腐败的测量方式与影响因素:一个文献综述
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摘要
学界关于腐败的研究甚多,集中在腐败产生的根源和影响的探讨上。基于此,本文从腐败的测量方式和影响因素着手梳理国内外的经典文献,以呈现腐败研究的动态进展。研究发现,腐败方式测量与影响因素的探究均进入了较为成熟、规范的阶段,除了经典性理论探讨外,更多以定量分析展开,且在变量操作化、模型构建以及分析层面频繁地使用多学科技术手段;而国内研究无论是研究问题还是研究方法均趋向与国际接轨。本文重点探讨了腐败的影响因素模型,将其划分为经济、政治、社会和媒体四个维度。在未来研究中,可从腐败测量方式的多元化、腐败研究的理论整合、关注腐败的微观影响因素、腐败的实证操作化等层面深入探究。
There are various researches on corruption in the academic circles,which focus on the discussion of its causes and influences.Based on this,this paper combs the classic literature from the aspects of corruption measurement and the influencing factors of corruption to present the dynamics of corruption research.The study found that the investigation of the measurement and influencing factors of corruption methods has entered a relatively mature and standardized stage.In addition to the discussion of classical theory,more research is carried out with quantitative analysis,and the variables are manipulated,model set and analysis level used multidisciplinary techniques more frequently.And domestic research,whether research question or research method,tends to be in line with international standards.This paper focuses on the influencing factors of corruption and divides it into four factors: economic,political,social and media.In the future research,we can deeply explore the diversification of corruption measurement methods,the theoretical integration of corruption,the micro-influence factors of corruption,and the empirical operation of corruption.
There are various researches on corruption in the academic circles,which focus on the discussion of its causes and influences.Based on this,this paper combs the classic literature from the aspects of corruption measurement and the influencing factors of corruption to present the dynamics of corruption research.The study found that the investigation of the measurement and influencing factors of corruption methods has entered a relatively mature and standardized stage.In addition to the discussion of classical theory,more research is carried out with quantitative analysis,and the variables are manipulated,model set and analysis level used multidisciplinary techniques more frequently.And domestic research,whether research question or research method,tends to be in line with international standards.This paper focuses on the influencing factors of corruption and divides it into four factors: economic,political,social and media.In the future research,we can deeply explore the diversification of corruption measurement methods,the theoretical integration of corruption,the micro-influence factors of corruption,and the empirical operation of corruption.
引文
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[5]STAFFAN A,PAUL M H.The politics of perception:Use and abuse of transparency international’s approach to measuring corruption[J].Political Studies,2009(57):746- 767.
[6]KENNY C.Measuring corruption in infrastructure:Evidence from transition and developing countries[J].The Journal of Development Studies,2009,45(3):314- 332.
[7]SELIGSON M A.The Measurement and impact of corruption victimization:Survey evidence from Latin America[J].World Development,2006,34(2):381- 404.
[8]OLKEN B A.Corruption perceptions vs corruption reality[J].Journal of Public Economics,2009,93(7- 8):950- 964.
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[11]FERRZ C,FINAN F.Exposing corrupt politicians:The effects of brazil’s publicly released audits on electoral outcomes[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2008,123(2):703- 745.
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[19]GYLFASON T.Nature,power and growth[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2001(48):558- 88.
[20]黄寿峰,郑国梁.财政透明度对腐败的影响研究——来自中国的证据[J].财贸经济,2015(3):30- 42.
[21]黄溶冰,赵谦.自然资源资产负债表编制与审计的探讨[J].审计研究,2015(1):37- 43/83.
[22]罗也骁,段龙龙.城镇化、转移支付与地方官僚腐败[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016(4):88- 93.
[23]FRIEDMAN E,JOHNSON S,KAUFMANN D,et al.Dodging the grabbing hand:The determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000(76):459- 493.
[24]JOHNSON S,KAUFMANN D,SHLEIFER A.The unofficial economy in transition[J].Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1997(27):159- 239.
[25]余泳泽,张少辉,杨晓章.税收负担与“大众创业、万众创新”——来自跨国的经验证据[J].经济管理,2017(6):162- 177.
[26]宋夏云,陈一祯.国家审计在政府官员腐败治理中功能发挥的优化对策思考[J].管理世界,2016(7):176- 177.
[27]刘泽照,梁斌.政府审计可以抑制腐败吗?——基于1999-2012年中国省级面板数据的检验[J].上海财经大学学报,2015(1):42- 51.
[28]陈丽红,张龙平,朱海燕.国家审计能发挥反腐败作用吗[J].审计研究,2016(3):48- 55.
[29]GLAESER E,Jose A.SCHEINKMAN J A,SHLEIFER A.The Injustice of Inequality[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,2003(50):199- 222.
[30]YOU J-S ,KHAGRAM S.A comparative study of inequality and corruption [J].American Sociological Review,2005,70(2):136- 157.
[31]倪星,原超.经济发展、制度结构与腐败程度——基于2006—2010年G省21个地级市面板数据的分析[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2014(4):134- 145.
[32]李金珊,王郑丰,陈小红.腐败程度的影响因素及其时空影响差异——基于省际面板数据的实证检验.科研管理,2016(2):72- 79.
[33]寇铁军,胡望舒.财税法制建设与反腐败成效:基于中国省域面板数据的研究[J].财政研究,2016(11):19- 30.
[34]方晋.腐败决定因素的实证分析[J].经济科学,2004(1):55- 64.
[35]WEDEMAN A.Double Paradox:Rapid Growth and Rising Corruption in China[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2012:272.
[36]WEDEMAN A.Double paradox:Rapid growth and rising corruption in China[J].Politics in the Face of Financial Crisis,2013,11(1):286- 288.
[37]PERSSON T,TABELLINI G,TREBBI F .Electoral rules and corruption[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2003,1(4):958- 989.
[38] MONTINOLA G R,JACKMAN R W.Sources of corruption:A cross-national study[J].British Journal of Political Science,2002(32):147- 170.
[39]李辉,呼和那日松,唐敏.民主、主观经济评价与腐败感知——基于亚洲、非洲与拉美舆情表合并数据的多层分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2015(3):162- 174.
[40]BAC M.Corruption and supervision costs in hierarchies[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,1996(22):99- 118.
[41]LAPALOMBARA J.Structural and institutional aspects of corruption[J].Social Research,1994,LXI:325- 350.
[42]PORTA R L,et al.The quality of government[J].Journal of Law,Economics and Organization,1999(15):222- 79.
[43] GATTEI R,FISMAN R.Decentralization and corruption:Evidence across countries[J].Journal of Public Economics,2002(83):325- 45.
[44]BRENNAN G,BUCHANAN J.The Power to Tax[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1980:160- 180.
[45]PEIXOTO S G D,ROCHA F F,NISHIJIMA M,et al.Decentralization and corruption:Evidence from primary health-care programmes[J].Applied Economics Letters,2012(19):1885- 1888.
[46]陈刚,李树.官员交流、任期与反腐败[J].世界经济,2012(2):120- 142.
[47]曹伟,杨德明,赵璨.政治晋升预期与高管腐败——来自国有上市公司的经验证据[J].经济学动态,2016(2):59- 77.
[48]李后建,张宗益.地方官员任期、腐败与企业研发投入[J].科学学研究,2014(5):744- 757.
[49]聂辉华,王梦琦.政治周期对反腐败的影响——基于2003～2013年中国厅级以上官员腐败案例的证据[J].经济社会体制比较,2014(4):127- 140.
[50]ZHANG Y,CAO L,VAUGHN M S.Social support and corruption:Structural determinants of corruption in the world[J].The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology,2009,42(2):204- 217.
[51]CULLEN F T.Social support as an organizing concept for criminology[J].Justice Quarterly,1994(11):527- 559.
[52]PRATT T C,CULLEN F T.Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime:A meta analysis[J].Crime and Justice,2005(32):373- 450.
[53]FACTOR R,KANG M.Corruption and population health outcomes:An analysis of data from 133 countries using structural equation modeling[J].Int J Public Health,2015(60):633- 641.
[54]HUSTED B W.Wealth,culture and corruption[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1999(30):339- 60.
[55]MAURO P.Corruption and growth[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(3):681- 712.
[56]雷震,田森,凌晨,张安全,李任玉.社会身份与腐败行为:一个实验研究[J].经济学(季刊),2016(3):869- 892.
[57]王程韡.腐败的社会文化根源:基于模糊集的定性比较分析[J].社会科学,2013,(10):28- 39.
[58]郭夏娟,涂文燕.女性是否比男性更清廉?——基于中国公职人员腐败容忍度的分析[J].妇女研究论丛,2017(4):5- 16.
[59]DJANKOW S,et al.Who owns the media[J].The Journal of Law and Economics,2003,46 (2):341- 382.
[60]CHOWDHURY S K.The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption:An empirical test[J].Economic Letters,2004(85):93- 101.
[61]BRUNETTI A,WEDER B.A free press is bad news for corruption[J].Journal of Public Economics,2003(87):1801- 24.
[62]STAPENHURST R.The Media’s Role in Curbing Corruption[M].Washington,D.C.:The World Bank Institute,2000:1.
[63]GOEL R K,NELSON M A,NARETTA M A.The internet as an indicator of corruption awareness[J].European Journal of Political Economy,2012(28):64- 75.
[64]NAURIN D,LINDSTEDT C.Transparency is not enough:Making transparency effective in reducing corruption[J].International Political Science Review,2010,31 (4):301- 322.
[65]AHREND R.Press Freedom,Human Capital and Corruption[C].DELTA Working Paper Series No.2002—11,Delta,Paris,February.
[66]FRANCKEN N,MINTEN B,SWINNEN J F.M.Listen to the Radio! Media and Corruption:Evidence from Madagascar[C].Discussion Paper No.2005—115,LICOS Centre for Transition Economics,February.
[67]GOEL R A,NELSON M A.Whistleblower laws and exposed corruption in the United States[J].Applied Economics,2014,46(20):2331- 2341.
[2]TREISMAN D.What have we learned about the causes of corruption from ten years of cross-national empirical research[J].Annual Review of Political Science,2007(10):211- 244.
[3]TREISMAN D.The causes of corruption:A cross-national study[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000,76(3):399- 457.
[4]MAURO P.Corruption and the composition of government expenditure[J].Journal of Public Economics,1998(69):263- 279.
[5]STAFFAN A,PAUL M H.The politics of perception:Use and abuse of transparency international’s approach to measuring corruption[J].Political Studies,2009(57):746- 767.
[6]KENNY C.Measuring corruption in infrastructure:Evidence from transition and developing countries[J].The Journal of Development Studies,2009,45(3):314- 332.
[7]SELIGSON M A.The Measurement and impact of corruption victimization:Survey evidence from Latin America[J].World Development,2006,34(2):381- 404.
[8]OLKEN B A.Corruption perceptions vs corruption reality[J].Journal of Public Economics,2009,93(7- 8):950- 964.
[9]ESCRESA L,LUCIO P.A new cross-national measure of corruption[J].The World Bank Economic Review,2017,31(1):196- 219.
[10]江卓,季程远.怎样测量腐败:国内外腐败测量方法述评[J].新视野,2016(3):122- 128.
[11]FERRZ C,FINAN F.Exposing corrupt politicians:The effects of brazil’s publicly released audits on electoral outcomes[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2008,123(2):703- 745.
[12]GORODNICHENKO Y,SABIRIANOVA-PETER K.Public sector pay and corruption:Measuring bribery from micro data[J].Journal of Public Economics,2007,91(5- 6):963- 991.
[13]TORREZ J.The effect of openness on corruption[J].Journal of International Trade and Economic Development ,2002(11):387- 403.
[14]COLLIER M W.Explaining corruption:An institutional choice approach[J].Crime Law Soc Ch ,2002,38(1):1- 32.
[15]JUDGE W Q,McNATT D B,XU C.The antecedents and effects of national corruption:a meta-analysis[J].World Bus,2011,46(1):93- 103.
[16]MALQVIET M,HOA D T P,THOMSEN S.Causes and determinants of inequity in maternal and child health in Vietnam[J].BMC Public Health,2012,12(1):641.
[17]PALDAM M.The cross-country pattern of corruption:Economics,culture and the seesaw dynamics[J].European Journal of Political Economy,2002(18):215- 40.
[18]ALBERTO A,RAFAELl D T.Rents,competition and corruption[J].American Economic Review,1999(89):982- 94.
[19]GYLFASON T.Nature,power and growth[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2001(48):558- 88.
[20]黄寿峰,郑国梁.财政透明度对腐败的影响研究——来自中国的证据[J].财贸经济,2015(3):30- 42.
[21]黄溶冰,赵谦.自然资源资产负债表编制与审计的探讨[J].审计研究,2015(1):37- 43/83.
[22]罗也骁,段龙龙.城镇化、转移支付与地方官僚腐败[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016(4):88- 93.
[23]FRIEDMAN E,JOHNSON S,KAUFMANN D,et al.Dodging the grabbing hand:The determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries[J].Journal of Public Economics,2000(76):459- 493.
[24]JOHNSON S,KAUFMANN D,SHLEIFER A.The unofficial economy in transition[J].Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1997(27):159- 239.
[25]余泳泽,张少辉,杨晓章.税收负担与“大众创业、万众创新”——来自跨国的经验证据[J].经济管理,2017(6):162- 177.
[26]宋夏云,陈一祯.国家审计在政府官员腐败治理中功能发挥的优化对策思考[J].管理世界,2016(7):176- 177.
[27]刘泽照,梁斌.政府审计可以抑制腐败吗?——基于1999-2012年中国省级面板数据的检验[J].上海财经大学学报,2015(1):42- 51.
[28]陈丽红,张龙平,朱海燕.国家审计能发挥反腐败作用吗[J].审计研究,2016(3):48- 55.
[29]GLAESER E,Jose A.SCHEINKMAN J A,SHLEIFER A.The Injustice of Inequality[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,2003(50):199- 222.
[30]YOU J-S ,KHAGRAM S.A comparative study of inequality and corruption [J].American Sociological Review,2005,70(2):136- 157.
[31]倪星,原超.经济发展、制度结构与腐败程度——基于2006—2010年G省21个地级市面板数据的分析[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2014(4):134- 145.
[32]李金珊,王郑丰,陈小红.腐败程度的影响因素及其时空影响差异——基于省际面板数据的实证检验.科研管理,2016(2):72- 79.
[33]寇铁军,胡望舒.财税法制建设与反腐败成效:基于中国省域面板数据的研究[J].财政研究,2016(11):19- 30.
[34]方晋.腐败决定因素的实证分析[J].经济科学,2004(1):55- 64.
[35]WEDEMAN A.Double Paradox:Rapid Growth and Rising Corruption in China[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2012:272.
[36]WEDEMAN A.Double paradox:Rapid growth and rising corruption in China[J].Politics in the Face of Financial Crisis,2013,11(1):286- 288.
[37]PERSSON T,TABELLINI G,TREBBI F .Electoral rules and corruption[J].Journal of the European Economic Association,2003,1(4):958- 989.
[38] MONTINOLA G R,JACKMAN R W.Sources of corruption:A cross-national study[J].British Journal of Political Science,2002(32):147- 170.
[39]李辉,呼和那日松,唐敏.民主、主观经济评价与腐败感知——基于亚洲、非洲与拉美舆情表合并数据的多层分析[J].经济社会体制比较,2015(3):162- 174.
[40]BAC M.Corruption and supervision costs in hierarchies[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,1996(22):99- 118.
[41]LAPALOMBARA J.Structural and institutional aspects of corruption[J].Social Research,1994,LXI:325- 350.
[42]PORTA R L,et al.The quality of government[J].Journal of Law,Economics and Organization,1999(15):222- 79.
[43] GATTEI R,FISMAN R.Decentralization and corruption:Evidence across countries[J].Journal of Public Economics,2002(83):325- 45.
[44]BRENNAN G,BUCHANAN J.The Power to Tax[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1980:160- 180.
[45]PEIXOTO S G D,ROCHA F F,NISHIJIMA M,et al.Decentralization and corruption:Evidence from primary health-care programmes[J].Applied Economics Letters,2012(19):1885- 1888.
[46]陈刚,李树.官员交流、任期与反腐败[J].世界经济,2012(2):120- 142.
[47]曹伟,杨德明,赵璨.政治晋升预期与高管腐败——来自国有上市公司的经验证据[J].经济学动态,2016(2):59- 77.
[48]李后建,张宗益.地方官员任期、腐败与企业研发投入[J].科学学研究,2014(5):744- 757.
[49]聂辉华,王梦琦.政治周期对反腐败的影响——基于2003～2013年中国厅级以上官员腐败案例的证据[J].经济社会体制比较,2014(4):127- 140.
[50]ZHANG Y,CAO L,VAUGHN M S.Social support and corruption:Structural determinants of corruption in the world[J].The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology,2009,42(2):204- 217.
[51]CULLEN F T.Social support as an organizing concept for criminology[J].Justice Quarterly,1994(11):527- 559.
[52]PRATT T C,CULLEN F T.Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime:A meta analysis[J].Crime and Justice,2005(32):373- 450.
[53]FACTOR R,KANG M.Corruption and population health outcomes:An analysis of data from 133 countries using structural equation modeling[J].Int J Public Health,2015(60):633- 641.
[54]HUSTED B W.Wealth,culture and corruption[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1999(30):339- 60.
[55]MAURO P.Corruption and growth[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(3):681- 712.
[56]雷震,田森,凌晨,张安全,李任玉.社会身份与腐败行为:一个实验研究[J].经济学(季刊),2016(3):869- 892.
[57]王程韡.腐败的社会文化根源:基于模糊集的定性比较分析[J].社会科学,2013,(10):28- 39.
[58]郭夏娟,涂文燕.女性是否比男性更清廉?——基于中国公职人员腐败容忍度的分析[J].妇女研究论丛,2017(4):5- 16.
[59]DJANKOW S,et al.Who owns the media[J].The Journal of Law and Economics,2003,46 (2):341- 382.
[60]CHOWDHURY S K.The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption:An empirical test[J].Economic Letters,2004(85):93- 101.
[61]BRUNETTI A,WEDER B.A free press is bad news for corruption[J].Journal of Public Economics,2003(87):1801- 24.
[62]STAPENHURST R.The Media’s Role in Curbing Corruption[M].Washington,D.C.:The World Bank Institute,2000:1.
[63]GOEL R K,NELSON M A,NARETTA M A.The internet as an indicator of corruption awareness[J].European Journal of Political Economy,2012(28):64- 75.
[64]NAURIN D,LINDSTEDT C.Transparency is not enough:Making transparency effective in reducing corruption[J].International Political Science Review,2010,31 (4):301- 322.
[65]AHREND R.Press Freedom,Human Capital and Corruption[C].DELTA Working Paper Series No.2002—11,Delta,Paris,February.
[66]FRANCKEN N,MINTEN B,SWINNEN J F.M.Listen to the Radio! Media and Corruption:Evidence from Madagascar[C].Discussion Paper No.2005—115,LICOS Centre for Transition Economics,February.
[67]GOEL R A,NELSON M A.Whistleblower laws and exposed corruption in the United States[J].Applied Economics,2014,46(20):2331- 2341.
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