近三年中国甲醛时空分布特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
近年来,研究大气污染物的时空分布特征及影响因素分析已成为环境科学领域研究的热点问题.本文基于OMI甲醛垂直柱浓度数据产品,结合各省市气象、植被、人类活动等数据,对全国2015—2017年甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,全国甲醛柱浓度分布极不均衡,整体呈现自东南沿海向西北递减的趋势,此外在新疆与西藏的小部分地区存在高值区域.3年来全国甲醛柱浓度为整体上升,且变化率在-1.02～1.46之间,其中全国81%地区呈上升趋势,19%地区呈下降趋势.全国甲醛柱浓度季节性变化规律表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季.甲醛柱浓度时空分布受气象因素影响,整体上与气温、降水呈正相关,但部分地区降水对甲醛有消减作用;甲醛柱浓度也与植被量呈正相关,如植被丰富的西藏地区及我国东南部,植被对甲醛柱浓度的影响显著.全国大多数省份甲醛柱量与地区生产总值、汽车保有量呈显著正相关,人类足迹分布模式与甲醛柱浓度空间分布的一致性较高,指示在城市发达地区,人类活动和经济发展、汽车尾气是导致甲醛柱浓度增高的主要原因.
In recent years, it has become a hot issue in the field of environmental science to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants and their influencing factors. Based on OMI formaldehyde vertical column concentration data products, combined with the data of meteorology, vegetation and human activities in various provinces and cities, this paper studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of formaldehyde column concentration in China from 2015 to 2017. The results show that the distribution of formaldehyde column concentration in the country is extremely uneven, and the overall trend is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest. In addition, there are high-value areas in a small part of Xinjiang and Tibet. The concentration of formaldehyde in the whole country shows an overall upward trend, and the rate of change is between 1.02 and 1.46. Among which, the formaldehyde column concentration in 81% of the areas shows an upward trend, while that in 19% of the areas shows a downward trend. The seasonal variation of the concentration of formaldehyde in the country is as follows: summer, spring, autumn, winter. The spatial and temporal distribution of formaldehyde concentration is affected by meteorological factors, and it is positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. However, precipitation in some areas has a depletion effect on formaldehyde. The concentration of formaldehyde column is also positively correlated with vegetation. For example, vegetation has a significant effect on the concentration of formaldehyde column in vegetation-rich Tibet and southeastern China. The amount of formaldehyde column in most Provinces of China shows a significant positive correlation with regional GDP and vehicle holdings. The distribution pattern of human footprint and the spatial distribution of formaldehyde column concentration are highly consistent. It shows that in urban developed areas, human activities, economic development, and automobile exhaust are the main reasons for the increase of formaldehyde column concentration.
In recent years, it has become a hot issue in the field of environmental science to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants and their influencing factors. Based on OMI formaldehyde vertical column concentration data products, combined with the data of meteorology, vegetation and human activities in various provinces and cities, this paper studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of formaldehyde column concentration in China from 2015 to 2017. The results show that the distribution of formaldehyde column concentration in the country is extremely uneven, and the overall trend is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest. In addition, there are high-value areas in a small part of Xinjiang and Tibet. The concentration of formaldehyde in the whole country shows an overall upward trend, and the rate of change is between 1.02 and 1.46. Among which, the formaldehyde column concentration in 81% of the areas shows an upward trend, while that in 19% of the areas shows a downward trend. The seasonal variation of the concentration of formaldehyde in the country is as follows: summer, spring, autumn, winter. The spatial and temporal distribution of formaldehyde concentration is affected by meteorological factors, and it is positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. However, precipitation in some areas has a depletion effect on formaldehyde. The concentration of formaldehyde column is also positively correlated with vegetation. For example, vegetation has a significant effect on the concentration of formaldehyde column in vegetation-rich Tibet and southeastern China. The amount of formaldehyde column in most Provinces of China shows a significant positive correlation with regional GDP and vehicle holdings. The distribution pattern of human footprint and the spatial distribution of formaldehyde column concentration are highly consistent. It shows that in urban developed areas, human activities, economic development, and automobile exhaust are the main reasons for the increase of formaldehyde column concentration.
引文
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蒋朝晖,王玉娇,郑玄,等.2016.张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征[J].环境科学研究,29(9):1272-1278
Largiuni O,Giacomelli M C,Piccardi G.2002.Concentration of peroxides and formaldehyde in air and rain and gas-rain partitioning[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,41(1):1-20
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龙慧灵,李晓兵,王宏,等.2010.内蒙古草原区植被净初级生产力及其与气候的关系[J].生态学报,30(5):1367-1378
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Nilsson J A,Zheng X,Sundqvist K,et al.1998.Toxicity of formaldehyde to human oral fibroblasts and epithelial cells:Influences of culture conditions and role of thiol status[J].Journal of Dental Research,77(11):1896-1903
单源源,李莉,刘琼,等.2016.基于OMI数据的中国中东部臭氧及前体物的时空分布[J].环境科学研究,29(8):1128-1136
Smedt D,Stavrakou T,Hendrick F,et al.2015.Diurnal,seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15(8):12241-12300
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Stavrakou T,Müller J F,Smedt I D,et al.2009.Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,9(3):1037-1060
王宇航,赵鸣飞,康慕谊,等.2016.黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子空间尺度依存性及非平稳性研究[J].地理研究,35(3):493-503
肖钟湧,江洪,程苗苗.2011.利用OMI遥感数据研究中国区域大气NO2 [J].环境科学学报,31(10):2080-2090
曾祥素.2005.甲醛被列为一类致癌物质[N].中国质量报,03/17
Zhu L,Jacob D J,Mickley L J,et al.2014.Anthropogenic emissions ofhighly reactive volatile organic compounds in eastern Texas inferredfrom oversampling of satellite (OMI) measurements of HCHOcolumns[J].Environmental Research Letters,9(11):114004,doi:10.1088 /1748-9326
Atkinson R.2000.Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,34(12):2063-2101
白建辉,郝楠.2018.亚热带森林植物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)排放通量与大气甲醛之间的关系[J].生态环境学报,27(6):991-999
Barkley M P,Palmer P I,Kuhn U,et al.2008.Net ecosystem fluxes ofisoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113(D20),DOI:10.1029 /2008JD009863
Boeke N L,Marshall J D,Alvarez S,et al.2011.Formaldehyde columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument:Urban versus background levels and evaluation using aircraft data and a global model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,116(D5):D05303
Carlier P,Hannachi H,Mouvier G.1986.The chemistry of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere—A review[J].Atmospheric Environment,20(11):2079-2099
杜君平,朱玉霞,刘锐,等.2014.基于OMI数据的中国臭氧总量时空分布特征[J].中国环境监测,30(2):191-196
Duncan B N,Yoshida Y,Olson J R,et al.2010.Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NO and VOC controls on surface ozone formation[J].Atmospheric Environment,44(18):2213-2223
Guven B B,Olaguer E P.2011.Ambient formaldehyde source attribution in Houston during TexAQS II and TRAMP[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(25):4272-4280
蒋朝晖,王玉娇,郑玄,等.2016.张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征[J].环境科学研究,29(9):1272-1278
Largiuni O,Giacomelli M C,Piccardi G.2002.Concentration of peroxides and formaldehyde in air and rain and gas-rain partitioning[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,41(1):1-20
Lary D J,Shallcross D E.2000.Central role of carbonyl compounds in atmospheric chemistry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,105(D15):19771-19778
Levelt P F,Oord G H J V D,Dobber M R,et al.2006.The ozone monitoring instrument[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing,44(5):1093-1101
龙慧灵,李晓兵,王宏,等.2010.内蒙古草原区植被净初级生产力及其与气候的关系[J].生态学报,30(5):1367-1378
Millet D B,Jacob D J,Boersma K F,et al.2008.Spatial distribution of isoprene emissions from North America derived from formaldehydecolumn measurements by the OMI satellite sensor[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113,D02307,DOI:10.1029 /2007JD008950
穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,等.2012.2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征[J].地理学报,67(9):1255-1268
Nilsson J A,Zheng X,Sundqvist K,et al.1998.Toxicity of formaldehyde to human oral fibroblasts and epithelial cells:Influences of culture conditions and role of thiol status[J].Journal of Dental Research,77(11):1896-1903
单源源,李莉,刘琼,等.2016.基于OMI数据的中国中东部臭氧及前体物的时空分布[J].环境科学研究,29(8):1128-1136
Smedt D,Stavrakou T,Hendrick F,et al.2015.Diurnal,seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15(8):12241-12300
Smedt I D,Stavrakou T,Müller J F,et al.2009.H2CO columns retrieved from GOME-2:first scientific results and progress towards the development of an operational product[C].Eumetsat Meteorological Satellite Conference.
Stavrakou T,Müller J F,Smedt I D,et al.2009.Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions,9(3):1037-1060
王宇航,赵鸣飞,康慕谊,等.2016.黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子空间尺度依存性及非平稳性研究[J].地理研究,35(3):493-503
肖钟湧,江洪,程苗苗.2011.利用OMI遥感数据研究中国区域大气NO2 [J].环境科学学报,31(10):2080-2090
曾祥素.2005.甲醛被列为一类致癌物质[N].中国质量报,03/17
Zhu L,Jacob D J,Mickley L J,et al.2014.Anthropogenic emissions ofhighly reactive volatile organic compounds in eastern Texas inferredfrom oversampling of satellite (OMI) measurements of HCHOcolumns[J].Environmental Research Letters,9(11):114004,doi:10.1088 /1748-9326
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