英语学习者口语复杂性、准确性的动态发展研究
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摘要
本研究基于复杂动态系统理论的视角,对非英语专业学生英语口语产出的复杂性、准确性的动态发展轨迹进行分析,并首次尝试使用复杂动态系统理论的变异性分析技术(移动极值图、移动相关性)探究复杂性和准确性之间的关系。研究发现:学习者英语口语产出复杂性和准确性均有所提高。个体学习者发展轨迹不遵循群体的发展趋势,表现出各自的非线性发展特点,且发展轨迹存在较高程度的变异性。复杂性、准确性各子系统之间相互影响,二者之间的动态关系随着时间而不断变化。复杂性和准确性在研究初期呈竞争性关系,后期逐渐转为支持性关系,即二者协同发展,证明了复杂动态系统理论的全面联结性特点。该研究对英语口语教学实践具有一定的指导意义。
The present study aimed to investigate how the complexity,accuracy of oral language develops over time in a group of ten college Chinese-speaking learners of English within the framework of Complex Dynamic System Theory( CDST),and made a first attempt to look into the relationship between complexity and accuracy by adopting CDST-approaches( moving min-max graph,moving correlation,). The result of our analysis shows that,firstly,complexity and accuracy of the oral language of learners indeed increase over time; at the group level the general development trend of complexity and accuracy is fairly linear but at the individual level is non-linear with a high degree of variability; individual learners follow different developmental paths. Secondly,a complex interplay between complexity and accuracy,and the relationship between them changes from a clearly competitive relation during the early stages to a supportive relation at later stages. This changing direction of the relationship shows that the complexity goes hand in hand with accuracy,which corroborates the interconnectness of subsystems as one of the major characteristics of CDST. Research findings may have some implications for oral English teaching in China.
The present study aimed to investigate how the complexity,accuracy of oral language develops over time in a group of ten college Chinese-speaking learners of English within the framework of Complex Dynamic System Theory( CDST),and made a first attempt to look into the relationship between complexity and accuracy by adopting CDST-approaches( moving min-max graph,moving correlation,). The result of our analysis shows that,firstly,complexity and accuracy of the oral language of learners indeed increase over time; at the group level the general development trend of complexity and accuracy is fairly linear but at the individual level is non-linear with a high degree of variability; individual learners follow different developmental paths. Secondly,a complex interplay between complexity and accuracy,and the relationship between them changes from a clearly competitive relation during the early stages to a supportive relation at later stages. This changing direction of the relationship shows that the complexity goes hand in hand with accuracy,which corroborates the interconnectness of subsystems as one of the major characteristics of CDST. Research findings may have some implications for oral English teaching in China.
引文
[1]Baba,K.& R.Nitta.2014.Phase transitions in development of writing fluency from a complex dynamic systems perspective[J].Language Learning,(1):1-35.
[2]De Bot,K.2008.Introduction:Second language development as a dynamic process[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):166-178.
[3]Foster,P.,A.Tonkyn & G.Wigglesworth.2000.Measuring spoken language:A unit for all reasons[J].Applied Linguistics,(3):354-375.
[4]Larsen-Freeman,D.1997.Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition[J].Applied Linguistics,(2):141-165.
[5]Larsen-Freeman,D.2006.The emergence of complexity,fluency,and accuracy in the oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):590-619.
[6]Larsen-Freeman,D.& L.Cameron.2008.Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[7]Lowie,W.2017.Lost in state space?Methodological considerations in Complex Dynamic Theory approaches to second language development research[A].In L.Ortega & Z.Han (eds.).Complexity Theory and Language Development:In Celebration of Diane Larsen-Freeman[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
[8]Malvern,D & B.Richards.2002.Investigating accommodation in language proficiency interviews using a new measure of lexical diversity[J].Language Testing,(1):85-104.
[9]McKee,G.,D.Malvern & B.Richards.2000.Measuring vocabulary diversity using dedicated software[J].Literary and Linguistic Computing,(3):323-338.
[10]Norris,J.& L.Ortega.2009.Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA:The case of complexity[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):555-578.
[11]Pallotti,G.2009.CAF:Defining,refining and differentiating constructs[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):590-601.
[12]Polat,B.& Y.Kim.2014.Dynamics of complexity and accuracy:A longitudinal case study of advanced untutored development[J].Applied Linguistics,(2):184-207.
[13]Skehan,P.& P.Foster.1997.Task type and task processing conditions as influences on foreign language performance[J].Language Teaching Research,(3):185-211.
[14]Skehan,P.& P.Foster.1999.The influence of task structure and processing conditions on narrative retellings[J].Language Learning,(1):93-120.
[15]Spoelman,M.& M.Verspoor.2010.Dynamic patterns in development of accuracy and complexity:A longitudinal case study in the acquisition of Finnish[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):532-553.
[16] van Geert,P.1991.A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth[J].Psychological Review,(1):3-53.
[17]van Geert,P.1994.Dynamic Systems of Development:Change Between Complexity and Chaos[M].New York:Harvester Wheatsheaf.
[18]van Geert,P.& M.van Dijk.2002.Focus on variability:New tools to study intra-individual variability in developmental data[J].Infant Behavior and Development,(4):340-374.
[19]Verspoor,M.,W.Lowie & M.van Dijk.2008.Variability in second language development from a dynamic systems perspective[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):214-231.
[20]Verspoor,M.,K.De Bot & W.Lowie (eds.).2011.A Dynamic Approach to Second Language Development:Methods and Techniques[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing.
[21]Yang,Y.& R.Lyster.2010.Effects of form-focused practice and feedback on Chinese EFL learners’ acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition,(2):235-263.
[22]Yuan,F.& R.Ellis.2003.The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency,complexity and accuracy in L2 monologic oral production[J].Applied Linguistics,(1):1-27.
[23]蔡金亭.2003.记叙文语篇结构与英语过渡语中一般过去时变异的关系——对语篇假设的检验[J].现代外语,(1):59-68.
[24]段士平.2015.复杂系统理论框架下中国大学生英语口语模糊限制语块使用研究[J].外语界,(6):45-53.
[25]何安平.2015.英语系列教材的词汇知识发展研究:动态系统论视角[J].外语教学与研究,(6):898-908.
[26]江韦姗王同顺.2015.二语写作句法表现的动态发展[J].现代外语,(4):503-514.
[27]李茶隋铭才.2017.基于复杂理论的英语学习者口语复杂度、准确度、流利度发展研究[J].外语教学与研究,(3):392-404.
[28]李茜.2015.任务类型及任务频次对英语学习者口语产出的影响[J].外语与外语教学,(6):42-48.
[29]尹楠郑玉荣王丽丽辛丹.2010.机辅与面试对口语流利性影响的对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,(3):25-29.
[30]吴旭东.1999.外语课堂环境下的口语非语言方面的发展[J].现代外语,(1):1-33.
[31]张文忠吴旭东.2001.第二语言口语流利性发展定量研究[J].现代外语.(4):341-351
[32]郑咏滟冯予力.2017.学习者句法与词汇复杂性发展的动态系统研究[J].现代外语,(1):57-68.
[33]郑咏滟.2015.基于动态系统理论的自由产出词汇历时发展研究[J].外语教学与研究:外国语文双月刊,(2):276-288.
[2]De Bot,K.2008.Introduction:Second language development as a dynamic process[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):166-178.
[3]Foster,P.,A.Tonkyn & G.Wigglesworth.2000.Measuring spoken language:A unit for all reasons[J].Applied Linguistics,(3):354-375.
[4]Larsen-Freeman,D.1997.Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition[J].Applied Linguistics,(2):141-165.
[5]Larsen-Freeman,D.2006.The emergence of complexity,fluency,and accuracy in the oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):590-619.
[6]Larsen-Freeman,D.& L.Cameron.2008.Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[7]Lowie,W.2017.Lost in state space?Methodological considerations in Complex Dynamic Theory approaches to second language development research[A].In L.Ortega & Z.Han (eds.).Complexity Theory and Language Development:In Celebration of Diane Larsen-Freeman[C].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
[8]Malvern,D & B.Richards.2002.Investigating accommodation in language proficiency interviews using a new measure of lexical diversity[J].Language Testing,(1):85-104.
[9]McKee,G.,D.Malvern & B.Richards.2000.Measuring vocabulary diversity using dedicated software[J].Literary and Linguistic Computing,(3):323-338.
[10]Norris,J.& L.Ortega.2009.Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA:The case of complexity[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):555-578.
[11]Pallotti,G.2009.CAF:Defining,refining and differentiating constructs[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):590-601.
[12]Polat,B.& Y.Kim.2014.Dynamics of complexity and accuracy:A longitudinal case study of advanced untutored development[J].Applied Linguistics,(2):184-207.
[13]Skehan,P.& P.Foster.1997.Task type and task processing conditions as influences on foreign language performance[J].Language Teaching Research,(3):185-211.
[14]Skehan,P.& P.Foster.1999.The influence of task structure and processing conditions on narrative retellings[J].Language Learning,(1):93-120.
[15]Spoelman,M.& M.Verspoor.2010.Dynamic patterns in development of accuracy and complexity:A longitudinal case study in the acquisition of Finnish[J].Applied Linguistics,(4):532-553.
[16] van Geert,P.1991.A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth[J].Psychological Review,(1):3-53.
[17]van Geert,P.1994.Dynamic Systems of Development:Change Between Complexity and Chaos[M].New York:Harvester Wheatsheaf.
[18]van Geert,P.& M.van Dijk.2002.Focus on variability:New tools to study intra-individual variability in developmental data[J].Infant Behavior and Development,(4):340-374.
[19]Verspoor,M.,W.Lowie & M.van Dijk.2008.Variability in second language development from a dynamic systems perspective[J].The Modern Language Journal,(2):214-231.
[20]Verspoor,M.,K.De Bot & W.Lowie (eds.).2011.A Dynamic Approach to Second Language Development:Methods and Techniques[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing.
[21]Yang,Y.& R.Lyster.2010.Effects of form-focused practice and feedback on Chinese EFL learners’ acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms[J].Studies in Second Language Acquisition,(2):235-263.
[22]Yuan,F.& R.Ellis.2003.The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency,complexity and accuracy in L2 monologic oral production[J].Applied Linguistics,(1):1-27.
[23]蔡金亭.2003.记叙文语篇结构与英语过渡语中一般过去时变异的关系——对语篇假设的检验[J].现代外语,(1):59-68.
[24]段士平.2015.复杂系统理论框架下中国大学生英语口语模糊限制语块使用研究[J].外语界,(6):45-53.
[25]何安平.2015.英语系列教材的词汇知识发展研究:动态系统论视角[J].外语教学与研究,(6):898-908.
[26]江韦姗王同顺.2015.二语写作句法表现的动态发展[J].现代外语,(4):503-514.
[27]李茶隋铭才.2017.基于复杂理论的英语学习者口语复杂度、准确度、流利度发展研究[J].外语教学与研究,(3):392-404.
[28]李茜.2015.任务类型及任务频次对英语学习者口语产出的影响[J].外语与外语教学,(6):42-48.
[29]尹楠郑玉荣王丽丽辛丹.2010.机辅与面试对口语流利性影响的对比研究[J].外语与外语教学,(3):25-29.
[30]吴旭东.1999.外语课堂环境下的口语非语言方面的发展[J].现代外语,(1):1-33.
[31]张文忠吴旭东.2001.第二语言口语流利性发展定量研究[J].现代外语.(4):341-351
[32]郑咏滟冯予力.2017.学习者句法与词汇复杂性发展的动态系统研究[J].现代外语,(1):57-68.
[33]郑咏滟.2015.基于动态系统理论的自由产出词汇历时发展研究[J].外语教学与研究:外国语文双月刊,(2):276-288.
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