基于GPS和水准资料的西秦岭北缘断裂现今闭锁程度分析
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摘要
利用2009～2015年GPS速度场和1975～2011年垂直速度场数据,采用TDEFNODE负位错模型对西秦岭北缘断裂各段的闭锁程度、滑动亏损速率进行反演,结合GPS跨断层速度剖面和现今小震分布特征,对西秦岭北缘断裂各段的断裂活动性及地震危险性进行分析。结果表明,西秦岭北缘断裂以左旋走滑运动为主,兼有部分逆冲挤压,断裂各段的滑动速率都低于第四纪以来的滑动速率。其中天水-宝鸡段滑动速率较低,小震分布少,断裂正处于高应变积累阶段,具有高闭锁系数和滑动亏损速率,易于应变能的快速积累,具有发生中强地震的背景条件;锅麻滩段虽然滑动速率较大,但闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率高,小震分布较少,也存在较高的地震危险性;漳县段和鸳凤段滑动速率较大,断裂应力积累相对较弱,闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率均较低,小震分布多,地震危险性较低。
Using the GPS velocity field of 2009-2015, the vertical velocity field of 1975-2011, and the negative dislocation model of TDEFNODE, we invert for fault locking and fault slip deficit of the north margin of west Qinling fault. Using the GPS velocity profiles and distribution characteristics of small earthquakes, this paper analyzes the fault activity and seismic risk along different segments of the north margin of west Qinling fault. The results show that the characteristic of the whole fault is left strike slip with compression, the slip rate of each segment is lower than that of the quaternary period, the slip rate of Tianshui-Baoji segment is low, the faults have the lowest activity, the earthquake distribution of the fault is few, the faults have high locking fraction and high slip deficit rate, and they have the background conditions for the occurrence of moderately strong earthquakes. Although the slip rate of the Guomatan segment is high, the fault has high locking fraction and high slip deficit rate, earthquakes are fewer, and the seismic risk is high. The slip rate of the Zhangxian and Yuanfeng segments are higher, the faults have the highest activity, the earthquake distribution of fault is greater, they have low locking fraction and low slip deficit rate, and the seismic risk is low.
Using the GPS velocity field of 2009-2015, the vertical velocity field of 1975-2011, and the negative dislocation model of TDEFNODE, we invert for fault locking and fault slip deficit of the north margin of west Qinling fault. Using the GPS velocity profiles and distribution characteristics of small earthquakes, this paper analyzes the fault activity and seismic risk along different segments of the north margin of west Qinling fault. The results show that the characteristic of the whole fault is left strike slip with compression, the slip rate of each segment is lower than that of the quaternary period, the slip rate of Tianshui-Baoji segment is low, the faults have the lowest activity, the earthquake distribution of the fault is few, the faults have high locking fraction and high slip deficit rate, and they have the background conditions for the occurrence of moderately strong earthquakes. Although the slip rate of the Guomatan segment is high, the fault has high locking fraction and high slip deficit rate, earthquakes are fewer, and the seismic risk is high. The slip rate of the Zhangxian and Yuanfeng segments are higher, the faults have the highest activity, the earthquake distribution of fault is greater, they have low locking fraction and low slip deficit rate, and the seismic risk is low.
引文
[1] M7专项工作组.中国大陆大地震中-长期危险性研究[M].北京:地震出版社,2012(Working Group of M7.Study on the Mid- to Long-Term Potential of Large Earthquakes on the Chinese Continent[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2012)
[2] 李传友.西秦岭北缘断裂带晚第四纪活动及其意义[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2006(Li Chuanyou.Late Quaternary Activities of the West Qinling Fault[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,CEA,2006)
[3] 王志才,张培震,张广良,等.西秦岭北缘构造带的新生代构造活动——兼论对青藏高原东北缘形成过程的指示意义[J].地学前缘,2006,13(4):119-135(Wang Zhicai,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang,et al.Tertiary Tectonic Activities of the North Frontal Fault Zone of the West Qinling Mountains:Implications for the Growth of the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4):119-135)
[4] 滕瑞增,金瑶泉,李西候,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带新活动特征 [J].西北地震学报,1994,16(2) :85-90(Teng Rui-zeng,Jin Yaoquan,Li Xihou,et al.Recent Activity Characteristics of the Fault Zone at Northern Edge of Western Qinling Mountains [J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1994,16(2) :85-90)
[5] 李瑞莎,张希,唐红涛,等.青藏块体东北缘跨断层形变典型震例总结与预测判据指标分析[J].地震,2016,36(4):35-46(Li Ruisha,Zhang Xi,Tang Hongtao,et al.A Summary of Cross-Fault Deformations of Typical Earthquake Cases and Predictors in the Northeastern Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Block[J].Earthquake,2016,36(4):35-46)
[6] 赵静,牛安福,李强,等.陇西块体周边断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损特征研[J].地震研究,2016,39(3):351-358(Zhao Jing,Niu Anfu,Li Qiang,et al.Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Fault Locking and Fault Slip Deficitin the Faults around the Longxi Block[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2016,39(3):351-358)
[7] 陈长云,贺建明.西秦岭北缘断裂分段运动变形特征分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(9):784-788(Chen Changyun,He Jianming.Analysis of the Motion and Deformation Characteristics of Subordinary Segments of the West Qinling Fault[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2016,36(9):784-788)
[8] 李延兴,康来迅.GPS测量所揭示的西秦岭北缘断裂带现今活动特征[J].中国地震,1999,15(4):295-303(Li Yanxing,Kang Laixun.Current Activity Characteristics of the Fault Zone along the North Margin of West Qinling Mountain Revealed by GPS Measurements[J].Earthquake Research in China,1999,15(4):295-303)
[9] 曹娟娟,刘百篪,闻学泽.西秦岭北缘断裂带特征地震平均复发间隔的确定和地震危险性评价[J].地震研究,2003,26(3):372-381(Cao Juanjuan,Liu Baichi,Wen Xueze.Determination of the Average Recurrence Intervals of Characteristic Earthquake and Estimate of Earthquake Risk on Northern Xiqinling Faults [J].Journal of Seismological Research,2003,26(3) :372-381)
[10] 邵延秀,袁道阳,王爱国,等.西秦岭北缘断裂破裂分段与地震危险性评估[J].地震地质,2011,33(1):79-90(Shao Yanxiu,Yuan Daoyang,Wang Aiguo,et al.The Segmentation of Rupture and Estimate of Earthquake Risk along the North Margin of Western Qinling Fault Zone[J].Seismology and Geology,2011,33(1):79-90)
[11] 赵静,江在森,牛安福,等.川滇菱形块体东边界断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损动态特征研究[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(3) :872 -885(Zhao Jing,Jiang Zaisen,Niu Anfu,et al.Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Fault Locking and Fault Slip Deficit in the Eastern Boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(3) :872 -885)
[12] McCaffrey R.Time-Dependent Inversion of Three-Component Continuous GPS for Steady and Transient Sources in Northern Cascadia[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(36):2 497-2 502
[13] 梁洪宝,刘志广,黄立人,等.非构造形变对中国大陆GNSS基准站垂向周期运动的影响[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2015,35(4):589-593(Liang Hongbao,Liu Zhiguang,Huang Liren,et al.Effects of Non-Tectonic Deformation on the Vertical Periodic Motion of GNSS Reference Station in China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2015,35(4):589-593)
[14] 刘雷,朱良玉,蒋峰云.基于 GPS资料分析银川盆地地壳运动特征[J].地震工程学报,2017,39(增1):7-13(Liu Lei,Zhu Liangyu,Jiang Fengyun.Study of Crustal Movement Features in Yinchuan Basin Based on GPS Data[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2017,39(S1):7-13)
[15] 王双绪,蒋锋云,张四新,等.六盘山及其邻区现今大地垂直形变与构造活动研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2017,37(1):16-21(Wang Shuangxu,Jiang Fengyun,Zhang Sixin,et al.Present Vertical Deformation and Tectonic Activity in Liupanshan and Its Adjacent Areas[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2017,37(1):16-21)
[16] McCaffrey R,Qamar A I,King R W,et al.Fault Locking,Block Rotation and Crustal Deformation in the Pacific Northwest[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,2010,169(3):1 315-1 340
[17] Mao A L,Harrison C G A,Dixon T H.Noise in GPS Coordinate Time Series[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1999,104(B2):2 797-2 816
[18] 李传友,张培震,张剑玺,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率[J].第四纪研究,2007,27(1):54-63(Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxi,et al.Late-Quaternary Activity and Slip Rate of the Western Qinling Fault Zone at Huangxianggou[J].Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):54-63)
[19] Savage J C,Burford R O.Geodetic Determination of Relative Plate Motion in Central California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78(5):832-845
[20] Wang K L,Wells R,Mazzotti S,et al.A Revised Dislocation Model of Interseismic Deformation of the Cascadian Subduction Zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(B1)
[21] 刘雷,蒋锋云,朱良玉.银川盆地水平运动和地震活动特征分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2018,38(1):36-42(Liu Lei,Jiang Fengyun,Zhu Liangyu.Analysis of Horizontal Movement and Seismicity in Yinchuan Basin[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2018,38(1):36-42)
[22] 张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(10):1 607-1 620(Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong,Zhang Zhuqi,et al.Active Faults,Earthquake Hazards and Associated Geodynamic Processes in Continental China[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2013,43(10):1 607-1 620)
[23] Wallace L M,Stevens C,Silver E,et al.GPS and Seismological Constraints on Active Tectonics and Arc-Continent Collision in Papua New Guinea:Implications for Mechanics of Microplate Rotations in a Plate Boundary Zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2004,109(B5)
[24] Thatcher W.Microplate Model for the Present-Day Deformation of Tibet[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2007,112(B1)
[25] 赵静,江在森,武艳强,等.DEFNODE负位错模型反演结果的可靠性和稳定性分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2013,33(1):21-24(Zhao Jing,Jiang Zaisen,Wu Yanqiang,et al.Analysis of Reliability and Stability of Inversion Result with Negative Dislocation Model of DEFNODE[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2013,33(1):21-24)
[26] Zhang Z Q,McCaffrey R,Zhang P Z.Relative Motion across the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:Contributions from Faulting,Internal Strain and Rotation Rates[J].Tectonophysics,2013,584(1):240-256
[2] 李传友.西秦岭北缘断裂带晚第四纪活动及其意义[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2006(Li Chuanyou.Late Quaternary Activities of the West Qinling Fault[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,CEA,2006)
[3] 王志才,张培震,张广良,等.西秦岭北缘构造带的新生代构造活动——兼论对青藏高原东北缘形成过程的指示意义[J].地学前缘,2006,13(4):119-135(Wang Zhicai,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang,et al.Tertiary Tectonic Activities of the North Frontal Fault Zone of the West Qinling Mountains:Implications for the Growth of the Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4):119-135)
[4] 滕瑞增,金瑶泉,李西候,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带新活动特征 [J].西北地震学报,1994,16(2) :85-90(Teng Rui-zeng,Jin Yaoquan,Li Xihou,et al.Recent Activity Characteristics of the Fault Zone at Northern Edge of Western Qinling Mountains [J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1994,16(2) :85-90)
[5] 李瑞莎,张希,唐红涛,等.青藏块体东北缘跨断层形变典型震例总结与预测判据指标分析[J].地震,2016,36(4):35-46(Li Ruisha,Zhang Xi,Tang Hongtao,et al.A Summary of Cross-Fault Deformations of Typical Earthquake Cases and Predictors in the Northeastern Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Block[J].Earthquake,2016,36(4):35-46)
[6] 赵静,牛安福,李强,等.陇西块体周边断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损特征研[J].地震研究,2016,39(3):351-358(Zhao Jing,Niu Anfu,Li Qiang,et al.Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Fault Locking and Fault Slip Deficitin the Faults around the Longxi Block[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2016,39(3):351-358)
[7] 陈长云,贺建明.西秦岭北缘断裂分段运动变形特征分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(9):784-788(Chen Changyun,He Jianming.Analysis of the Motion and Deformation Characteristics of Subordinary Segments of the West Qinling Fault[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2016,36(9):784-788)
[8] 李延兴,康来迅.GPS测量所揭示的西秦岭北缘断裂带现今活动特征[J].中国地震,1999,15(4):295-303(Li Yanxing,Kang Laixun.Current Activity Characteristics of the Fault Zone along the North Margin of West Qinling Mountain Revealed by GPS Measurements[J].Earthquake Research in China,1999,15(4):295-303)
[9] 曹娟娟,刘百篪,闻学泽.西秦岭北缘断裂带特征地震平均复发间隔的确定和地震危险性评价[J].地震研究,2003,26(3):372-381(Cao Juanjuan,Liu Baichi,Wen Xueze.Determination of the Average Recurrence Intervals of Characteristic Earthquake and Estimate of Earthquake Risk on Northern Xiqinling Faults [J].Journal of Seismological Research,2003,26(3) :372-381)
[10] 邵延秀,袁道阳,王爱国,等.西秦岭北缘断裂破裂分段与地震危险性评估[J].地震地质,2011,33(1):79-90(Shao Yanxiu,Yuan Daoyang,Wang Aiguo,et al.The Segmentation of Rupture and Estimate of Earthquake Risk along the North Margin of Western Qinling Fault Zone[J].Seismology and Geology,2011,33(1):79-90)
[11] 赵静,江在森,牛安福,等.川滇菱形块体东边界断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损动态特征研究[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(3) :872 -885(Zhao Jing,Jiang Zaisen,Niu Anfu,et al.Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Fault Locking and Fault Slip Deficit in the Eastern Boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(3) :872 -885)
[12] McCaffrey R.Time-Dependent Inversion of Three-Component Continuous GPS for Steady and Transient Sources in Northern Cascadia[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(36):2 497-2 502
[13] 梁洪宝,刘志广,黄立人,等.非构造形变对中国大陆GNSS基准站垂向周期运动的影响[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2015,35(4):589-593(Liang Hongbao,Liu Zhiguang,Huang Liren,et al.Effects of Non-Tectonic Deformation on the Vertical Periodic Motion of GNSS Reference Station in China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2015,35(4):589-593)
[14] 刘雷,朱良玉,蒋峰云.基于 GPS资料分析银川盆地地壳运动特征[J].地震工程学报,2017,39(增1):7-13(Liu Lei,Zhu Liangyu,Jiang Fengyun.Study of Crustal Movement Features in Yinchuan Basin Based on GPS Data[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2017,39(S1):7-13)
[15] 王双绪,蒋锋云,张四新,等.六盘山及其邻区现今大地垂直形变与构造活动研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2017,37(1):16-21(Wang Shuangxu,Jiang Fengyun,Zhang Sixin,et al.Present Vertical Deformation and Tectonic Activity in Liupanshan and Its Adjacent Areas[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2017,37(1):16-21)
[16] McCaffrey R,Qamar A I,King R W,et al.Fault Locking,Block Rotation and Crustal Deformation in the Pacific Northwest[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,2010,169(3):1 315-1 340
[17] Mao A L,Harrison C G A,Dixon T H.Noise in GPS Coordinate Time Series[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1999,104(B2):2 797-2 816
[18] 李传友,张培震,张剑玺,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪活动表现与滑动速率[J].第四纪研究,2007,27(1):54-63(Li Chuanyou,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Jianxi,et al.Late-Quaternary Activity and Slip Rate of the Western Qinling Fault Zone at Huangxianggou[J].Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(1):54-63)
[19] Savage J C,Burford R O.Geodetic Determination of Relative Plate Motion in Central California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1973,78(5):832-845
[20] Wang K L,Wells R,Mazzotti S,et al.A Revised Dislocation Model of Interseismic Deformation of the Cascadian Subduction Zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(B1)
[21] 刘雷,蒋锋云,朱良玉.银川盆地水平运动和地震活动特征分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2018,38(1):36-42(Liu Lei,Jiang Fengyun,Zhu Liangyu.Analysis of Horizontal Movement and Seismicity in Yinchuan Basin[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2018,38(1):36-42)
[22] 张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程[J].中国科学:地球科学,2013,43(10):1 607-1 620(Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong,Zhang Zhuqi,et al.Active Faults,Earthquake Hazards and Associated Geodynamic Processes in Continental China[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2013,43(10):1 607-1 620)
[23] Wallace L M,Stevens C,Silver E,et al.GPS and Seismological Constraints on Active Tectonics and Arc-Continent Collision in Papua New Guinea:Implications for Mechanics of Microplate Rotations in a Plate Boundary Zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2004,109(B5)
[24] Thatcher W.Microplate Model for the Present-Day Deformation of Tibet[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2007,112(B1)
[25] 赵静,江在森,武艳强,等.DEFNODE负位错模型反演结果的可靠性和稳定性分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2013,33(1):21-24(Zhao Jing,Jiang Zaisen,Wu Yanqiang,et al.Analysis of Reliability and Stability of Inversion Result with Negative Dislocation Model of DEFNODE[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2013,33(1):21-24)
[26] Zhang Z Q,McCaffrey R,Zhang P Z.Relative Motion across the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:Contributions from Faulting,Internal Strain and Rotation Rates[J].Tectonophysics,2013,584(1):240-256
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