng Yu,et al.Evaluation on applicability of daily solar radiation model in Northwest China based on meteorological data[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(2):189-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]郜庆炉,梁云娟,段爱旺.日光温室内光照特点及其变化规律研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):200-204.Gao Qinglu,Liang Yunjuan,Duan Aiwang.Light characteristics and its changing laws in solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(3):200-204.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]贺芳芳,吴元中.玻璃温室内植物层中总辐射分布规律[J].气象,2001,27(2):25-28.He Fangfang,Wu Yuanzhong.Distribution of global radiation in Dutch glass-greenhouse in Shanghai[J].Meteorology,2001,27(2):25-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]许红军,曹晏飞,李彦荣,等.基于CFD的日光温室墙体蓄热层厚度的确定[J].农业工程学报,2019,35(4):175-184.Xu Hongjun,Cao Yanfei,Li Yanrong,et al.Determination of thickness of thermal storage layer of solar greenhouse wall based on CFD[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(4):175-184.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang X,Wang H,Zou Z,et al.CFD and weighted entropy based simulation and optimisation of Chinese solar greenhouse temperature distribution[J].Biosystems Engineering,2016,142:12-26.
[4]吴毅明,曹永华,孙忠富,等.温室采光设计的理论分析方法:设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之一[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(3):73-80.Wu Yiming,Cao Yonghua,Sun Zhongfu,et al.An analytical method of light transmissivity in greenhouse design-the first part of serial studies in simulation of light environment in protected cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(3):73-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]孙忠富,李佑祥,吴毅明,等.北京地区典型日光温室直射光环境的模拟与分析-设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之四[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(2):45-51.Sun Zhongfu,Li Youxiang,Wu Yiming,et al.Simulation and analysis of direct solar radiation in greenhouses in Beijing area-the fourth part of serial studies on simulation of light environment of farming under structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(2):45-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]孙忠富,吴毅明,曹永华,等.日光温室中直射光的计算机模拟方法:设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之三[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(1):36-42.Sun Zhongfu,Wu Yiming,Cao Yonghua,et al.A method of computer simulation of direct solar radiation within greenhouses:The third part of serial studies on simulation of light environment of farming under structure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(1):36-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]曹永华,孙忠富,吴毅明,等.温室采光辅助设计软件(GRLT)的研制-设施农业光环境模拟分析研究之二[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(4):69-77.Cao Yonghua,Sun Zhongfu,Wu Yiming,et al.Research of auxiliary designing software GRLT in light transmissivity of greenhouse-the second part of serial studies in simulation of light environment in protected cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(4):69-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]陈端生,郑海山,张建国,等.日光温室气象环境综合研究(三):几种弧型采光屋面温室内直射光量的比较研究[J].农业工程学报,1992,8(4):78-82.Chen Duansheng,Zheng Haishan,Zhang Jianguo,et al.Acomprehensive research on the meteorological environment in sun-light greenhouse(Ⅲ):A comparative research on the total amount of direct radiation in the greenhouse with different arc lighting surfaces[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1992,8(4):78-82.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]周长吉,孙山,吴德让.日光温室前屋面采光性能的优化[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(4):58-61.Zhou Changji,Sun Shan,Wu Derang.Optimal curve shape of energy-saving sunlight greenhouse with respect to light transmissivity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(4):58-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王朝栋,史为民,裴先文.4种曲线形日光温室前屋面采光性能及其拱架力学性能的比较[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010(8):143-150.Wang Chaodong,Shi Weimin,Yan Xianwen.Comparing the front roof permeated sunlight performances and the arch mechanical performances of four curvilinear roofs of solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2010(8):143-150.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]李家宁,马承伟,赵淑梅,等.几种常用屋面形状和倾角的日光温室光照环境比较[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(6):1008-1014.Li Jianing,Ma Chengwei,Zhao Shumei,et al.Light environment comparison of solar greenhouse with different roof shapes and inclination angles[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014,51(6):1008-1014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]杜军,王怀彬,杨励丹.温室内太阳净辐射分配及计算[J].太阳能学报,2001,22(1):115-118.Du Jun,Wang Huaibin,Yang Lidan.Distribution and calculation of net solar radiation in greenhouse[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2001,22(1):115-118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]佟国红,李保明.日光温室内各表面太阳辐射照度的模拟计算[J].中国农业大学学报,2006,11(1):61-65.Tong Guohong,Li Baoming.Simulation of solar radiation on surfaces of a solar greenhouse[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2006,11(1):61-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]陈青云.单屋面温室光照环境的数值实验[J].农业工程学报,1993,9(3):96-101.Chen Qingyun.Numerical experiments on direct light transmission of single roof greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1993,9(3):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]李小芳,陈青云.用云遮系数法计算日光温室内太阳辐射[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):212-216.Li Xiaofang,Chen Qingyun.Calculation of the solar radiation inside the sunlight greenhouse using the cloud cover coefficient method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(3):212-216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]李小芳,陈青云.日光温室山墙对室内太阳直接辐射得热量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(5):241-245.Li Xiaofang,Chen Qingyun.Effect of gable wall on the heat gain from direct solar radiation in sunlight greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(5):241-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]韩亚东,薛学武,罗新兰,等.日光温室内太阳辐射估算模型的构建[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(10):174-181.Han Yadong,Xue Xuewu,Luo Xinlan,et al.Establishment of estimation model of solar radiation within solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(10):174-181.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]马承伟,赵淑梅,程杰宇,等.日光温室光辐射环境模型构建研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2013,44(5):513-517.Ma Chengwei,Zhao Shumei,Cheng Jieyu,et al.On establishing light environment model in Chinese solar greenhouse[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2013,44(5):513-517.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Yang W X,Wang X Z.Radiation and sunlight greenhouse light environment model[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,716/717:479-483.
[20]毕玉革,麻硕士,徐轶群.北方干寒地区日光温室太阳辐射预测模型构建[J].农机化研究,2010,32(12):11-14,18.Bi Yuge,Ma Shuoshi,Xu Yiqun.Forecasting model of shortwave solar radiation in Chinese sunlight greenhouse in the north drought cold area[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(12):11-14,18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Duffie J A,Beckman W A.Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes[M].Fourth edition.New York:John Wiley&Sons,2013.
[22]Kreith F,Kreider J F.Principles of Solar Engineering[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Education,1978.
[23]于瑛,杨柳,陈猛,等.日散射辐射推算模型在中国的适用性研究[J].太阳能学报,2018,39(11):3005-3013.Yu Ying,Yang Liu,Chen Meng,et al.Applicability of estimation models for diffuse solar radiation in China[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2018,39(11):3005-3013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Liu B Y H,Jordan R C.The relationship and characteristics distribution of direct diffuse and total radiation[J].Solar Energy,1960,4(3):1-19.
[25]彦启森,赵庆珠.建筑热过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986.
[26]张青雯,崔宁博,冯禹,等.基于气象资料的日辐射模型在中国西北地区适用性评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(2):189-196.Zhang Qingwen,Cui Ningbo,Feng Yu,et al.Evaluation on applicability of daily solar radiation model in Northwest China based on meteorological data[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(2):189-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]郜庆炉,梁云娟,段爱旺.日光温室内光照特点及其变化规律研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):200-204.Gao Qinglu,Liang Yunjuan,Duan Aiwang.Light characteristics and its changing laws in solar greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(3):200-204.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]贺芳芳,吴元中.玻璃温室内植物层中总辐射分布规律[J].气象,2001,27(2):25-28.He Fangfang,Wu Yuanzhong.Distribution of global radiation in Dutch glass-greenhouse in Shanghai[J].Meteorology,2001,27(2):25-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |