物种多样性和系统发育多样性对阔叶红松林生产力的影响
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摘要
生物多样性与生态系统功能间的关系已成为生态学研究的热点问题之一,其中植物多样性对森林生产力的驱动作用受到广泛关注,而其潜在驱动机制还存在很大争议.本研究依托黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区典型阔叶红松林9 hm~2森林动态监测样地,利用2005年和2015年的调查数据,采用线性回归和结构方程模型探究不同空间尺度下物种多样性和系统发育多样性对森林生产力的影响.结果表明:物种多样性和系统发育多样性与生产力均呈正相关,随着空间尺度的增大,物种多样性对生产力的作用强度逐渐增强,而系统发育多样性对生产力的作用逐渐减弱;小尺度下系统发育多样性对生产力的影响大于物种多样性.生产力还受到非生物因素影响,在不同尺度下土壤因子与生产力均呈显著正相关,并且随着尺度的增大,土壤因子对生产力的作用逐渐占据主导地位.在今后研究中应将进化信息与生态系统功能相联系,可为其他多样性度量提供额外的解释力,同时还应考虑空间尺度及非生物因素的影响,为深入了解森林生产力的驱动机制提供科学依据.
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is one of the hot spot in ecological research. The driving effect of plant diversity on forest productivity has been widely focused, but its underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We explored the impacts of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity on forest productivity at different spatial scales based on a 9 hm~2 forest dynamic monitoring plot of typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest in Liangshui National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang Province, with the censuses data in 2005 and 2015, using linear regression and structural equation models. The results showed that species diversity and phylogenetic diversity were both positively correlated with productivity. The strength of species diversity on productivity gradually enhanced as spatial scales increased, while the effects of phylogenetic diversity on productivity showed opposite trend. On small scales, the effects of phylogenetic diversity on productivity was stronger than species diversity. Moreover, productivity was affected by abiotic factors. Soil factors were significantly positively correlated with productivity at different scales, which was gradually dominated as spatial scales increased. Our results indicated that evolutionary information should be considered in future ecosystem function studies, which might provide additional explanatory power for other diversity metrics. Meanwhile, the effects of spatial scales and abiotic factors should also be considered, which could provide a scientific basis for further understanding the mechanisms underlying the changes of forest productivity.
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is one of the hot spot in ecological research. The driving effect of plant diversity on forest productivity has been widely focused, but its underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We explored the impacts of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity on forest productivity at different spatial scales based on a 9 hm~2 forest dynamic monitoring plot of typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest in Liangshui National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang Province, with the censuses data in 2005 and 2015, using linear regression and structural equation models. The results showed that species diversity and phylogenetic diversity were both positively correlated with productivity. The strength of species diversity on productivity gradually enhanced as spatial scales increased, while the effects of phylogenetic diversity on productivity showed opposite trend. On small scales, the effects of phylogenetic diversity on productivity was stronger than species diversity. Moreover, productivity was affected by abiotic factors. Soil factors were significantly positively correlated with productivity at different scales, which was gradually dominated as spatial scales increased. Our results indicated that evolutionary information should be considered in future ecosystem function studies, which might provide additional explanatory power for other diversity metrics. Meanwhile, the effects of spatial scales and abiotic factors should also be considered, which could provide a scientific basis for further understanding the mechanisms underlying the changes of forest productivity.
引文
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[31] Hooper DU,Dukes JS.Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long-term experiment.Ecology Letters,2004,7:95-105
[32] Stephens PR,Wiens JJ.Convergence,divergence,and homogenization in the ecological structure of emydid turtle communities:The effects of phylogeny and dispersal.American Naturalist,2004,164:244-254
[33] Losos JB.Phylogenetic niche conservatism,phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species.Ecology Letters,2008,11:995-1003
[34] Wiens JJ,Graham CH.Niche conservatism:Integrating evolution,ecology,and conservation biology.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2005,36:519-539
[35] Davies TJ,Urban MC,Rayfield B,et al.Deconstructing the relationships between phylogenetic diversity and ecology:A case study on ecosystem functioning.Eco-logy,2016,97:2212-2222
[36] Prado-Junior JA,Schiavini I,Vale VS,et al.Conservative species drive biomass productivity in tropical dry forests.Journal of Ecology,2016,104:817-827
[37] Quesada CA,Phillips OL,Schwarz M,et al.Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest structure and function are mediated by both soils and climate.Biogeosciences,2012,9:2203-2246
[38] van der Sande MT,Arets EJMM,Peňa-Claros M,et al.Soil fertility and species traits,but not diversity,drive productivity and biomass stocks in a Guyanese tropical rainforest.Functional Ecology,2018,32:461-474
[39] Ali A,Lin SL,He JK,et al.Climate and soils determine aboveground biomass indirectly via species diversity and stand structural complexity in tropical forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2019,432:823-831
[40] Turner WR,Tj?rve E.Scale-dependence in species-area relationships.Ecography,2005,28:721-730
[41] Hillerislambers J,Adler PB,Harpole WS,et al.Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2012,43:227-248
[42] Keddy PA.Assembly and response rules:Two goals for predictive community ecology.Journal of Vegetation Science,1992,3:157-164
[2] Loreau M,Naeem S,Inchausti P,et al.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:Current knowledge and future challenges.Science,2001,294:804-808
[3] Cardinale BJ,Duffy JE,Gonzalez A,et al.Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.Nature,2012,489:59-67
[4] Lasky JR,Uriarte M,Boukili VK,et al.The relationship between tree biodiversity and biomass dynamics changes with tropical forest succession.Ecology Letters,2014,17:1158-1167
[5] Cadotte MW,Cardinale BJ,Oakley TH.Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant producti-vity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105:17012-17017
[6] Cadotte MW.Phylogenetic diversity and productivity:Gauging interpretations from experiments that do not manipulate phylogenetic diversity.Functional Ecology,2015,29:1603-1606
[7] Yuan Z,Wang S,Gazol A,et al.Multiple metrics of diversity have different effects on temperate forest functioning over succession.Oecologia,2016,182:1175-1185
[8] Zhang Y,Chen HYH,Reich PB.Forest productivity increases with evenness,species richness and trait variation:A global meta-analysis.Journal of Ecology,2012,100:742-749
[9] van der Sande MT,Peňa-Claros M,Ascarrunz N,et al.Abiotic and biotic drivers of biomass change in a Neotropical forest.Journal of Ecology,2017,105:1223-1234
[10] Deng L-P (邓莉萍),Bai X-J (白雪娇),Qin S-J (秦胜金),et al.Spatial distribution and scale effect of specie diversity of secondary forests in montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(7):2197-2204 (in Chinese)
[11] Paquette A,Messier C.The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity:From temperate to boreal forests.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2011,20:170-180
[12] Yuan Z,Ali A,Wang S,et al.Abiotic and biotic determinants of coarse woody productivity in temperate mixed forests.Science of the Total Environment,2018,630:422-431
[13] Li Y-M (李义明).The phylogenetic diversity measurements and their uses in biodiversity conservation.Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性),1998,6(1):49-54 (in Chinese)
[14] Harvey PH,Pagel MD.The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991
[15] Srivastava DS,Cadotte MW,Macdonald AAM,et al.Phylogenetic diversity and the functioning of ecosystems.Ecology Letters,2012,15:637-648
[16] Jia P (贾鹏),Du G-Z (杜国祯).Measuring functional and phylogenetic diversity in community ecology.Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences (生命科学),2014,26(2):153-157 (in Chinese)
[17] Kembel SW,Hubbell SP.The phylogenetic structure of a neotropical forest tree community.Ecology,2006,87:86-99
[18] Cadotte MW,Cavender-Bares J,Tilman D,et al.Using phylogenetic,functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity.PLoS One,2009,4(5):e5695
[19] Tucker CM,Cadotte MW,Carvalho SB,et al.A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation,community ecology and macroecology.Biological Reviews,2017,92:698-715
[20] Lohbeck M,Poorter L,Martínez-Ramos M,et al.Biomass is the main driver of changes in ecosystem process rates during tropical forest succession.Ecology,2015,96:1242-1252
[21] Zhang Q-G (张全国),Zhang D-Y (张大勇).Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:Recent advances and controversies.Biodiversity Science (生物多样性),2002,10(1):49-60 (in Chinese)
[22] Liu Z-L (刘志理),Jin G-Z (金光泽).Estimation of leaf area index of three forest types in Xiaoxing’an Mountains of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(9):2437-2444 (in Chinese)
[23] Condit R.Tropical Forest Census Plots:Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island,Panama and a Comparison with Other Plots.New York:Springer-Verlag,1998
[24] Chen C-G (陈传国),Zhu J-F (朱俊凤).A Handbook for Main Tree Species Biomassin Northeast China.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1989 (in Chinese)
[25] Jiang F,Xun YH,Cai HY,et al.Functional traits can improve our understanding of niche- and dispersal-based processes.Oecologia,2018,186:783-792
[26] Shi BK,Gao WF,Cai HY,et al.Spatial variation of soil respiration is linked to the forest structure and soil parameters in an old-growth mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in northeastern China.Plant and Soil,2016,400:263-274
[27] Tilman D,Reich PB,Knops J,et al.Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment.Science,2001,294:843-845
[28] Thompson K,Askew AP,Grime JP,et al.Biodiversity,ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities.Functional Ecology,2005,19:355-358
[29] Rapson GL,Thompson K,Hodgson JG.The humped relationship between species richness and biomass:Testing its sensitivity to sample quadrat size.Journal of Ecology,1997,85:99-100
[30] Mcnaughton SJ.Biodiversity and ecosystem function of grazing ecosystems// Schulze ED,ed.Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function.New York:Springer-Verlag,1994:361-383
[31] Hooper DU,Dukes JS.Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long-term experiment.Ecology Letters,2004,7:95-105
[32] Stephens PR,Wiens JJ.Convergence,divergence,and homogenization in the ecological structure of emydid turtle communities:The effects of phylogeny and dispersal.American Naturalist,2004,164:244-254
[33] Losos JB.Phylogenetic niche conservatism,phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species.Ecology Letters,2008,11:995-1003
[34] Wiens JJ,Graham CH.Niche conservatism:Integrating evolution,ecology,and conservation biology.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2005,36:519-539
[35] Davies TJ,Urban MC,Rayfield B,et al.Deconstructing the relationships between phylogenetic diversity and ecology:A case study on ecosystem functioning.Eco-logy,2016,97:2212-2222
[36] Prado-Junior JA,Schiavini I,Vale VS,et al.Conservative species drive biomass productivity in tropical dry forests.Journal of Ecology,2016,104:817-827
[37] Quesada CA,Phillips OL,Schwarz M,et al.Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest structure and function are mediated by both soils and climate.Biogeosciences,2012,9:2203-2246
[38] van der Sande MT,Arets EJMM,Peňa-Claros M,et al.Soil fertility and species traits,but not diversity,drive productivity and biomass stocks in a Guyanese tropical rainforest.Functional Ecology,2018,32:461-474
[39] Ali A,Lin SL,He JK,et al.Climate and soils determine aboveground biomass indirectly via species diversity and stand structural complexity in tropical forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2019,432:823-831
[40] Turner WR,Tj?rve E.Scale-dependence in species-area relationships.Ecography,2005,28:721-730
[41] Hillerislambers J,Adler PB,Harpole WS,et al.Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory.Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2012,43:227-248
[42] Keddy PA.Assembly and response rules:Two goals for predictive community ecology.Journal of Vegetation Science,1992,3:157-164
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