重污染天气期间济南市城区和清洁对照点PM_(2.5)及其组分污染特征
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摘要
为探究重污染天气期间济南市城区和清洁对照点PM_(2.5)及其组分污染特征,于2016年12月31日-2017年1月7日在市监测站和跑马岭进行连续PM_(2.5)样品采集,并对两个点位的PM_(2.5)及其组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)污染特征进行分析。结果表明,重污染天气期间市监测站PM_(2.5)质量浓度(260±77)μg·m~(-3)是跑马岭(85±17)μg·m~(-3)的3倍,表明该重污染天气过程对济南市城区影响程度明显大于清洁对照点跑马岭。市监测站水溶性离子浓度高低顺序为SO_4~(2-)>NO_3~->NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-,跑马岭水溶性离子浓度高低顺序为NO_3~->SO_4~(2-)>NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-。市监测站和跑马岭二次无机离子(SNA)质量浓度分别为(134.7±49.5)μg·m~(-3)和(46.2±19.0)μg·m~(-3),在PM_(2.5)中占比分别是51.8%和54.4%,两个点位PM_(2.5)浓度差别很大,但SNA在PM_(2.5)中占比相差不大。通过NH_4~+计算值与实测值相关性分析可知,市监测站和跑马岭PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+均主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在。市监测站SOR和NOR分别为0.44和0.32,跑马岭SOR和NOR分别为0.32和0.44,SOR和NOR的值均大于0.1,表明大气中SO_2和NO_2的二次氧化程度较高。采用OC/EC最小比值法估算得到市监测站和跑马岭SOC分别为8.3μg·m~(-3)和1.8μg·m~(-3),分别占OC的38.2%和20.9%,这表明市监测站OC二次反应程度明显高于跑马岭。市监测站有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)相关性(R~2=0.57)明显弱于跑马岭(R~2=0.92),表明市监测站OC和EC来源比较复杂,更有利于SOC的生成。
To investigate PM_(2.5) and its components pollution characteristics in Jinan urban area and clean air site during the period of heavy air pollution weather,the continuous collection of PM_(2.5) were performed from December 31 2016 to January 7 2017 at the Environmental Monitoring Center and Paomaling.Also,the characteristics of PM_(2.5) and its pollution components(water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components)were analyzed.Results showed that the concentration of PM_(2.5) at the Environmental Monitoring Center was three times as many as which at Paomaling,implying the impact of heavy air pollution weather on Jinan urban area was significantly stronger than that of Paomaling.The order of water-soluble ion concentrations in PM_(2.5) collected at the Environmental Monitoring Center was SO_4~(2-)>NO_3~->NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-,while at Paomaling it was NO_3~->SO_4~(2-)>NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-.The concentration of SNA was(134.7±49.5)μg·m~(-3)(51.8%of PM_(2.5))at the Environmental Monitoring Center and(46.2±19.0)μg·m~(-3)(54.4%of PM_(2.5))at Paomaling,respectively.The two sites showed a great difference in PM_(2.5) concentrations,but a close proportion of SNA in PM_(2.5).By analyzing the correlation between the calculated and measured concentrations of NH_4~+,it could be confirmed that NH_4~+mostly existed in the forms of(NH_4)_2SO_4 and NH_4NO_3.At the Environmental Monitoring Center,sulfate oxidizing rate(SOR)and nitrate oxidizing rate(NOR)were 0.44 and 0.32,while at Paomaling SOR was 0.32 and NOR was0.44.Both SOR and NOR were over 0.1 at the two sites,suggesting a high level of secondary oxidation of SO_2 and NO_2.By using the OC/EC minimum ratio method,the secondary organic carbon(SOC)was estimated to be 8.3μg·m~(-3)(38.2%of OC)at the Environmental Monitoring Center and 1.8μg·m~(-3)(20.9%of OC)at Paomaling,indicating that the level of secondary reaction of organic carbon at the Environmental Monitoring Center was much higher than that at Paomaling.The correlation between EC and OC at Paomaling(R~2=0.92)was stronger than that at Environmental Monitoring Center(R~2=0.57),implying the more complicated origins of OC and EC that could contribute to the formation of SOC at the Environmental Monitoring Center.
To investigate PM_(2.5) and its components pollution characteristics in Jinan urban area and clean air site during the period of heavy air pollution weather,the continuous collection of PM_(2.5) were performed from December 31 2016 to January 7 2017 at the Environmental Monitoring Center and Paomaling.Also,the characteristics of PM_(2.5) and its pollution components(water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components)were analyzed.Results showed that the concentration of PM_(2.5) at the Environmental Monitoring Center was three times as many as which at Paomaling,implying the impact of heavy air pollution weather on Jinan urban area was significantly stronger than that of Paomaling.The order of water-soluble ion concentrations in PM_(2.5) collected at the Environmental Monitoring Center was SO_4~(2-)>NO_3~->NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-,while at Paomaling it was NO_3~->SO_4~(2-)>NH_4~+>Cl~->K~+>Na~+>Ca~(2+)>F~-.The concentration of SNA was(134.7±49.5)μg·m~(-3)(51.8%of PM_(2.5))at the Environmental Monitoring Center and(46.2±19.0)μg·m~(-3)(54.4%of PM_(2.5))at Paomaling,respectively.The two sites showed a great difference in PM_(2.5) concentrations,but a close proportion of SNA in PM_(2.5).By analyzing the correlation between the calculated and measured concentrations of NH_4~+,it could be confirmed that NH_4~+mostly existed in the forms of(NH_4)_2SO_4 and NH_4NO_3.At the Environmental Monitoring Center,sulfate oxidizing rate(SOR)and nitrate oxidizing rate(NOR)were 0.44 and 0.32,while at Paomaling SOR was 0.32 and NOR was0.44.Both SOR and NOR were over 0.1 at the two sites,suggesting a high level of secondary oxidation of SO_2 and NO_2.By using the OC/EC minimum ratio method,the secondary organic carbon(SOC)was estimated to be 8.3μg·m~(-3)(38.2%of OC)at the Environmental Monitoring Center and 1.8μg·m~(-3)(20.9%of OC)at Paomaling,indicating that the level of secondary reaction of organic carbon at the Environmental Monitoring Center was much higher than that at Paomaling.The correlation between EC and OC at Paomaling(R~2=0.92)was stronger than that at Environmental Monitoring Center(R~2=0.57),implying the more complicated origins of OC and EC that could contribute to the formation of SOC at the Environmental Monitoring Center.
引文
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陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东,2010.我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价[J].中国环境科学,30(3):410-415.CHEN R J,CHEN B H,QUE H D,2010.A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities[J].China Environmental Science,30(3):410-415.
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王念飞,陈阳,郝庆菊,等,2016.苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J].环境科学,37(12):4482-4489.WANG N F,CHEN Y,HAO Q J,et al.,2016.Seasonal Variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou[J].Environmental Science,37(12):4482-4489.
熊新竹,陶双成,高硕晗,等,2017.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1167-1173.XIONG X Z,TAO S C,GAO S H,et al.,2017.Characteristics of air pollution in a typical main urban area of Beijing in winter[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1167-1173.
谢元博,陈娟,李巍,2014.雾霾重污染天气期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估[J].环境科学,35(1):1-8.XIE Y B,CHEN J,LI W,et al.,2014.An Assessment of PM2.5 Related Health Risks and Impaired Values of Beijing Residents in a Consecutive High-Level Exposure During Heavy Haze Days[J].Environmental Science,35(1):1-8.
谢杨,戴瀚程,花岡達也,等,2016.PM2.5污染对京津冀地区人群健康影响和经济影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,26(11):19-27.XIE Y,DAI H C,HANAOKA T,et al.,2016.Health and economic impacts of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area[J].China Pollution,Resources and Environment,26(11):19-27.
杨雨蒙,杨凌霄,张俊美,等,2017.济南市冬季灰霾日PM1.0和PM1.0-2.5污染特征[J].山东大学学报:工学版,47(2):111-116.YANG Y M,YANG L X,ZHANG J M,et al.,2017.Characteristics of PM1.0 and PM1.0-2.5 in haze days during winter in Jinan[J].China Pollution,Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science),26(11):19-27.
CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z,et al.,1996.Descriptive analysis of PM2.5,and PM10,at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX[J].Atmospheric Environment,30(12):2079-2112.
CHOW J C,WATSON J G,CHEN L W,et al.,2004.Equivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols[J].Environmental Science&Technology 38(16):4414-4422.
DU H H,KONG L D,CHENG T T,et al.,2011.Insights into summertime haze pollution events over Shanghai based on online water-soluble ionic composition of aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(29):5131-5137.
HU M,WU Z J,SLANINA J,et al.,2008.Acidic gases,ammonia and water-soluble ions in PM2.5,at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,42(25):6310-6320.
KAN H,LONDON S J,CHEN G,et al.,2007.Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai,China[J].Environment International,33(3):376-384.
LIN Y C,CHENG M T,TING W Y,et al.,2006.Characteristics of gaseous HNO,HNO,NH and particulate ammonium nitrate in an urban city of Central Taiwan[J].Atmospheric Environment,40(25):4725-4733.
SONG C B,WU L,XIE Y C,et al.,2017.Air pollution in China:Status and spatiotemporal variations[J].Environmental Pollution,227:334-347.
SUN J,LI J L,ZHOU M Y,et al.,2018.Observational analyses of dramatic developments of a severe air pollution event in the Beijing area[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,18(6):1-24.
TURPIN B J,HUNTZICKER J J,1995.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J].Atmospheric Environment,29(23):3527-3544.
WANG Y H,LIU Z R,ZHANG J K,et al.,2015.Aerosol physicochemical properties and implications for visibility during an intense haze episode during winter in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,15(6):3205-3215.
WANG Y,ZHUSNG G S,TANG A H,2005.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5 aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,39(21):3771-3784.
WATSON J G,CHOW J C,HOUCK J E,2001.PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust,vegetative burning,geological material,and coal burning in northwestern Colorado during 1995[J].Chemosphere,43(8):1141-1151.
ZHANG J M,CHEN J M,YANG L X,et al.,2014.Indoor PM2.5,and its chemical composition during a heavy haze-fog episode at Jinan,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,99:641-649.
陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东,2010.我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价[J].中国环境科学,30(3):410-415.CHEN R J,CHEN B H,QUE H D,2010.A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities[J].China Environmental Science,30(3):410-415.
段凤魁,贺克斌,刘成德,等,2007.含碳气溶胶研究进展:有机碳和元素碳[J].环境工程学报,1(8):1-8.DUAN F K,HE K B,LIU C D,et al.,2007.Review of carbonaceous aerosol studies:Organic carbon and elemental carbon[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,1(8):1-8.
黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,等,2006.大气气溶胶中有机碳和元素碳监测方法的进展[J].分析科学学报,22(2):225-229.HUANG H,LI S C,CAO J J,et al.,2006.Progress of sampling and analysis of aerosol organic and elemental carbon[J].Journal of Analytical Science,22(2):225-229.
环境保护部,2012.GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012.GB 3095-2012,Ambient Air Quality Standards[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
王念飞,陈阳,郝庆菊,等,2016.苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J].环境科学,37(12):4482-4489.WANG N F,CHEN Y,HAO Q J,et al.,2016.Seasonal Variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou[J].Environmental Science,37(12):4482-4489.
熊新竹,陶双成,高硕晗,等,2017.北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1167-1173.XIONG X Z,TAO S C,GAO S H,et al.,2017.Characteristics of air pollution in a typical main urban area of Beijing in winter[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1167-1173.
谢元博,陈娟,李巍,2014.雾霾重污染天气期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估[J].环境科学,35(1):1-8.XIE Y B,CHEN J,LI W,et al.,2014.An Assessment of PM2.5 Related Health Risks and Impaired Values of Beijing Residents in a Consecutive High-Level Exposure During Heavy Haze Days[J].Environmental Science,35(1):1-8.
谢杨,戴瀚程,花岡達也,等,2016.PM2.5污染对京津冀地区人群健康影响和经济影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,26(11):19-27.XIE Y,DAI H C,HANAOKA T,et al.,2016.Health and economic impacts of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area[J].China Pollution,Resources and Environment,26(11):19-27.
杨雨蒙,杨凌霄,张俊美,等,2017.济南市冬季灰霾日PM1.0和PM1.0-2.5污染特征[J].山东大学学报:工学版,47(2):111-116.YANG Y M,YANG L X,ZHANG J M,et al.,2017.Characteristics of PM1.0 and PM1.0-2.5 in haze days during winter in Jinan[J].China Pollution,Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science),26(11):19-27.
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