节水灌溉对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响
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摘要
农田是温室气体的重要排放源,如何通过有效的管理措施降低农田温室气体的排放成为当前应对气候变化研究的热点之一。不同灌溉方式导致土壤水分差异较大,进而引起温室气体排放的差异。【目的】系统总结分析不同节水灌溉方式对温室气体排放的影响效果有助于对节水灌溉方式优化选择及未来研究方向的聚焦。【方法】在前人研究基础上,进行文献搜集和整理,综述分析了节水灌溉方式对稻田和旱作农田温室气体排放的影响。【结果】与长期淹水相比,现有的水稻节水灌溉方式增加了稻田土壤CO_2排放,增幅为20.83%～104.00%,平均增加48.40%,对N_2O排放的影响有增加也有降低,其影响率范围为-41.30%～3 078.41%,平均增加269.10%,但却显著降低了CH4的排放,降幅为14.19%～78.92%,平均降低51.66%。综合考虑稻田的全球净增温潜势(GWP),节水灌溉较长期淹水降低了稻田的GWP。与漫灌/沟灌相比,滴灌可改变旱作农田CO_2和N_2O排放及对CH_4的吸收,其变化率范围分别为-31.19%～2.81%、-46.51%～52.56%和-150.00%～43.39%,平均分别降低12.84%、18.63%和24.93%。综合考虑旱作农田的GWP,由于N_2O是旱作农田的主要温室气体,因此,滴灌降低了旱作农田的GWP。【结论】节水灌溉在节水的同时,还可降低农田温室气体排放的全球净增温潜势。基于研究现状,亟须对不同节水灌溉方式的温室排放效应及其机制开展定量研究。
【Objective】Croplands emit greenhouse gases, and improving agronomical management to ameliorate emission has thus been touted as an alternative to mitigate climate change. It has received increased interest over the past decades. In this paper, we review how water-saving irrigations could alter gas emission from cropland.【Method】We analyzed previous research published in the literature with the focus on paddy field and upland.【Result】Compared with flooding irrigation, water-saving irrigation increased CO_2 emissions from paddy field by20.83%～104.00% with an average of 48.40%; its impact on N_2O emission varied from-41.30% to 3 078.41%with a mean 269.10%. In contrast, water-saving irrigation reduced CH_4 emission by 14.19%～78.92% with an average of 51.66%. In terms of net global warming potential(GWP), water-saving irrigation reduced GWP of paddy field compared to flooding irrigation. In upland, drip irrigation changed the emission of CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 by-31.19%～2.81%,-46.51%～52.56% and-150.00%～43.39%, respectively, compared to flooding irrigation. Since N_2O is a more potent greenhouse gas, drip irrigation still reduces GWP compared to flooding irrigation.【Conclusion】Water-saving irrigation can not only save water but also mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from cropland.
【Objective】Croplands emit greenhouse gases, and improving agronomical management to ameliorate emission has thus been touted as an alternative to mitigate climate change. It has received increased interest over the past decades. In this paper, we review how water-saving irrigations could alter gas emission from cropland.【Method】We analyzed previous research published in the literature with the focus on paddy field and upland.【Result】Compared with flooding irrigation, water-saving irrigation increased CO_2 emissions from paddy field by20.83%～104.00% with an average of 48.40%; its impact on N_2O emission varied from-41.30% to 3 078.41%with a mean 269.10%. In contrast, water-saving irrigation reduced CH_4 emission by 14.19%～78.92% with an average of 51.66%. In terms of net global warming potential(GWP), water-saving irrigation reduced GWP of paddy field compared to flooding irrigation. In upland, drip irrigation changed the emission of CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 by-31.19%～2.81%,-46.51%～52.56% and-150.00%～43.39%, respectively, compared to flooding irrigation. Since N_2O is a more potent greenhouse gas, drip irrigation still reduces GWP compared to flooding irrigation.【Conclusion】Water-saving irrigation can not only save water but also mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from cropland.
引文
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[2]王勤花,曲建升,张志强,等.气候变化减缓技术:国际现状与发展趋势[J].气候变化研究进展,2007,3(6):322-327.
[3]王浩,汪林,杨贵羽,等.我国农业水资源形势与高效利用战略举措[J].中国工程科学,2018,20(5):9-15.
[4]薛景元.干旱地下水浅埋区基于水盐过程的多尺度农业水分生产力模型与模拟[D].北京:中国农业大学,2018.
[5]NORTON U,MOSIER A R,MORGAN J A,et al.Moisture pulses,trace gas emissions and soil C and N in cheatgrass and native grass-dominated sage brush-steppe in Wyoming,USA[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:1 421-1 431.
[6]巩文军.灌水方式对华北不同品种玉米产量形成和水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(3):18-22.
[7]谷鹏,焦燕,杨文柱,等.不同灌溉方式对农田土壤微生物丰度及通透性的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(1):21-27.
[8]SANCHEZ-MARTIN L,MEIJIDE A,GARCIA-TORRES L,et al.Combination of drip irrigation and organic fertilizer for mitigating emissions of nitrogen oxides in semiarid climate[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,2010,137:99-107.
[9]BRONSON K F,HUNSAKER D J,WILLIAMS C F,et al.Nitrogen management affects nitrous oxide emissions under varying cotton irrigation systems in the desert southwest,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2018,47:70-78.
[10]FENTABIL M M,NICHOL C F,NEILSEN G H,et al.Effect of micro-irrigation type,N-source and mulching on nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid climate:An assessment across two years in a Merlot grape vineyard[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:49-62.
[11]WANG G S,LIANG Y P,ZHANG Q,et al.Mitigated CH4and N2O emissions and improved irrigation water use efficiency in winter wheat field with surface drip irrigation in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,163:403-407.
[12]韩冰,叶旭红,张西超,等.不同灌溉方式设施土壤N2O排放特征及其影响因素[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):310-315,321.
[13]张前兵,杨玲,王进,等.干旱区不同灌溉方式及施肥措施对棉田土壤呼吸及各组分贡献的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(12):2 420-2 430.
[14]张西超,叶旭红,韩冰,等.灌溉方式对设施土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(10):1 487-1 496.
[15]KENNEDY T L,SUDDICK E C,SIX J.Reduced nitrous oxide emissions and increased yields in California tomato cropping systems under drip irrigation and fertigation[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2013,170:16-27.
[16]SANCHEZ-MARTIN L,ARCE A,BENITO A,et al.Influence of drip and furrow irrigation systems on nitrogen oxide emissions from a horticultural crop[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:1 698-1 706.
[17]LI Z,ZHANG R,WANG X,et al.Effects of plastic film mulching with drip irrigation on N2O and CH4emissions from cotton fields in arid land[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2014,152:534-542.
[18]郭树芳,齐玉春,罗小玲,等.滴灌对干旱区春小麦田土壤CO2、N2O排放及综合增温潜势的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(4):792-800.
[19]TIAN D,ZHANG Y Y,MU Y J,et al.The effect of drip irrigation and drip fertigation on N2O and NO emissions,water saving and grain yields in a maize field in the North China Plain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1 034-1 040.
[20]张亚捷,牛海山,汪诗平,等.不同灌溉方法对宁夏葡萄园土壤二氧化碳和甲烷排放的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(1):17-21.
[21]郭伟.新疆地区灌溉施肥模式对棉田N2O和NH3排放的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[22]WU J,GUO W,FENG J F,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from cotton field under different irrigation methods and fertilization regimes in arid North western China[J].The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:407832.
[23]黄丽华,沈根祥,顾海蓉,等.废水管理方式对蔬菜田N2O释放影响的模拟研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(6):1 319-1 324.
[24]王孟雪,张忠学.适宜节水灌溉模式抑制旱地稻田N2O排放增加水稻产量[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(15):72-79.
[25]LI J L,LI Y E,WAN Y F,et al.Combination of modified nitrogen fertilizers and water saving irrigation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase rice yield[J].Geoderma,2018,315:1-10.
[26]MARIS S C,TEIRA-ESMATGES M R,CATALA M M.Influence of irrigation frequency on greenhouse gas emission from a paddy soil[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2016,14:199-210.
[27]XU Y,GE J Z,TIAN S Y,et al.Effects of water-saving irrigation practices and drought resistant rice variety on greenhouse gas emissions from a no-till paddy in the central lowlands of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:1 043-1 052.
[28]彭世彰,杨士红,徐俊增.控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放及温室效应的影响[J].水科学进展,2010,21(2):235-240.
[29]傅志强,龙攀,刘依依,等.水氮组合模式对双季稻甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3 365-3 372.
[30]朱士江.寒地稻作不同灌溉模式的节水及温室气体排放效应试验研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2012.
[31]袁伟玲,曹凑贵,程建平,等.间歇灌溉模式下稻田CH4和N2O排放及温室效应评估[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(12):4 294-4 300.
[32]AHN J H,CHOI M Y,KIM B Y,et al.Effects of water-saving irrigation on emissions of greenhouse gases and prokaryotic communities in rice paddy soil[J].Microbial Ecology,2014,68:271-283.
[33]QI L,NIU H D,ZHOU P,et al.Effects of biochar on the net greenhouse gas emissions under continuous flooding and water-saving irrigation conditions in paddy soils[J].Sustainability,2018,10(5):1 403.
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