轻型木结构抗震性能试验及设计评估新方法研究进展
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摘要
轻型木结构由于其节能环保,舒适耐久,且抗震性能良好,在世界范围内大量营建,因而其抗震性能及设计评估越来越受到重视。本文系统介绍了轻型木结构抗震领域的最新研究进展,重点分析了影响轻型木剪力墙受力性能的关键因素及低周反复加载机制。综述了近年来国内外开展的轻型木结构房屋足尺振动台试验研究现状,尤其是国外NEES-Wood和NEES-Soft等前沿木结构项目的研发进展。总结了目前国际上几种最新研发的轻型木结构基于性能的抗震设计、评估方法,指出该类方法是未来木结构抗震工程领域的发展方向。已有研究结果表明:以位移为主要参考指标的抗震设计可以保证结构安全可靠,而基于损伤的方法对于轻型木结构的抗震评估尤为适用。
Light wood frame construction is widely used in the world due to its energy saving,environmental protection,comfort,durability,and good seismic performance.Thus its seismic performance and design evaluation are receiving more and more attention.State-of-the-art research and application advance on light wood frame construction are summarized based on the current research situation abroad. Specially,the dominant factors that affact mechanical performance of light wood shear walls and the low-cycle repeated loading mechanism are analyzed.The research status of full-scale shaking table test of light wood structure houses developed in recent years,especially the development of frontier wood structure projects such as NEES-Wood and NEES-Soft are expatiated.On account of reviews of the latest study,this paper summarizes the performance-based seismic design and evaluation methods and points out that it is the future development direction of the earthquake-resistant engineering of wood structures. The research shows that the seismic design with displacement as the main reference index can ensure the structure's safe and reliable,and the damage-based method is especially suitable for the seismic evaluation of light wood structures.
Light wood frame construction is widely used in the world due to its energy saving,environmental protection,comfort,durability,and good seismic performance.Thus its seismic performance and design evaluation are receiving more and more attention.State-of-the-art research and application advance on light wood frame construction are summarized based on the current research situation abroad. Specially,the dominant factors that affact mechanical performance of light wood shear walls and the low-cycle repeated loading mechanism are analyzed.The research status of full-scale shaking table test of light wood structure houses developed in recent years,especially the development of frontier wood structure projects such as NEES-Wood and NEES-Soft are expatiated.On account of reviews of the latest study,this paper summarizes the performance-based seismic design and evaluation methods and points out that it is the future development direction of the earthquake-resistant engineering of wood structures. The research shows that the seismic design with displacement as the main reference index can ensure the structure's safe and reliable,and the damage-based method is especially suitable for the seismic evaluation of light wood structures.
引文
[1]《木结构设计手册》编委会.木结构设计手册(第三版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005Editorial Board of Wood Structure Design. Handbook of wood structure design(Third Edition)[M]. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2005(in Chinese)
[2] Ni C,Shim K B,Karacabeyli E. Performance of braced walls under various boundary conditions[A]. World Conferenceon Timber Engineering, Institution of Engineers[C].Australia,2010
[3] Rainer J H,Karacabeyli E. Performance of wood framebuilding construction in earthquakes[J].Australasian Journal of Construction Economics&Building,2010,10(3):80-81
[4] GB50005-2003,木结构设计规范[S]GB50005-2003,Code for design of wood structures[S](in Chinese)
[5] ASTM E564-95. Standard test methods of conducting strength tests of panels for building construction[S].West Conshohocken,PA,2006
[6] ISO 16670. Timber structures joints made with mechanical fasteners quasi-static reversed cyclic test method[S]. Standards Council of Canada,Ottawa,1998
[7] Structural Engineers Association of Southern California(SEAOSC).Standard method of cyclic(reversed)load test for shear resistance of framed walls for buildings[S].Whittier,CA,1996
[8] Karacabeyli,E,Ceccotti,A.Test results on the lateral resistance of nailed shear walls[A]. Wood Engineering Conference[C],1996,(2):179-186
[9] Krawinkler H,Parisi F,Ibarra L,et al. Development of a testing protocol for wood frame structures[J].Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia&Metabologia,1999,43(2):121-124
[10] Dinehart D W,Shenton H W. Comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,1998,124:686-695
[11] Gatto K,Uang C M.Cyclic Response of wood frame shear-walls:loading protocol and rateof loading effects[J].CUREE-Caltech Wood Frame Project,Richmond,CA,No.W-13,2002
[12] Gatto K,Uang C M. Effects of loading protocol on the cyclic response of wood frame shear walls[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2003,129:1384-1393
[13]熊海贝,吴玲,康加华.加载制度对具有Bouc-Wen模型特征的结构反应的影响[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,43(1):143-151Xiong H B,Wu L,Kang J H.Effect of loading regime on structural response with bouc-wen model[J]. Journal of Hunan University(Natural Science Edition),2016,43(1):143-151(in Chinese)
[14] Lebeda D J,GuptaR,Rosowsky D V,et al. Effect of hold-down misplacement on strength and stiffness of wood shearwalls[J]. Practice Periodical on Structural Design&Construction,2005,10:2(79),79-87
[15]何敏娟,周楠楠.不同覆面材料木剪力墙抗侧性能试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(3):340-345He M J, Zhou N N. Experimental study on lateral resistance of wood shear wall with different overlay materials[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition), 2011,39(3):340-345(in Chinese)
[16]杜敏,费本华,谢宝元,等.榫接木剪力墙受剪性能试验研究[J].建筑结构学报2012,33(6):144-150Du M,Fei Be,Xie B Y,et al. Shear performance of wood frame shear walls with rabbet study connection[J].Journal of Building Structures,2012,33(6):144-150(in Chinese)
[17]刘雁,王洪鹤,盛向前,等.不同构造木剪力墙受力性能试验研究[J].建筑结构,2015,45(22):97-101Liu Y,Wang H H,Sheng X Q,et al. Experimental study on mechanical behavior of different structural wood shear walls[J]. Building Structures,2015,45(22):97-101(in Chinese)
[18] Chen Z Y,Chui Y H,Doudak G,et al. Contribution of type-X gypsum wall board to the racking performance of light frame wood shear walls[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2016,142(5):115-121
[19] Lafontaine A, Chen Z, Doudak G, et al. Lateral behavior of light wood frame shear walls with gypsum wall board[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2017,143(8):120-125
[20] Lindt JWVD. Can wood frame structures be scaled for shake table testing[A]. Structures Congress[C]. 2007,(248):1-5
[21] Lindt JWVD, Rosowsky D, Filiatrault A, et al.Development of a performance-based seismic design philosophy for midrise wood frame construction:progress on the NEES-wood project[A]. The 9thWorld Conference of Timber Engineering[C]. Oregon State University Conference Services,Corvallis,2006
[22] Lindt JWVD,Rosowsky D V,et al. The NEES-wood project in review[A]. The 9thUS National&The 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C].Toronto Canada:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,2010:291-300
[23] Pei S,Lindt JWVD. Seismic numerical modeling of a six-story light-frame wood building:comparison with experiments[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2011,15(6):924-941
[24] Lindt JWVD,Pryor S E,et al. Shaketable full-scale seven-story steel-wood apartment building[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2011,33(3):757-766
[25] Pouria B,Lindt JWVD,et al. Experimental seismic collapse study of a full scale,4-story,soft-story,wood frame building[J].Journal of Architectural Engineering,2014,20(2):176-184
[26]吕西林,程海江,卢文胜,等.两层轻型木结构足尺房屋模型模拟地震振动台试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2007,(10):41-49Lv X L,Cheng H J,Lu W S,et al. Simulation shaking table test of full-scale building model of two story light wood structure[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2007,(10):41-49(in Chinese)
[27]陈松来,张盛东,王焕定,等.轻型木结构房屋侧向变形机理的现场试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(4):453-459Chen S L, Zhang S D, Wang H D,et al. Field experimental study on lateral deformation mechanism of light wood structure buildings[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition),2008,(4):453-459(in Chinese)
[28]康加华,熊海贝,吕西林.轻型木结构房屋足尺模型低周反复加载试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(11):71-78Kang J H,Xiong H B,Lv X L.Experimental study on low cycle repeated loading of full scale model of light wood structure building[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43(11):71-78(in Chinese)
[29]李书进,铃木祥之.足尺木结构房屋振动台试验及数值模拟研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(12):69-77Li S J,Yoshi.Shaking table test and numerical simulation of full-scale timber structure[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2010,43(12):69-77(in Chinese)
[30]熊海贝,康加华,吕西林.轻型木结构房屋动力特性测试及研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(3):346-352Xiong H B,Kang J H,Lv X L.Dynamic characteristics of light wood structure building and testing[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition),2011,39(3):346-352(in Chinese)
[31]何敏娟,李峰,倪春.轻型木结构房屋动力特性现场实测及研究[J].特种结构,2014,31:6-10He M J,Li F,Ni C. Field measurement and research on dynamic characteristics of light wood structure house[J]. Special Structure,2014,31:6-10(in Chinese)
[32] Andre F,Bryan F. Performance based seismic design of wood frame buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2002,128:39-47
[33] Lindt JWVD,Pei S L, Liu H Y, et al. Threedimensional seismic response of a full-scale light-frame wood building:numerical study[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,136(1):56-65
[34] Lindt JWVD, Liu H. Nonstructural elements in performance-based seismic design of wood frame structures[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2007,133(3):432-439
[35] Lindt JWVD,Pei S L,et al.Performance seismic design of wood frame buildings using a probabilistic system identification concept[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2008,134(2):240-247
[36] Pang W,Rosowsky D V,Pei S,et al. Simplified direct displacement design of six-story wood frame building and pretest seismic performance assessment[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,813-825
[37] Wang Y,Rosowsky D V,PangW. Performance-based procedure fordirect displacement design ofengineeged wood framestructures[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,136(8):284-302
[38] ASCE. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures[S].American Society of Civil Engineers,2010
[39] NBCC.National building code of Canada[S]. National Research Council of Canada,2010
[40] Pei S L,Popovski M,Lindt JWVD.Seismic design of a multi-story cross laminated timber building based on component level testing[A]. The 12thWorld Conference on Timber Engineering[C].2012,15:194-202
[41] Liu H,Lindt JWVD. Prescriptive approach to the performance-based seismic design of low-rise wood frame residential buildings[J]. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2011,25(4):268-276
[42] Lindt JWVD,Rosowsky D V, Pang W, et al.Performance-based seismic design of mid-rise wood frame buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2013,139(8):1294-1302
[43] Ellingwood B R,Rosowsky D V,Li Y,et al. Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(2),1921-1930
[44] Lindt JWVD,Gupta R. Damage and damage prediction for wood shearwall subjected to simulated earthquake loads[J]. Journal of Performance of Construced Facilities.2006,20(2):176-184
[45] Park S,Lindt JWVD.Formulation of seismic fragilities for a wood frame building based on visually determined damage indexes[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2009,23(5):346-353
[46] Liang H,Wen Y K,Foliente G C,et al. Damage modeling and damage limit state criterion for wood frame buildings subjected to seismic loads[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2011,137(1):45-57
[47] Kirkham W J,Gupta R,et al. State of the art:seismic behavior of wood frame residential structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2014,140(1):130-149
[2] Ni C,Shim K B,Karacabeyli E. Performance of braced walls under various boundary conditions[A]. World Conferenceon Timber Engineering, Institution of Engineers[C].Australia,2010
[3] Rainer J H,Karacabeyli E. Performance of wood framebuilding construction in earthquakes[J].Australasian Journal of Construction Economics&Building,2010,10(3):80-81
[4] GB50005-2003,木结构设计规范[S]GB50005-2003,Code for design of wood structures[S](in Chinese)
[5] ASTM E564-95. Standard test methods of conducting strength tests of panels for building construction[S].West Conshohocken,PA,2006
[6] ISO 16670. Timber structures joints made with mechanical fasteners quasi-static reversed cyclic test method[S]. Standards Council of Canada,Ottawa,1998
[7] Structural Engineers Association of Southern California(SEAOSC).Standard method of cyclic(reversed)load test for shear resistance of framed walls for buildings[S].Whittier,CA,1996
[8] Karacabeyli,E,Ceccotti,A.Test results on the lateral resistance of nailed shear walls[A]. Wood Engineering Conference[C],1996,(2):179-186
[9] Krawinkler H,Parisi F,Ibarra L,et al. Development of a testing protocol for wood frame structures[J].Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia&Metabologia,1999,43(2):121-124
[10] Dinehart D W,Shenton H W. Comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,1998,124:686-695
[11] Gatto K,Uang C M.Cyclic Response of wood frame shear-walls:loading protocol and rateof loading effects[J].CUREE-Caltech Wood Frame Project,Richmond,CA,No.W-13,2002
[12] Gatto K,Uang C M. Effects of loading protocol on the cyclic response of wood frame shear walls[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2003,129:1384-1393
[13]熊海贝,吴玲,康加华.加载制度对具有Bouc-Wen模型特征的结构反应的影响[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,43(1):143-151Xiong H B,Wu L,Kang J H.Effect of loading regime on structural response with bouc-wen model[J]. Journal of Hunan University(Natural Science Edition),2016,43(1):143-151(in Chinese)
[14] Lebeda D J,GuptaR,Rosowsky D V,et al. Effect of hold-down misplacement on strength and stiffness of wood shearwalls[J]. Practice Periodical on Structural Design&Construction,2005,10:2(79),79-87
[15]何敏娟,周楠楠.不同覆面材料木剪力墙抗侧性能试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(3):340-345He M J, Zhou N N. Experimental study on lateral resistance of wood shear wall with different overlay materials[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition), 2011,39(3):340-345(in Chinese)
[16]杜敏,费本华,谢宝元,等.榫接木剪力墙受剪性能试验研究[J].建筑结构学报2012,33(6):144-150Du M,Fei Be,Xie B Y,et al. Shear performance of wood frame shear walls with rabbet study connection[J].Journal of Building Structures,2012,33(6):144-150(in Chinese)
[17]刘雁,王洪鹤,盛向前,等.不同构造木剪力墙受力性能试验研究[J].建筑结构,2015,45(22):97-101Liu Y,Wang H H,Sheng X Q,et al. Experimental study on mechanical behavior of different structural wood shear walls[J]. Building Structures,2015,45(22):97-101(in Chinese)
[18] Chen Z Y,Chui Y H,Doudak G,et al. Contribution of type-X gypsum wall board to the racking performance of light frame wood shear walls[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2016,142(5):115-121
[19] Lafontaine A, Chen Z, Doudak G, et al. Lateral behavior of light wood frame shear walls with gypsum wall board[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2017,143(8):120-125
[20] Lindt JWVD. Can wood frame structures be scaled for shake table testing[A]. Structures Congress[C]. 2007,(248):1-5
[21] Lindt JWVD, Rosowsky D, Filiatrault A, et al.Development of a performance-based seismic design philosophy for midrise wood frame construction:progress on the NEES-wood project[A]. The 9thWorld Conference of Timber Engineering[C]. Oregon State University Conference Services,Corvallis,2006
[22] Lindt JWVD,Rosowsky D V,et al. The NEES-wood project in review[A]. The 9thUS National&The 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C].Toronto Canada:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,2010:291-300
[23] Pei S,Lindt JWVD. Seismic numerical modeling of a six-story light-frame wood building:comparison with experiments[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2011,15(6):924-941
[24] Lindt JWVD,Pryor S E,et al. Shaketable full-scale seven-story steel-wood apartment building[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2011,33(3):757-766
[25] Pouria B,Lindt JWVD,et al. Experimental seismic collapse study of a full scale,4-story,soft-story,wood frame building[J].Journal of Architectural Engineering,2014,20(2):176-184
[26]吕西林,程海江,卢文胜,等.两层轻型木结构足尺房屋模型模拟地震振动台试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2007,(10):41-49Lv X L,Cheng H J,Lu W S,et al. Simulation shaking table test of full-scale building model of two story light wood structure[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2007,(10):41-49(in Chinese)
[27]陈松来,张盛东,王焕定,等.轻型木结构房屋侧向变形机理的现场试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(4):453-459Chen S L, Zhang S D, Wang H D,et al. Field experimental study on lateral deformation mechanism of light wood structure buildings[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition),2008,(4):453-459(in Chinese)
[28]康加华,熊海贝,吕西林.轻型木结构房屋足尺模型低周反复加载试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(11):71-78Kang J H,Xiong H B,Lv X L.Experimental study on low cycle repeated loading of full scale model of light wood structure building[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal,2010,43(11):71-78(in Chinese)
[29]李书进,铃木祥之.足尺木结构房屋振动台试验及数值模拟研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(12):69-77Li S J,Yoshi.Shaking table test and numerical simulation of full-scale timber structure[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2010,43(12):69-77(in Chinese)
[30]熊海贝,康加华,吕西林.轻型木结构房屋动力特性测试及研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(3):346-352Xiong H B,Kang J H,Lv X L.Dynamic characteristics of light wood structure building and testing[J]. Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science Edition),2011,39(3):346-352(in Chinese)
[31]何敏娟,李峰,倪春.轻型木结构房屋动力特性现场实测及研究[J].特种结构,2014,31:6-10He M J,Li F,Ni C. Field measurement and research on dynamic characteristics of light wood structure house[J]. Special Structure,2014,31:6-10(in Chinese)
[32] Andre F,Bryan F. Performance based seismic design of wood frame buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2002,128:39-47
[33] Lindt JWVD,Pei S L, Liu H Y, et al. Threedimensional seismic response of a full-scale light-frame wood building:numerical study[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,136(1):56-65
[34] Lindt JWVD, Liu H. Nonstructural elements in performance-based seismic design of wood frame structures[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2007,133(3):432-439
[35] Lindt JWVD,Pei S L,et al.Performance seismic design of wood frame buildings using a probabilistic system identification concept[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2008,134(2):240-247
[36] Pang W,Rosowsky D V,Pei S,et al. Simplified direct displacement design of six-story wood frame building and pretest seismic performance assessment[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,813-825
[37] Wang Y,Rosowsky D V,PangW. Performance-based procedure fordirect displacement design ofengineeged wood framestructures[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2010,136(8):284-302
[38] ASCE. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures[S].American Society of Civil Engineers,2010
[39] NBCC.National building code of Canada[S]. National Research Council of Canada,2010
[40] Pei S L,Popovski M,Lindt JWVD.Seismic design of a multi-story cross laminated timber building based on component level testing[A]. The 12thWorld Conference on Timber Engineering[C].2012,15:194-202
[41] Liu H,Lindt JWVD. Prescriptive approach to the performance-based seismic design of low-rise wood frame residential buildings[J]. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2011,25(4):268-276
[42] Lindt JWVD,Rosowsky D V, Pang W, et al.Performance-based seismic design of mid-rise wood frame buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2013,139(8):1294-1302
[43] Ellingwood B R,Rosowsky D V,Li Y,et al. Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(2),1921-1930
[44] Lindt JWVD,Gupta R. Damage and damage prediction for wood shearwall subjected to simulated earthquake loads[J]. Journal of Performance of Construced Facilities.2006,20(2):176-184
[45] Park S,Lindt JWVD.Formulation of seismic fragilities for a wood frame building based on visually determined damage indexes[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2009,23(5):346-353
[46] Liang H,Wen Y K,Foliente G C,et al. Damage modeling and damage limit state criterion for wood frame buildings subjected to seismic loads[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering,2011,137(1):45-57
[47] Kirkham W J,Gupta R,et al. State of the art:seismic behavior of wood frame residential structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2014,140(1):130-149
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