滴灌条件下穴施生物有机肥对土壤酶活性时空动态分布的影响
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摘要
在滴灌条件下,将穴施和均施两种生物有机肥施肥方式,水肥一致和不一致两种滴水位置两两组合,共4个处理:穴施水肥一致(B0)、穴施水肥不一致(B30)、均匀施肥(BU)和对照(CK)。分别在施肥后的3、7、15、30、60 d,选取距肥料0、5、15、30 cm的水平位置和0～20、20～40、40～60 cm的垂直位置土钻取样,测定土样的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。结果表明:各土层脲酶活性分别在处理后15 d达到最大值17.52、12.59 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)和5.74 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),蔗糖酶活性峰值出现在处理后3 d和15 d,而各土层碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律不一致。随着土层深度加深,生物有机肥对3种土壤酶活性的影响逐渐减小,水平方向上,B0和BU处理脲酶、蔗糖酶及碱性磷酸酶活性由肥际(H0)位置向四周分别降低了42.12%、29.73%、25.76%,B30处理3种酶活性前期以滴头(H30)为中心向四周降低幅度分别为5.87%、11.30%、3.51%,随着处理时间延长,土壤酶活性变化趋势与B0、BU一致。穴施生物有机肥显著提高了0～40 cm土层土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性49.40%、39.51%,同时更有利于施肥后期碱性磷酸酶活性的提高,40～60 cm土层不同水平位置酶活性差异不显著。
The experiment combined two different fertilization methods with two different dripper positions under drip irrigation. The 4 treatments were: B0, B30, BU, and CK. Soil samples were selected from the horizontal positions 0, 5, 15 cm and 30 cm from fertilization points at vertical depth of 0～20, 20～40 cm, and 40～60 cm on the 3, 7, 15, 30 d and 60 d after fertilization. The activity of urease, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase of the samples were measured. The results showed that the urease activity in each layer reached the maximum of 17.52,12.59,5.74 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1), respectively at the 15 d after treatment, and maximum sucrase activity appeared at the 3 d and 15 d after treatment, while the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in each soil layer were inconsistent. The effect of bio-organic fertilizer on activities of the three soil enzymes decreased gradually with the increase in soil depth. The three soil enzyme activities decreased gradually with the increasing in soil depth. In horizontal direction, three enzyme activities of B0 and BU treatments decreased 42.12%,29.73% and 25.76% from H0 to H30, the enzyme activities of B30 decreased by 5.87%,11.30% and 3.51% from the dripper(H30) to periphery(H0), respectively, as time elapsed, the trend of soil enzyme activities changed with B0 and BU. Concentration of bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased urease by 49.40% and sucrase activities by 39.51% in 0～40 cm of soil layer, and was more conducive to the improvement of alkaline phosphatase activity in the later stage of fertilization. The difference of the three enzyme activities at different horizontal positions in the 40～60 cm of soil layer was not significant.
The experiment combined two different fertilization methods with two different dripper positions under drip irrigation. The 4 treatments were: B0, B30, BU, and CK. Soil samples were selected from the horizontal positions 0, 5, 15 cm and 30 cm from fertilization points at vertical depth of 0～20, 20～40 cm, and 40～60 cm on the 3, 7, 15, 30 d and 60 d after fertilization. The activity of urease, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase of the samples were measured. The results showed that the urease activity in each layer reached the maximum of 17.52,12.59,5.74 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1), respectively at the 15 d after treatment, and maximum sucrase activity appeared at the 3 d and 15 d after treatment, while the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in each soil layer were inconsistent. The effect of bio-organic fertilizer on activities of the three soil enzymes decreased gradually with the increase in soil depth. The three soil enzyme activities decreased gradually with the increasing in soil depth. In horizontal direction, three enzyme activities of B0 and BU treatments decreased 42.12%,29.73% and 25.76% from H0 to H30, the enzyme activities of B30 decreased by 5.87%,11.30% and 3.51% from the dripper(H30) to periphery(H0), respectively, as time elapsed, the trend of soil enzyme activities changed with B0 and BU. Concentration of bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased urease by 49.40% and sucrase activities by 39.51% in 0～40 cm of soil layer, and was more conducive to the improvement of alkaline phosphatase activity in the later stage of fertilization. The difference of the three enzyme activities at different horizontal positions in the 40～60 cm of soil layer was not significant.
引文
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[8] 窦超银,康跃虎,万书勤,等.覆膜滴灌对地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(3):44-51.
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[11] 林诚,王飞,李清华,等.不同施肥制度对黄泥田土壤酶活性及养分的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009,(6):24-27.
[12] 徐岩.有机肥优化土壤微域环境的机制研究[J].长春:吉林农业大学,2003.
[13] Benitez E,Melgar R,Sainz H,et al.Enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of pepper (Capsicum annuum,L.) grown with olive cake mulches[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,32(13):1829-1835.
[14] 田小明,李俊华,王成,等.连续3年施用生物有机肥对土壤养分、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2014,46(3):481-488.
[15] 于镇华,李彦生,金剑,等.不同施肥措施对农田黑土剖面土壤酶活性特征的影响[J].土壤与作物,2018,7(3):276-283.
[16] 刘淑英.不同施肥对西北半干旱区土壤脲酶和土壤氮素的影响及其相关性[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):222-223.
[17] 施娴,刘艳红,王田涛,等.有机肥与烟草专用肥配施对植烟土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的动态变化[J].土壤通报,2017,48(5):1126-1131.
[18] 战厚强.水稻秸秆还田对土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2015.
[19] 李东坡,武志杰,陈利军,等.长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(12):2208-2212.
[20] 何倩,罗莉,李俊华,等.滴灌水分驱动穴施鸡粪对土壤酶活空间分布的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(1):114-121.
[2] 杨兴明,徐阳春,黄启为,等.有机(类)肥料与农业可持续发展和生态环境保护[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):925-932.
[3] 朱敏,郭志彬,曹承富,等.不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2014,28(9):1693-1700.
[4] 焦晓光,魏丹,隋跃宇.长期施肥对黑土和暗棕壤土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(3):698-703.
[5] 沈德龙,曹凤明,李力.我国生物有机肥的发展现状及展望[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007,(6):1-5.
[6] 鲁如坤.“微域土壤学”一个可能的土壤学的新分支[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):287-288.
[7] 苏荟.新疆农业高效节水灌溉技术选择研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.
[8] 窦超银,康跃虎,万书勤,等.覆膜滴灌对地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(3):44-51.
[9] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:234-288.
[10] 关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:274-320.
[11] 林诚,王飞,李清华,等.不同施肥制度对黄泥田土壤酶活性及养分的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009,(6):24-27.
[12] 徐岩.有机肥优化土壤微域环境的机制研究[J].长春:吉林农业大学,2003.
[13] Benitez E,Melgar R,Sainz H,et al.Enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of pepper (Capsicum annuum,L.) grown with olive cake mulches[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,32(13):1829-1835.
[14] 田小明,李俊华,王成,等.连续3年施用生物有机肥对土壤养分、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2014,46(3):481-488.
[15] 于镇华,李彦生,金剑,等.不同施肥措施对农田黑土剖面土壤酶活性特征的影响[J].土壤与作物,2018,7(3):276-283.
[16] 刘淑英.不同施肥对西北半干旱区土壤脲酶和土壤氮素的影响及其相关性[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):222-223.
[17] 施娴,刘艳红,王田涛,等.有机肥与烟草专用肥配施对植烟土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的动态变化[J].土壤通报,2017,48(5):1126-1131.
[18] 战厚强.水稻秸秆还田对土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2015.
[19] 李东坡,武志杰,陈利军,等.长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(12):2208-2212.
[20] 何倩,罗莉,李俊华,等.滴灌水分驱动穴施鸡粪对土壤酶活空间分布的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(1):114-121.
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