“锐实力”论与美国对华战略环境的转变
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摘要
"锐实力"论是美国民主基金会针对中俄等所谓"威权国家"推出的一种理论。这一理论的主要内容和观点已经成为美国政界和智库界的共识,并在美国及其他一些国家和地区持续发酵。"锐实力"论所针对的是中国发展模式和文化在海外影响力日趋上升这一问题。它既是新时代美国制造的一种"中国威胁"论,更是美国将中国视为战略竞争对手在意识形态领域的反映。
Sharp Power is a theory developed by the National Endowment for Democracy against China and Russia and other so-called authoritarian countries. The main contents and views of this theory have become the consensus of American political and think-tank circles,and continues its influence in the United States and some other countries and regions. The theory of"sharp power"is aimed at the growing influence of China's development model and culture overseas. It is not only a form of United States threat to China in the new era,but also a reflection of China as a strategic rival in the field of ideology.
Sharp Power is a theory developed by the National Endowment for Democracy against China and Russia and other so-called authoritarian countries. The main contents and views of this theory have become the consensus of American political and think-tank circles,and continues its influence in the United States and some other countries and regions. The theory of"sharp power"is aimed at the growing influence of China's development model and culture overseas. It is not only a form of United States threat to China in the new era,but also a reflection of China as a strategic rival in the field of ideology.
引文
(1)全国民主基金会关于“锐实力”的研究报告全称是《锐实力:崛起的威权主义影响》,参见National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,” Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf.
(2)王维佳:《识别一个新的旧世界:关于“锐实力”报告的评论笔记》,载《对外传播》,2018年第4期,第16～18页;王新影:《西方语境下的“锐实力”概念解读及应对》,载《教学与研究》,2018年第7期,第95～101页;王莉丽:《中国应正面应对西方“锐实力”舆论遏制》,载《公共外交季刊》,2018年第1期,第65～71页;胡钰、沈沁怡:《从“锐实力”概念演变看国际传播中的话语权与话语创新》,载《中国记者》,2018年第4期,第59～62页;聂书江:《新威胁论产生的心理根源与应对策略》,载《编辑之友》,2018年第12期,第49～53页。
(3)Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig,“The Meaning of Sharp Power:How Authoritarian States Project Influence,” available at:https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power.
(4)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,p.6.
(5)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,p.9.
(6)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,” Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.11～12.
(7)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.17～18.
(8)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.17～18.
(9)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.18～19.
(10)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,p.15.
(11)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,p.16.
(12)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.2.
(13)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,pp.4～5.
(14)本研究报告的32位作者,只有谢淑丽一个人提出了异议。谢淑丽认为报告中对事实的研究没有任何问题,但她反对报告“夸大当前中国寻求影响力的活动对美国的威胁”。在谢淑丽看来,只有某些中国的活动“构成了对美国社会的胁迫性、间接性或腐败性的干涉,没有一种活动实际上破坏了我们的民主政治制度”,研究报告夸大了中国对美国生活方式的威胁。她甚至认为,“我们自己的过度反应对社会造成的伤害可能大于中国影响力所造成的伤害。”谢淑丽提出的异议虽然理性,但与整个研究报告的结论相比,她的声音太微弱了。参见Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.193。
(15)Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,October 4,2018,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/.
(16)“Rubio,Cotton,Wilson Introduce the Foreign Influence Transparency Act,”March 21,2018,available at:https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=255842AD-B4DC-4D60-91D7-BFA3DEE91C6C.
(17)“Rubio Warns of Beijing's Growing Influence,Urges Florida Schools to Terminate Confucius Institute Agreements,” February 5,2018,available at:https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=576FD128-05B9-4FF6-A01E-E9B8A153C786.
(18)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,
(19)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf.
(20)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,” available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.77.
(21)“Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,” October 4,2018,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/.
(22)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,p.7.
(23)Josh Rogin,“ China's Foreign Influence Operations Are Causing Alarm in Washington,” The Washington Post,December 10,2017,available at:https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/chinas-foreign-influencers-are-causing-alarm-in-washington/2017/12/10/98227264-dc58-11e7-b859-fb0995360725_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.0a85fdd265d9.
(24)Thomas G.Mahnken,Ross Babbage and Toshi Yoshihara,“Countering Comprehensive Coercion on Competitive Strategies Against Authoritarian Political Warfare,”CSBA Report,2018,available at:https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Countering_Comprehensive_Coercion%2C_May_2018.pdf;Hal Brands and Toshi Yoshihara,“How to Wage Political Warfare,”available at:https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-wage-political-warfare-38802.
(25)115th Congress,2D Session,S.3171,Countering the Chinese Government and Communist Party's Political Influence Operations Act,available at:https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/s3171/BILLS-115s3171is.pdf,p.6.
(26)115th Congress,2D Session,S.3171,Countering the Chinese Government and Communist Party's Political Influence Operations Act,available at:https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/s3171/BILLS-115s3171is.pdf,pp.6～9.
(27)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Wednesday,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,pp.2～3.
(28)Robert D.Blackwill and Ashley J.Tellis,“Revising U.S.Grand Strategy toward China,”Council on Foreign Relations Report,March 2015,available at:https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tellis_Blackwill.pdf,pp.vii～viii.
(29)奥巴马政府《国家安全战略》报告涉华部分引文,参见White House,“National Security Strategy,”May,2010,available at:http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2010.pdf,p.43;White House,“National Security Strategy,”February,2015,available at:http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf,引言第2、24页。
(30)White House,“National Security Strategy of the United States of America,”December,2017,available at:http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017.pdf,p.27.
(31)Divid Dollar,Ryan Hass,Robert Kagan,Cheng Li,Mira Rapp_Hooper,and Jonathan Stromseth,“Avoiding War:Containment,Competition,and Cooperation in US-China Relations,”Brookings Institute,November 1,2017,available at:https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/fp_20171121_china_interview.pdf,pp.4～5.
(32)Kurt M.Campbell and Ely Ratner,“The China Reckoning:How Beijing Defied American Expectations,” Foreign Affairs,March/April,vol.97,pp.61～62.
(33)Christopher H.Smith,“Dissidents Who Have Suffered for Human Rights in China:A Look Back and A Look Forward,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 7,2016,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg23081/pdf/CHRG-114hhrg23081.pdf,pp.1～2.
(34)[美]J·斯帕尼尔:《第二次世界大战后美国的外交政策》(段若石译),北京·商务印书馆,1992年版,第147～148页。
(35)Francis Fukuyama,“Exporting Chinese Model,” available at:https://www.neweurope.eu/article/exporting-the-chinese-model/.
(36)Larry Diamond,Marc F.Plattner,and Christopher Walker,Authoritarianism Goes Global:The Challenge to Democracy(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2016),p.13.
(37)Christopher Walker,“ The Authoritarian Threat:The Hijacking of ‘ Soft Power’,” Journal of Democracy,January 2016,vol.27,p.62.
(38)American Association of University Professors,“On Partnerships with Foreign Governments:The Case of Confucius Institutes,” available at:https://www.aaup.org/report/confucius-institutes.
(39)Natalie Johnson,“CIA Warns of Extensive Chinese Operation to Infiltrate American Institutions,” available at:http://freebeacon.com/national-security/cia-warns-extensive-chinese-operation-infiltrate-american-institutions/.
(40)“The Long Arm of China:Global Efforts to Silence Critics from Tiananmen to Today,” Tuesday,May 24,2016,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg20804/pdf/CHRG-114hhrg20804.pdf,pp.2,4.
(41)Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig ,“The Meaning of Sharp Power:How Authoritarian States Project Influence,” available at:https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power.
(42)Jonas Parello-Plesner and Belinda Li,“The Chinese Communist Party's Foreign Interference Operations:How the U.S.and Other Democracies Should Respond,”Hudson Institute Report,available at:https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.hudson.org/files/publications/JonasFINAL.pdf,p.5.
(43)Thorsten Benner,Jan Gaspers,Mareike Ohlberg,Lucrezia Poggetti,and Kristin She-Kupfer,“Authoritarian Advance:Responding to China's Growing Political Influence in Europe,” GPPI and MERICS Report,February,2018,available at:https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1.pdf,p.2.
(44)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.150.
(45)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.1.
(46)Kurt M.Campbell and Ely Ratner,“The China Reckoning:How Beijing Defied American Expectations,” Foreign Affairs,March/April,vol.97,p.70.
(2)王维佳:《识别一个新的旧世界:关于“锐实力”报告的评论笔记》,载《对外传播》,2018年第4期,第16～18页;王新影:《西方语境下的“锐实力”概念解读及应对》,载《教学与研究》,2018年第7期,第95～101页;王莉丽:《中国应正面应对西方“锐实力”舆论遏制》,载《公共外交季刊》,2018年第1期,第65～71页;胡钰、沈沁怡:《从“锐实力”概念演变看国际传播中的话语权与话语创新》,载《中国记者》,2018年第4期,第59～62页;聂书江:《新威胁论产生的心理根源与应对策略》,载《编辑之友》,2018年第12期,第49～53页。
(3)Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig,“The Meaning of Sharp Power:How Authoritarian States Project Influence,” available at:https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power.
(4)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,p.6.
(5)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,p.9.
(6)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,” Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.11～12.
(7)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.17～18.
(8)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.17～18.
(9)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,pp.18～19.
(10)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,p.15.
(11)National Endowment for Democracy,“Sharp Power:Rising Authoritarian Influence,”Report,December 2017,available at:https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf,p.16.
(12)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.2.
(13)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,pp.4～5.
(14)本研究报告的32位作者,只有谢淑丽一个人提出了异议。谢淑丽认为报告中对事实的研究没有任何问题,但她反对报告“夸大当前中国寻求影响力的活动对美国的威胁”。在谢淑丽看来,只有某些中国的活动“构成了对美国社会的胁迫性、间接性或腐败性的干涉,没有一种活动实际上破坏了我们的民主政治制度”,研究报告夸大了中国对美国生活方式的威胁。她甚至认为,“我们自己的过度反应对社会造成的伤害可能大于中国影响力所造成的伤害。”谢淑丽提出的异议虽然理性,但与整个研究报告的结论相比,她的声音太微弱了。参见Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.193。
(15)Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,October 4,2018,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/.
(16)“Rubio,Cotton,Wilson Introduce the Foreign Influence Transparency Act,”March 21,2018,available at:https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=255842AD-B4DC-4D60-91D7-BFA3DEE91C6C.
(17)“Rubio Warns of Beijing's Growing Influence,Urges Florida Schools to Terminate Confucius Institute Agreements,” February 5,2018,available at:https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=576FD128-05B9-4FF6-A01E-E9B8A153C786.
(18)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,
(19)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf.
(20)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,” available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.77.
(21)“Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China,” October 4,2018,available at:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/.
(22)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,p.7.
(23)Josh Rogin,“ China's Foreign Influence Operations Are Causing Alarm in Washington,” The Washington Post,December 10,2017,available at:https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/chinas-foreign-influencers-are-causing-alarm-in-washington/2017/12/10/98227264-dc58-11e7-b859-fb0995360725_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.0a85fdd265d9.
(24)Thomas G.Mahnken,Ross Babbage and Toshi Yoshihara,“Countering Comprehensive Coercion on Competitive Strategies Against Authoritarian Political Warfare,”CSBA Report,2018,available at:https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Countering_Comprehensive_Coercion%2C_May_2018.pdf;Hal Brands and Toshi Yoshihara,“How to Wage Political Warfare,”available at:https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-wage-political-warfare-38802.
(25)115th Congress,2D Session,S.3171,Countering the Chinese Government and Communist Party's Political Influence Operations Act,available at:https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/s3171/BILLS-115s3171is.pdf,p.6.
(26)115th Congress,2D Session,S.3171,Countering the Chinese Government and Communist Party's Political Influence Operations Act,available at:https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/s3171/BILLS-115s3171is.pdf,pp.6～9.
(27)“The Long Arm of China:Exporting Authoritarianism with Chinese Characteristics,” Wednesday,December 13,2017,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg28385/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg28385.pdf,pp.2～3.
(28)Robert D.Blackwill and Ashley J.Tellis,“Revising U.S.Grand Strategy toward China,”Council on Foreign Relations Report,March 2015,available at:https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tellis_Blackwill.pdf,pp.vii～viii.
(29)奥巴马政府《国家安全战略》报告涉华部分引文,参见White House,“National Security Strategy,”May,2010,available at:http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2010.pdf,p.43;White House,“National Security Strategy,”February,2015,available at:http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf,引言第2、24页。
(30)White House,“National Security Strategy of the United States of America,”December,2017,available at:http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017.pdf,p.27.
(31)Divid Dollar,Ryan Hass,Robert Kagan,Cheng Li,Mira Rapp_Hooper,and Jonathan Stromseth,“Avoiding War:Containment,Competition,and Cooperation in US-China Relations,”Brookings Institute,November 1,2017,available at:https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/fp_20171121_china_interview.pdf,pp.4～5.
(32)Kurt M.Campbell and Ely Ratner,“The China Reckoning:How Beijing Defied American Expectations,” Foreign Affairs,March/April,vol.97,pp.61～62.
(33)Christopher H.Smith,“Dissidents Who Have Suffered for Human Rights in China:A Look Back and A Look Forward,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China,December 7,2016,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg23081/pdf/CHRG-114hhrg23081.pdf,pp.1～2.
(34)[美]J·斯帕尼尔:《第二次世界大战后美国的外交政策》(段若石译),北京·商务印书馆,1992年版,第147～148页。
(35)Francis Fukuyama,“Exporting Chinese Model,” available at:https://www.neweurope.eu/article/exporting-the-chinese-model/.
(36)Larry Diamond,Marc F.Plattner,and Christopher Walker,Authoritarianism Goes Global:The Challenge to Democracy(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2016),p.13.
(37)Christopher Walker,“ The Authoritarian Threat:The Hijacking of ‘ Soft Power’,” Journal of Democracy,January 2016,vol.27,p.62.
(38)American Association of University Professors,“On Partnerships with Foreign Governments:The Case of Confucius Institutes,” available at:https://www.aaup.org/report/confucius-institutes.
(39)Natalie Johnson,“CIA Warns of Extensive Chinese Operation to Infiltrate American Institutions,” available at:http://freebeacon.com/national-security/cia-warns-extensive-chinese-operation-infiltrate-american-institutions/.
(40)“The Long Arm of China:Global Efforts to Silence Critics from Tiananmen to Today,” Tuesday,May 24,2016,available at:https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg20804/pdf/CHRG-114hhrg20804.pdf,pp.2,4.
(41)Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig ,“The Meaning of Sharp Power:How Authoritarian States Project Influence,” available at:https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power.
(42)Jonas Parello-Plesner and Belinda Li,“The Chinese Communist Party's Foreign Interference Operations:How the U.S.and Other Democracies Should Respond,”Hudson Institute Report,available at:https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.hudson.org/files/publications/JonasFINAL.pdf,p.5.
(43)Thorsten Benner,Jan Gaspers,Mareike Ohlberg,Lucrezia Poggetti,and Kristin She-Kupfer,“Authoritarian Advance:Responding to China's Growing Political Influence in Europe,” GPPI and MERICS Report,February,2018,available at:https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1.pdf,p.2.
(44)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.150.
(45)Larry Diamond and Orville Schell,“Chinese Influence & American Interests:Promoting Constructive Vigilance,”available at:https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/00_diamond-schell_fullreport_2ndprinting_web-compressed.pdf,p.1.
(46)Kurt M.Campbell and Ely Ratner,“The China Reckoning:How Beijing Defied American Expectations,” Foreign Affairs,March/April,vol.97,p.70.
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