西非下刚果盆地深水水道沉积特征及控制因素
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摘要
深水水道体系是从大陆斜坡到深海盆地"源-汇"系统的重要组成部分,也是当前国际深水油气勘探的重要储层类型。对下刚果盆地中新统深水水道沉积特征、充填演化和控制因素的研究有助于加深对盆地动力学过程的认知和提高深水储层的预测精度。通过应用三维地震、测井和录井资料综合分析,基于层序地层学、地震地层学和地震地貌学研究的技术方法和手段,对下刚果盆地中新统高精度层序地层格架、深水沉积单元、深水水道发育类型、复合水道体系发生、发展、衰退和消亡的演化过程,以及控制因素进行了深入研究。结果表明:下刚果盆地中新统地层以最大水退面和初始水进面为层序界面,可以划分出14个四级层序,其中四级层序SQ1L,SQ2L,SQ3L,SQ4L,SQ5L,SQ6L和SQ7L是深水水道发育的主要时期。深水水道具有侵蚀界面、水道充填、内天然堤、外天然堤、末端朵体、远洋沉积和滑塌块体7类深水沉积单元,其中水道充填和末端朵体是砂质沉积单元。研究区深水水道可以划分为单期下切、单期加积、垂向加积复合、侧向迁移复合4种基本类型,其中垂向加积复合水道和侧向迁移复合水道同时出现在四级层序SQ7L内,指示了水道充填演化中"自旋回"因素的控制作用。在此基础上,提出构造隆升是形成深水富砂水道体系的原动力,西非海平面变化控制着三级层序的发育,制约着深水水道复合体的发育规模。气候由温室转变为冰室的交替变化控制了深水砂质重力流沉积和深海泥质沉积的四级层序发育部位。
Deep-water channel system is an important part of the "Source-to-Sink" system from continental slope to deep-sea basin,and also a critical reservoir type in international deep-water petroleum exploration.The study of sedimentary characteristics,filling processes and controlling factors of the Miocene deep-water channels in Lower Congo Basin is of great help to deepen the understanding of basin dynamics and improve the prediction accuracy of deep-water reservoirs.Based on the integrated analysis of 3 D seismic and logging data,we carried out in-depth study on the evolution of the Miocene high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,deep-water sedimentary units,types of deep-water channels,and the initiation,development,decline and extinction of channel complex systems,as well as the controlling factors in Lower Congo Basin.The technical means in terms of sequence stratigraphy,seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology were resorted to in this study.The Miocene strata in the Lower Congo Basin can be divided into 14 fourth-order sequences with the maximum regression surface and the initial transgression surface serving as the sequence boundary.Among others,the fourth-order sequences SQ1 L,SQ2 L,SQ3 L,SQ4 L,SQ5 L,SQ6 L and SQ7 L embody the major stages of deep-water channel development.Seven types of deep-water sedimentary units were identified,namely the erosional surface,channel filling,inner levee,outer levee,terminal lobe,pelagic deposit and slump block.And the channel filling and terminal lobe are arenaceous sedimentary units.The deep-water channels in the study area can be divided into four basic types,namely the single incised-channel,single aggradation channel,vertical aggradation channel complex and lateral migration channel complex.And the vertical aggradation and lateral migration channel complexes occur simultaneously in the fourth-order sequence SQ7 L,indicating the controls of "autocyclicity" on channel filling processes.In conclusion,tectonic uplifting is a driving force for the formation of deep-water sand-rich channel systems,and the eustatic fluctuation in West Africa controls the development of third-order sequences and the scale of deep-water channel complex.The alternating climate change between greenhouse and icehouse controls the occurrence of deep-water arenaceous gravity flow deposits and deep-water argillaceous deposits in the fourth-order sequences.
Deep-water channel system is an important part of the "Source-to-Sink" system from continental slope to deep-sea basin,and also a critical reservoir type in international deep-water petroleum exploration.The study of sedimentary characteristics,filling processes and controlling factors of the Miocene deep-water channels in Lower Congo Basin is of great help to deepen the understanding of basin dynamics and improve the prediction accuracy of deep-water reservoirs.Based on the integrated analysis of 3 D seismic and logging data,we carried out in-depth study on the evolution of the Miocene high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,deep-water sedimentary units,types of deep-water channels,and the initiation,development,decline and extinction of channel complex systems,as well as the controlling factors in Lower Congo Basin.The technical means in terms of sequence stratigraphy,seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology were resorted to in this study.The Miocene strata in the Lower Congo Basin can be divided into 14 fourth-order sequences with the maximum regression surface and the initial transgression surface serving as the sequence boundary.Among others,the fourth-order sequences SQ1 L,SQ2 L,SQ3 L,SQ4 L,SQ5 L,SQ6 L and SQ7 L embody the major stages of deep-water channel development.Seven types of deep-water sedimentary units were identified,namely the erosional surface,channel filling,inner levee,outer levee,terminal lobe,pelagic deposit and slump block.And the channel filling and terminal lobe are arenaceous sedimentary units.The deep-water channels in the study area can be divided into four basic types,namely the single incised-channel,single aggradation channel,vertical aggradation channel complex and lateral migration channel complex.And the vertical aggradation and lateral migration channel complexes occur simultaneously in the fourth-order sequence SQ7 L,indicating the controls of "autocyclicity" on channel filling processes.In conclusion,tectonic uplifting is a driving force for the formation of deep-water sand-rich channel systems,and the eustatic fluctuation in West Africa controls the development of third-order sequences and the scale of deep-water channel complex.The alternating climate change between greenhouse and icehouse controls the occurrence of deep-water arenaceous gravity flow deposits and deep-water argillaceous deposits in the fourth-order sequences.
引文
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