基于风雪联合试验系统的风致雪漂移试验相似准则研究
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摘要
风致雪漂移现象导致了建筑屋面积雪的不均匀分布,给建筑结构带来了巨大的安全隐患。风洞试验是研究风致雪漂移的主要方法之一,而相似准则是进行风洞试验的基础,文中对Kind、Iversen和Tabler提出的相似理论进行了介绍,并归类整理了目前国内外学者主要采用的相似参数,包括弗劳德数、雷诺数、时间相似参数、速度相似参数等。应用哈尔滨工业大学自主研发的风雪联合试验系统,以日本学者Oikawa完成的户外实测作为参照原型,以边长0. 5 m立方体为试验模型,人造雪作为模拟颗粒,并在充分考虑不同相似参数的特点基础上,基于优选的相似参数进行了缩尺试验。根据实测结果与缩尺试验结果对比与分析发现,应用基于跃移层质量传输率相似的相似准则所得试验结果的侵蚀区和堆积区与实测结果吻合较好,精确地还原了实测结果的积雪分布形状,且以实测原型的平均风速为标准得出的试验结果优于以实测原型的最大风速为标准的试验结果。
Wind-induced snowdrift phenomenon leads to the unbalanced distribution of snow on the building roofs,which could bring a huge safety hazard to the structure. The wind tunnel test is one of the main methods to study windinduced snowdrift,and similarity theories are the bases of wind tunnel test. In this paper,the similarity theories of Kind,Iversen and Tabler were firstly summarized. After the classification,the main similarity criteria were then summarized,including Froude,Reynold,time similarity criterion and speed similarity criterion,etc. Making use of the wind-snow combined experiment facility,taking artificial snow as the simulating granular material,as well as considering characteristics of different similarity criteria sufficiently,scale experiments on snow distribution around a 0. 5 m cube were conducted according to the selected similarity criterion,with the field observation on snow distribution around a 1 m cube by Oikawa as the prototypes. Finally,according to the comparison of the prototypes and scale experiments,and with a full consideration of the characteristics of each similarity criterion,the similarity criterion based on the mass transfer rate of saltation process is proved to be the most reliable for the reappearance of snow distribution,and the experimental results show better agreement with the prototype when using the mean wind speed of the prototype.
Wind-induced snowdrift phenomenon leads to the unbalanced distribution of snow on the building roofs,which could bring a huge safety hazard to the structure. The wind tunnel test is one of the main methods to study windinduced snowdrift,and similarity theories are the bases of wind tunnel test. In this paper,the similarity theories of Kind,Iversen and Tabler were firstly summarized. After the classification,the main similarity criteria were then summarized,including Froude,Reynold,time similarity criterion and speed similarity criterion,etc. Making use of the wind-snow combined experiment facility,taking artificial snow as the simulating granular material,as well as considering characteristics of different similarity criteria sufficiently,scale experiments on snow distribution around a 0. 5 m cube were conducted according to the selected similarity criterion,with the field observation on snow distribution around a 1 m cube by Oikawa as the prototypes. Finally,according to the comparison of the prototypes and scale experiments,and with a full consideration of the characteristics of each similarity criterion,the similarity criterion based on the mass transfer rate of saltation process is proved to be the most reliable for the reappearance of snow distribution,and the experimental results show better agreement with the prototype when using the mean wind speed of the prototype.
引文
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[2]袁杨,陈忠范.雪荷载下加油站罩棚倒塌事故分析及若干建议[J].江苏建筑,2009(1):34-36.(YUAN Yang,CHEN Zhongfan.Analysis of gas station sheds collapse under snow load and relevant recommendations[J].Jiangsu Construction,2009(1):34-36.(in Chinese))
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[5]KIND R J.A critical examination of the requirements for model simulation of wind-induced erosion/deposition phenomena such as snow drifting[J].Atmospheric Environment,1976,10(3):219-227.
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[7]TABLER R D.Self-similarity of wind of profiles in blowing snow allows outdoor modeling[J].Journal of Glaciology,1980,26(94):421-434.
[8]ANNO Y.Applications of Anno’s modeling conditions to outdoor modeling of snowdrifts[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1984,9(2):179-181.
[9]BAGNOLD R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dunes[M].London:Methuen,1941:68-75.
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[12]THIIS T K,GJESSING Y.Large-scale measurements of snowdrifts around flat-roofed and single-pitch-roofed buildings[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1999,30(1/2/3):175-181.
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[15]IVERSEN J D.Saltation threshold and deposition rate modeling[J].Developments in Sedimentology,1983,38:103-113.
[16]SATO T,KOSUGI K,SATO A.Saltation-layer structure of drifting snow observed in wind tunnel[J].Annals of Glaciology,2001,32(1):203-208.
[17]NAAIM-BOUVET F,NAAIM M,MICHAUX J L.Snow fences on slopes at high wind speed:physical modelling in the CSTB cold wind tunnel[J].Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences,2002,2(3/4):137-145.
[18]CLIFTON A,RUEDI J D,LEHNING M.Snow saltation threshold measurements in a drifting-snow wind tunnel[J].Journal of Glaciology,2006,52(179):585-596.
[19]KWOK K C S,KIM D H,SMEDLEY D J,et al.Snowdrift around buildings for antarctic environment[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1992,44(1/2/3):2797-2808.
[20]KIND R J.Snowdrifting:a review of modelling methods[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1986,12(3):217-228.
[21]ANNO Y.Requirements for modeling of a snowdrift[J].Cold Region Science and Technology,1984,8(3):241-252.
[22]ISYUMOV N,MIKITIUK M.Wind tunnel model tests of snow drifting on a two-level flat roof[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1990,36(2):893-904.
[23]OKAZE T,MOCHIDA A,TOMINAGA Y,et al.Wind tunnel investigation of drifting snow development in a boundary layer[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2012,104/105/106:532-539.
[24]LU Xiaohui,HUANG Ning,DING Tong.Wind tunnel experiments on natural snow drift[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2012,55(4):927-938.
[25]张国龙.雪荷载实测与风洞实验模拟方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015:45-52.(ZHANGGuolong.Research on snow load measurement and method of wind tunnel test[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2015:45-52.(in Chinese))
[26]刘庆宽,赵善博,孟绍军,等.雪荷载规范比较与风致雪漂移风洞试验方法研究[J].工程力学,2015,32(1):50-56.(LIU Qingkuan,ZHAO Shanbo,MENG Shaojun,et al.Codes comparison and wind tunnel simulation of wind-induced snowdrift[J].Engineering Mechanics,2015,32(1):50-56.(in Chinese))
[27]SUGIURA K,OHATA T,YANG D,et al.Application of a snow particle counter to solid precipitation measurements under arctic conditions[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2009,58(1/2):77-83.
[28]LIU Mengmeng,ZHANG Qingwen,FAN Feng,SHENShizhao.Experiments on natural snow distribution around simplified building models based on open air snow-wind combined experimental facility[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2018,173:1-13.
[29]OIKAWA S,TOMABECHI T,ISHIHARA T.One-day observations of snowdrifts around a model cube[J].Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan,2009,15(4):283-291.
[30]李雪峰.风致建筑屋盖表面及其周边积雪分布研究[D].上海:同济大学,2011:154-157.(LI Xuefeng.Research on snowdrifting on building roof and around building[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2011:154-157.(in Chinese))
[31]BEYERS M,WAECHTER B.Modeling transient snowdrifts around complex three-dimensional structures[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2008,96(10/11):1603-1615.
[32]莫华美,范峰,洪汉平.积雪漂移风洞试验与数值模拟研究中输入风速的估算[J].建筑结构学报,2015,36(7):75-80.(MO Huamei,FAN Feng,HONG Hanping.Evaluation of imput wind speed used in wind test and numerical simulation to estimate drifting snow profile[J].Journal of Building Structures,2015,36(7):75-80.(in Chinese))
[33]孙晓颖,洪财滨,武岳,范峰.建筑物周边风致雪漂移的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2014,31(4):141-146.(SUN Xiaoying,HONG Caibin,WU Yue,FAN Feng.Numerical simulation of snow drifting around building model[J].Engineering Mechanics,2014,31(4):141-146.(in Chinese))
[2]袁杨,陈忠范.雪荷载下加油站罩棚倒塌事故分析及若干建议[J].江苏建筑,2009(1):34-36.(YUAN Yang,CHEN Zhongfan.Analysis of gas station sheds collapse under snow load and relevant recommendations[J].Jiangsu Construction,2009(1):34-36.(in Chinese))
[3]陈氏凤.浅析雪灾中轻钢结构的受损原因与设计建议[J].浙江建筑,2010,27(7):34-36.(CHENShifeng.Brief analysis of the cause of damage to light weight steel structure in snow disaster and the design proposals[J].Zhejiang Construction,2010,27(7):34-36.(in Chinese))
[4]DELPECH P H,PALIER P,GANDEMER J.Snowdrifting simulation around antarctic buildings[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1998,74/75/76:567-576.
[5]KIND R J.A critical examination of the requirements for model simulation of wind-induced erosion/deposition phenomena such as snow drifting[J].Atmospheric Environment,1976,10(3):219-227.
[6]IVERSEN J D.Comparison of wind-tunnel model and full-scale snow fence drifts[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1981,8(3):231-249.
[7]TABLER R D.Self-similarity of wind of profiles in blowing snow allows outdoor modeling[J].Journal of Glaciology,1980,26(94):421-434.
[8]ANNO Y.Applications of Anno’s modeling conditions to outdoor modeling of snowdrifts[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1984,9(2):179-181.
[9]BAGNOLD R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dunes[M].London:Methuen,1941:68-75.
[10]NAAIM-BOUVET F.Comparison of requirements for modeling snowdrift in the case of outdoor and wind tunnel experiments[J].Surveys in Geophysics,1995,16(5/6):711-727.
[11]KOSUGI K,SATO T,SATO A.Dependence of drifting snow saltation lengths on snow surface hardness[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2004,39(2/3):133-139.
[12]THIIS T K,GJESSING Y.Large-scale measurements of snowdrifts around flat-roofed and single-pitch-roofed buildings[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1999,30(1/2/3):175-181.
[13]SUGIURS K,NISHIMURA K,MAENO N,et al.Measurements of snow mass flux and transport rate at different particle diameters in drifting snow[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1998,27(2):83-89.
[14]KIMBAR G,ANDRZEJ F.A new approach to similarity criteria for predicting a snow load in wind tunnel experiments[C]//Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Snow Engineering.Whistler,Canada:ICSE,2008:114-123.
[15]IVERSEN J D.Saltation threshold and deposition rate modeling[J].Developments in Sedimentology,1983,38:103-113.
[16]SATO T,KOSUGI K,SATO A.Saltation-layer structure of drifting snow observed in wind tunnel[J].Annals of Glaciology,2001,32(1):203-208.
[17]NAAIM-BOUVET F,NAAIM M,MICHAUX J L.Snow fences on slopes at high wind speed:physical modelling in the CSTB cold wind tunnel[J].Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences,2002,2(3/4):137-145.
[18]CLIFTON A,RUEDI J D,LEHNING M.Snow saltation threshold measurements in a drifting-snow wind tunnel[J].Journal of Glaciology,2006,52(179):585-596.
[19]KWOK K C S,KIM D H,SMEDLEY D J,et al.Snowdrift around buildings for antarctic environment[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1992,44(1/2/3):2797-2808.
[20]KIND R J.Snowdrifting:a review of modelling methods[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,1986,12(3):217-228.
[21]ANNO Y.Requirements for modeling of a snowdrift[J].Cold Region Science and Technology,1984,8(3):241-252.
[22]ISYUMOV N,MIKITIUK M.Wind tunnel model tests of snow drifting on a two-level flat roof[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1990,36(2):893-904.
[23]OKAZE T,MOCHIDA A,TOMINAGA Y,et al.Wind tunnel investigation of drifting snow development in a boundary layer[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2012,104/105/106:532-539.
[24]LU Xiaohui,HUANG Ning,DING Tong.Wind tunnel experiments on natural snow drift[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2012,55(4):927-938.
[25]张国龙.雪荷载实测与风洞实验模拟方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015:45-52.(ZHANGGuolong.Research on snow load measurement and method of wind tunnel test[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2015:45-52.(in Chinese))
[26]刘庆宽,赵善博,孟绍军,等.雪荷载规范比较与风致雪漂移风洞试验方法研究[J].工程力学,2015,32(1):50-56.(LIU Qingkuan,ZHAO Shanbo,MENG Shaojun,et al.Codes comparison and wind tunnel simulation of wind-induced snowdrift[J].Engineering Mechanics,2015,32(1):50-56.(in Chinese))
[27]SUGIURA K,OHATA T,YANG D,et al.Application of a snow particle counter to solid precipitation measurements under arctic conditions[J].Cold Regions Science&Technology,2009,58(1/2):77-83.
[28]LIU Mengmeng,ZHANG Qingwen,FAN Feng,SHENShizhao.Experiments on natural snow distribution around simplified building models based on open air snow-wind combined experimental facility[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2018,173:1-13.
[29]OIKAWA S,TOMABECHI T,ISHIHARA T.One-day observations of snowdrifts around a model cube[J].Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan,2009,15(4):283-291.
[30]李雪峰.风致建筑屋盖表面及其周边积雪分布研究[D].上海:同济大学,2011:154-157.(LI Xuefeng.Research on snowdrifting on building roof and around building[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2011:154-157.(in Chinese))
[31]BEYERS M,WAECHTER B.Modeling transient snowdrifts around complex three-dimensional structures[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2008,96(10/11):1603-1615.
[32]莫华美,范峰,洪汉平.积雪漂移风洞试验与数值模拟研究中输入风速的估算[J].建筑结构学报,2015,36(7):75-80.(MO Huamei,FAN Feng,HONG Hanping.Evaluation of imput wind speed used in wind test and numerical simulation to estimate drifting snow profile[J].Journal of Building Structures,2015,36(7):75-80.(in Chinese))
[33]孙晓颖,洪财滨,武岳,范峰.建筑物周边风致雪漂移的数值模拟研究[J].工程力学,2014,31(4):141-146.(SUN Xiaoying,HONG Caibin,WU Yue,FAN Feng.Numerical simulation of snow drifting around building model[J].Engineering Mechanics,2014,31(4):141-146.(in Chinese))
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