水文过程和采砂活动下鄱阳湖湿地景观格局及其变化
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摘要
以鄱阳湖湿地为研究对象,以1993年、1997年、2002年、2006年和2013年枯水期相似水位下Landsat TM/OLI影像为数据源,解译、提取出5个时期枯水期的鄱阳湖湿地信息,结合水位数据,从景观面积和景观指数两方面,研究5个时期枯水期鄱阳湖湿地景观格局及其变化;以2000年、2001年、2006年和2011年丰水期的Landsat TM5影像为数据源,解译、提取出4个时期的采(运)砂船信息,结合1992～2013年星子水文站的逐日水位数据,分析水文过程和采砂活动对鄱阳湖湿地景观的影响。研究结果表明,随着时间的推移,1993年、1997年、2002年、2006年和2013年枯水期鄱阳湖水域面积总体在减少,草洲面积总体在增加,且主要表现为稀疏草洲向非植被区扩张;水域和泥沙滩地面积之和分别与年最大水位、年水位振幅显著正相关,稀疏草洲面积分别与水域和泥沙滩地面积之和、年最大水位显著负相关,表明低水位会导致非植被景观面积缩减,促进稀疏草洲的扩张;随着时间的推移,4个时期鄱阳湖采砂活动范围由北向南扩张,而采砂导致的湖底地形变化可能导致了枯水期鄱阳湖极浅水域面积的减少和深水域面积的增加;除1997年1月10日的数据受1996年较高水位的影响比较特殊外,其它4个时期研究区枯水期的景观格局的变化表现为景观破碎化程度在降低,景观形状从复杂向简单转化,但是景观异质性并没有明显变化。
The landscape pattern of the Poyang Lake wetlands has changed a lot in past decades, but our knowledge to the drivers of these changes are still limited. In this study, we used the geographic information system technology and principles of landscape ecology to explore the changes of the Poyang Lake wetlands and their driving factors. The spatial information and landscape patterns of the wetlands were obtained by using remote sensing images in dry season of the years of 1993, 1997, 2002, 2006, and 2013. With the daily water level data from 1992 to 2013, and the spatial distribution of dredging vessels in Poyang Lake extracted from remote sensing images in flood season of the years of 2000, 2001, 2006 and 2011, we examined the effects of hydrologic process and sand mining activities on landscape pattern of the wetlands. The results showed that firstly,the water area of the Poyang Lake wetlands has been decreased and the area of grassland has been increased in dry season for 5 periods; secondly, non-vegetation area was significantly positively correlated with annual maximum water level and annual water level amplitude and the sparse grassland area was negatively correlated with the non-vegetation area and the annual maximum water level; besides, the range of sand mining activities in Poyang Lake in flood season have expanded from north to south; in addition, the degree of landscape fragmentation was decreasing and the landscape shape was becoming simpler, whereas no obvious change in landscape heterogeneity in dry season of the years of 1993, 2002, 2006, and 2013 except that of 1997 which influenced by high water level in 1996. Low water level was the main driving factor of increased sparse grassland and expansion of sand mining activities might be one of the reasons that led to an increase of deep water area and a decrease of shallow water area.
The landscape pattern of the Poyang Lake wetlands has changed a lot in past decades, but our knowledge to the drivers of these changes are still limited. In this study, we used the geographic information system technology and principles of landscape ecology to explore the changes of the Poyang Lake wetlands and their driving factors. The spatial information and landscape patterns of the wetlands were obtained by using remote sensing images in dry season of the years of 1993, 1997, 2002, 2006, and 2013. With the daily water level data from 1992 to 2013, and the spatial distribution of dredging vessels in Poyang Lake extracted from remote sensing images in flood season of the years of 2000, 2001, 2006 and 2011, we examined the effects of hydrologic process and sand mining activities on landscape pattern of the wetlands. The results showed that firstly,the water area of the Poyang Lake wetlands has been decreased and the area of grassland has been increased in dry season for 5 periods; secondly, non-vegetation area was significantly positively correlated with annual maximum water level and annual water level amplitude and the sparse grassland area was negatively correlated with the non-vegetation area and the annual maximum water level; besides, the range of sand mining activities in Poyang Lake in flood season have expanded from north to south; in addition, the degree of landscape fragmentation was decreasing and the landscape shape was becoming simpler, whereas no obvious change in landscape heterogeneity in dry season of the years of 1993, 2002, 2006, and 2013 except that of 1997 which influenced by high water level in 1996. Low water level was the main driving factor of increased sparse grassland and expansion of sand mining activities might be one of the reasons that led to an increase of deep water area and a decrease of shallow water area.
引文
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[5]江丰,齐述华,廖富强,等. 2001-2010年鄱阳湖采砂规模及其水文泥沙效应[J].地理学报, 2015, 7700(5):837-845.
[6]胡巍巍.韩江中下游河道采砂对河流水文与生态环境的影响[J].湿地科学, 2016, 1144(2):157-162.
[7]邬国锋,崔丽娟.基于遥感技术的鄱阳湖采砂对水体透明度的影响[J].生态学报, 2008, 2288(12):6113-6120.
[8]Wu G F, Leeuw J D, Skidmore A K, et al. Concurrent monitoring of vessels and water turbidity enhances the strength of evidence in remotely sensed dredging impact assessment[J]. Water Research,2007, 411(15):3271-3280.
[9]Feng L, Han X X, Hu C M, et al Four decades of wetland changes of the largest freshwater lake in China:Possible linkage to the Three Gorges Dam?[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016,117766:43-55.
[10]Zhang Q, Li L, Wang Y G, et al. Has the Three-Gorges Dam made the Poyang Lake wetlands wetter and drier?[J] Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 3399(20):L20402.1-L20402.7.
[11]Wu H P, Zeng G M, Liang J, et al. Responses of landscape pattern of China’s two largest freshwater lakes to early dry season after the impoundment of Three-Gorges Dam[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observations&Geoinformation, 2017,5566:36-43.
[12]余莉,何隆华,张奇,等.三峡工程蓄水运行对鄱阳湖典型湿地植被的影响[J].地理研究, 2011, 300(1):134-144.
[13]郭华,张奇.近50年来长江与鄱阳湖水文相互作用的变化[J].地理学报, 2011, 6666(5):609-618.
[14]Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yang G S, et al. Precipitation and hydrological variations and related associations with large-scale circulation in the Poyang Lake basin, China[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2015,2255(5):740-751.
[15]Dai X, Wan R R, Yang G S, et al. Responses of wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake, China to water-level fluctuations[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2016, 777733(1):1-13.
[16]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林,等.鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2010, 1199(6):597-605.
[17]Wu G F, Leeuw J D, Skidmore A K, et al Performance analysis of Landsat TM bands in dredging ship detection in turbid water[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2009, 111(1):54-61.
[18]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2007:107-115.
[19]刘永,郭怀成,周丰,等.湖泊水位变动对水生植被的影响机理及其调控方法[J].生态学报, 2006, 2266(9):3117-3126.
[20]刘以珍,张祖芳,赵安娜,等.鄱阳湖湿地植被对水文情势的响应[C].中国植物学会第十五届会员代表大会暨八十周年学术年会, 2013.
[21]张丽丽,殷俊暹,蒋云钟,等.湖泊水位变动对水生植被的影响机理及其调控方法[J].水科学进展, 2012, 233(6):768-775.
[22]游海林,徐力刚,吴永明,等.鄱阳湖水文情势过程对典型湿地景观动态变化的影响[J].水力发电, 2017, 433(2):1-5.
[23]查东平,冯明雷,陈宏文,等.鄱阳湖典型湿地植被景观格局的时空变化分析[J].水生态学杂志, 2015, 3366(5):1-7.
[24]谭胤静,于一尊,丁建南,等.鄱阳湖水文过程对湿地生物的节制作用[J].湖泊科学, 2015, 2277(6):997-1003.
[25]崔丽娟,翟彦放,邬国锋.鄱阳湖采砂南移扩大影响范围——多源遥感的证据[J].生态学报, 2013, 333(11):3520-3525.
[26]贾良文,罗章仁,杨清书,等.大量采沙对东江下游及东江三角洲河床地形和潮汐动力的影响[J].地理学报, 2006, 6611(9):985-994.
[27]吴桂平,刘元波,范兴旺.近30年来鄱阳湖湖盆地形演变特征与原因探析[J].湖泊科学, 2015, 2277(6):1168-1176.
[28]Lai X J, Shankman D, Huber C, et al. Sand mining and increasing Poyang Lake’s discharge ability:A reassessment of causes for lake decline in China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 551199:1698-1706.
[29]姚静,李云良,李梦凡,等.地形变化对鄱阳湖枯水的影响[J].湖泊科学, 2017, 2299(4):955-964.
[30]苏洁琼,王烜.气候变化对湿地景观格局的影响研究综述[J].环境科学与技术, 2012, 3355(4):74-81.
[31]刘红玉,李兆富.流域湿地景观空间梯度格局及其影响因素分析[J].生态学报, 2006, 2266(1):213-220.
[32]Bai J H, Lu Q Q, Wang J J, et al. Landscape pattern evolution processes of Alpine wetlands and their driving factors in the ZoigêPlateau of China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2013,1100(1):54-67.
[33]刘东云,王琦,杜林芳,等. 1999~2007年天津湿地景观格局及水鸟生境变化[J].湿地科学, 2012, 1100(3):350-358.
[2]张仲胜,于小娟,宋晓林,等.水文连通对湿地生态系统关键过程及功能影响研究进展[J].湿地科学, 2019, 1177(1):1-8.
[3]张爱静.水文过程对黄河口湿地景观格局演变的驱动机制研究[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院, 2013.
[4]游海林,徐力刚,刘桂林,等.鄱阳湖湿地景观类型变化趋势及其对水位变动的响应[J].生态学杂志, 2016, 3355(9):2487-2493.
[5]江丰,齐述华,廖富强,等. 2001-2010年鄱阳湖采砂规模及其水文泥沙效应[J].地理学报, 2015, 7700(5):837-845.
[6]胡巍巍.韩江中下游河道采砂对河流水文与生态环境的影响[J].湿地科学, 2016, 1144(2):157-162.
[7]邬国锋,崔丽娟.基于遥感技术的鄱阳湖采砂对水体透明度的影响[J].生态学报, 2008, 2288(12):6113-6120.
[8]Wu G F, Leeuw J D, Skidmore A K, et al. Concurrent monitoring of vessels and water turbidity enhances the strength of evidence in remotely sensed dredging impact assessment[J]. Water Research,2007, 411(15):3271-3280.
[9]Feng L, Han X X, Hu C M, et al Four decades of wetland changes of the largest freshwater lake in China:Possible linkage to the Three Gorges Dam?[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2016,117766:43-55.
[10]Zhang Q, Li L, Wang Y G, et al. Has the Three-Gorges Dam made the Poyang Lake wetlands wetter and drier?[J] Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 3399(20):L20402.1-L20402.7.
[11]Wu H P, Zeng G M, Liang J, et al. Responses of landscape pattern of China’s two largest freshwater lakes to early dry season after the impoundment of Three-Gorges Dam[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observations&Geoinformation, 2017,5566:36-43.
[12]余莉,何隆华,张奇,等.三峡工程蓄水运行对鄱阳湖典型湿地植被的影响[J].地理研究, 2011, 300(1):134-144.
[13]郭华,张奇.近50年来长江与鄱阳湖水文相互作用的变化[J].地理学报, 2011, 6666(5):609-618.
[14]Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yang G S, et al. Precipitation and hydrological variations and related associations with large-scale circulation in the Poyang Lake basin, China[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2015,2255(5):740-751.
[15]Dai X, Wan R R, Yang G S, et al. Responses of wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake, China to water-level fluctuations[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2016, 777733(1):1-13.
[16]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林,等.鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2010, 1199(6):597-605.
[17]Wu G F, Leeuw J D, Skidmore A K, et al Performance analysis of Landsat TM bands in dredging ship detection in turbid water[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2009, 111(1):54-61.
[18]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2007:107-115.
[19]刘永,郭怀成,周丰,等.湖泊水位变动对水生植被的影响机理及其调控方法[J].生态学报, 2006, 2266(9):3117-3126.
[20]刘以珍,张祖芳,赵安娜,等.鄱阳湖湿地植被对水文情势的响应[C].中国植物学会第十五届会员代表大会暨八十周年学术年会, 2013.
[21]张丽丽,殷俊暹,蒋云钟,等.湖泊水位变动对水生植被的影响机理及其调控方法[J].水科学进展, 2012, 233(6):768-775.
[22]游海林,徐力刚,吴永明,等.鄱阳湖水文情势过程对典型湿地景观动态变化的影响[J].水力发电, 2017, 433(2):1-5.
[23]查东平,冯明雷,陈宏文,等.鄱阳湖典型湿地植被景观格局的时空变化分析[J].水生态学杂志, 2015, 3366(5):1-7.
[24]谭胤静,于一尊,丁建南,等.鄱阳湖水文过程对湿地生物的节制作用[J].湖泊科学, 2015, 2277(6):997-1003.
[25]崔丽娟,翟彦放,邬国锋.鄱阳湖采砂南移扩大影响范围——多源遥感的证据[J].生态学报, 2013, 333(11):3520-3525.
[26]贾良文,罗章仁,杨清书,等.大量采沙对东江下游及东江三角洲河床地形和潮汐动力的影响[J].地理学报, 2006, 6611(9):985-994.
[27]吴桂平,刘元波,范兴旺.近30年来鄱阳湖湖盆地形演变特征与原因探析[J].湖泊科学, 2015, 2277(6):1168-1176.
[28]Lai X J, Shankman D, Huber C, et al. Sand mining and increasing Poyang Lake’s discharge ability:A reassessment of causes for lake decline in China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 551199:1698-1706.
[29]姚静,李云良,李梦凡,等.地形变化对鄱阳湖枯水的影响[J].湖泊科学, 2017, 2299(4):955-964.
[30]苏洁琼,王烜.气候变化对湿地景观格局的影响研究综述[J].环境科学与技术, 2012, 3355(4):74-81.
[31]刘红玉,李兆富.流域湿地景观空间梯度格局及其影响因素分析[J].生态学报, 2006, 2266(1):213-220.
[32]Bai J H, Lu Q Q, Wang J J, et al. Landscape pattern evolution processes of Alpine wetlands and their driving factors in the ZoigêPlateau of China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2013,1100(1):54-67.
[33]刘东云,王琦,杜林芳,等. 1999~2007年天津湿地景观格局及水鸟生境变化[J].湿地科学, 2012, 1100(3):350-358.
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