珠江口盆地形成机制与油气地质
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摘要
珠江口盆地位于南海北部陆缘地壳强烈薄化带之上,各坳陷的凹陷结构、构造变形样式、裂后沉降均存在显著差异,不同于陆内典型断陷盆地。裂陷期凹陷结构由珠一坳陷典型箕状断陷向珠二坳陷的断-拗复合型和珠四坳陷的岩浆底辟改造型断拗转换,控凹断层的结构样式由单组高角度犁式断层向多组断层构成的大型拆离断裂系统转换,湖盆由早到晚、由北向南断控作用减弱而拗陷作用增强,分隔性减弱而岩浆底辟的改造增强;裂后沉降具有阶段性和分带差异性,早期以整个盆地的缓慢沉降为主,约27.2Ma进入差异沉降阶段,以陆缘外侧珠四坳陷的强烈沉降为主要特征,约23 Ma强烈沉降区域向北扩展至珠二坳陷,裂后的差异沉降形成了浅水与深水沉积环境,并控制了珠海组和珠江组—韩江组两大陆架坡折带的发育。珠江口盆地分带差异演化与其陆缘地壳的强烈伸展—薄化—破裂过程有关,初始岩石圈结构的差异、薄化过程中地壳流变性质的转换、岩浆底辟作用的参与共同控制了凹陷结构的分带差异;破裂过程中扩张脊向南的跃迁、裂陷期地壳薄化程度的差异共同控制了裂后沉降的阶段性和分带差异性,从而具有不同的构造-热演化史。珠江口盆地的分带差异演化,使得凹陷的结构、沉积充填、热演化史等基础石油地质条件均有所不同,必然导致其成藏规律和勘探策略的差异。
The Pearl River Mouth Basin is located above the strong thinning belt of continental margin crust in the northern South China Sea.There are significant differences in the depression structure,tectonic deformation pattern and post-crack settlement of each depression,which is different from the intracontinental typical fault basin.The depression structure during rifting period was transformed from the typical dustpan-like fault depression in Zhu-1 depression to the composite fault depression in Zhu-2 depression and the fault depression transformed by magmatic diapirism in Zhu-4 depression.The structural pattern of the depression-controlled fault was converted from the single-group high-angle plough-shaped fault to a large-scale detached fault system composed of multiple groups of faults.The lake basin has the fault control effect weakened from early to late and from north to south,while the depression effect was enhanced,showing the weakened separation and the enhanced transformation by magmatic diapirism.The post-crack settlement presented phased and zonal differences.In the early stage,the whole basin was dominant by slow subsidence,and entered the differential subsidence stage in about 27.2 Ma.The Zhu-4 depression on the outer continental margin was dominant by strong subsidence,and in about 23 Ma,the strong subsidence area extended northward to the Zhu-2 depression.The post-crack differential settlement led to shallow-water and deep-water sedimentary environments,controlling the development of two slope-break zones,i.e.,Zhuhai Formation and Zhujiang Formation-Hanjiang Formation.The differential evolution of zoning in the Pearl River Mouth Basin was related to the strong extension-thinning-rupture process of the continental margin crust.During the differentiation and thinning process of the initial lithospheric structure,the transformation of crustal rheological properties and the participation of magmatic diapirism jointly controlled the zoning difference of depression structure.During the rupture process,the southward transition of extensional ridge and the difference in thinning degree of the crust during rifting period jointly controlled the phased and zonal differences of the post-crack settlement,thus forming a different tectonic-thermal evolution history.The zoning differential evolution of the Pearl River Mouth Basin resulted in different basic petroleum geological conditions of depression,such as the structure,sedimentary filling and thermal evolution history,which will inevitably lead to the differences in its accumulation laws and exploration strategies.
The Pearl River Mouth Basin is located above the strong thinning belt of continental margin crust in the northern South China Sea.There are significant differences in the depression structure,tectonic deformation pattern and post-crack settlement of each depression,which is different from the intracontinental typical fault basin.The depression structure during rifting period was transformed from the typical dustpan-like fault depression in Zhu-1 depression to the composite fault depression in Zhu-2 depression and the fault depression transformed by magmatic diapirism in Zhu-4 depression.The structural pattern of the depression-controlled fault was converted from the single-group high-angle plough-shaped fault to a large-scale detached fault system composed of multiple groups of faults.The lake basin has the fault control effect weakened from early to late and from north to south,while the depression effect was enhanced,showing the weakened separation and the enhanced transformation by magmatic diapirism.The post-crack settlement presented phased and zonal differences.In the early stage,the whole basin was dominant by slow subsidence,and entered the differential subsidence stage in about 27.2 Ma.The Zhu-4 depression on the outer continental margin was dominant by strong subsidence,and in about 23 Ma,the strong subsidence area extended northward to the Zhu-2 depression.The post-crack differential settlement led to shallow-water and deep-water sedimentary environments,controlling the development of two slope-break zones,i.e.,Zhuhai Formation and Zhujiang Formation-Hanjiang Formation.The differential evolution of zoning in the Pearl River Mouth Basin was related to the strong extension-thinning-rupture process of the continental margin crust.During the differentiation and thinning process of the initial lithospheric structure,the transformation of crustal rheological properties and the participation of magmatic diapirism jointly controlled the zoning difference of depression structure.During the rupture process,the southward transition of extensional ridge and the difference in thinning degree of the crust during rifting period jointly controlled the phased and zonal differences of the post-crack settlement,thus forming a different tectonic-thermal evolution history.The zoning differential evolution of the Pearl River Mouth Basin resulted in different basic petroleum geological conditions of depression,such as the structure,sedimentary filling and thermal evolution history,which will inevitably lead to the differences in its accumulation laws and exploration strategies.
引文
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[15]陈汉宗,吴湘杰,周蒂,等.珠江口盆地中新生代主要断裂特征和动力背景分析[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(2):52-61.CHEN Hanzong,WU Xiangjie,ZHOU Di,et al.Meso-cenozoic faults in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin and their geodynamic background[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2005,24(2):52-61.
[16]周蒂,王万银,庞雄,等.地球物理资料所揭示的南海东北部中生代俯冲增生带[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2006,36(3):209-218.ZHOU Di,WANG Wanyin,WANG Jialin,et al.Mesozoic subduction-accretion zone in northeastern south china sea inferred from geophysical interpretations[J].Science in China Series D,2006,49(5):471-482.
[17]孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学[J].地学前缘,2005,12(4):489-498.SUN Zhen,PANG Xiong,ZHONG Zhihong,et al.Dynamics of Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(4):489-498.
[18]钟志洪,施和生,朱明,等.珠江口盆地构造-地层格架及成因机制探讨[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):20-29.ZHONG Zhihong,SHI Hesheng,ZHU Ming,et al.A discussion on the tectonic-stratigraphic framework and its origin mechanism in Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(5):20-29.
[19]陈长民,施和生,许仕策,等.珠江口盆地(东部)第三系油气藏形成条件[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.CHEN Changmin,SHI Hesheng,XU Shice,et al.Forming conditions of Tertiary oil and gas reservoirs in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003.
[20]龚再生,李思田.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.GONG Zaisheng,LI Sitian.Dynamic research of oil and gas accumulation in northern Marginal[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[21]茹克.南海北部边缘叠合式盆地的发育及其大地构造意义[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(1):22-31.RU Ke.The development of superimposed basin on the northern margin of the South China Sea and its tectonic significance[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1988,9(1):22-31.
[22]王家豪,刘丽华,陈胜红,等.珠江口盆地恩平凹陷珠琼运动二幕的构造-沉积响应及区域构造意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(4):588-595.WANG Jiahao,LIU Lihua,CHEN Shenghong,et al.Tectonicsedimentary responses to the second episode of the Zhu-Qiong movement in the Enping Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin and its regional tectonic significance[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(4):588-595.
[23]任建业,雷超.莺歌海-琼东南盆地构造-地层格架及南海动力变形分区[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3303-3314.REN Jianye,LEI Chao.Tectonic stratigraphic framework of Yinggehai-Qiongdongnan Basins and its implication for tectonic province division in South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(12):3303-3314.
[24]施和生,何敏,张丽丽,等.珠江口盆地(东部)油气地质特征、成藏规律及下一步勘探策略[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(3):11-22.SHI Hesheng,HE Min,ZHANG Lili,et al.Hydrocarbon geology,accumulation pattern and the next exploration strategy in the eastern Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(3):11-22.
[25]施和生.论油气资源不均匀分布与分带差异富集——以珠江口盆地珠一坳陷为例[J].中国海上油气,2013,25(5):1-8,25.SHI Hesheng.On heterogeneous distribution and differential enrichment by zones of hydrocarbon resources:a case in Zhu I depression,Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2013,25(5):1-8,25.
[26]SUN Z,STOCK J M,JIAN Z,et al.Expedition367/368 Scientific prospectus:South China Sea Rifted Margin.Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program,2018,367/368-105.
[27]CLIFT P,LIN Jian,BARCKHAUSEN U.Evidence of low flexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continental crust during continental break-up in the South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2002,19(8):951-970.
[2]庞雄,施和生,朱明,等.再论白云深水区油气勘探前景[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(3):23-29.PANG Xiong,SHI Hesheng,ZHU Ming,et al.A further discussion on the hydrocarbon exploration potential in Baiyun deep water area[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(3):23-29.
[3]庞雄,任建业,郑金云,等.陆缘地壳强烈拆离薄化作用下的油气地质特征-以南海北部陆缘深水区白云凹陷为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(1):27-39.PANG Xiong,REN Jianye,ZHENG Jinyun,et al.Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust:A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2018,45(1):27-39.
[4]柳保军,庞雄,颜承志,等.珠江口盆地白云深水区渐新世-中新世陆架坡折带演化及油气勘探意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):234-242.LIU Baojun,PANG Xiong,YAN Chengzhi,et al.Evolution of the Oligocene-Miocene shelf slope-break zone in the Baiyun deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin and its significance in oil-gas exploration[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):234-242.
[5]SUTRA E,MANATSCHAL G.How does the continental crust thin in a hyperextended rifted margin?Insights from the Iberia margin[J].Geology,2012,40(2):139-142.
[6]MOHN G,MANATSCHAL G,BELTRANDO M,et al.Necking of continental crust in magma-poor rifted margins:Evidence from the fossil Alpine Tethys margins[J].Tectonics,2012,31(1):TC1012.
[7]SUTRA E,MANATSCHAL G,MOHN G,et al.Quantification and restoration of extensional deformation along the Western Iberia and Newfoundland rifted margins[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2013,14(8):2575-2597.
[8]WHITMARSH R B,MANATSCHAL G,MINSHULL T A.Evolution of magma-poor continental margins from rifting to seafloor spreading[J].Nature,2001,413(6852):150-154.
[9]HUISMANS R,BEAUMONT C.Depth-dependent extension,twostage breakup and cratonic underplating at rifted margins[J].Nature,2011,473(7345):74-78.
[10]PéRON-PINVIDIC G,MANATSCHAL G.From microcontinents to extensional allochthons:witnesses of how continents rift and break apart[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2010,16(3):189-197.
[11]PéRON-PINVIDIC G,MANATSCHAL G,OSMUNDSEN P T.Structural comparison of archetypal Atlantic rifted margins:a review of observations and concepts[J].Petroleum Geology,2013,43:21-47.
[12]任建业,庞雄,雷超,等.被动陆缘洋陆转换带和岩石圈伸展破裂过程分析及其对南海陆缘深水盆地研究的启示[J].地学前缘,2015,22(1):102-114.REN Jianye,PANG Xiong,LEI Chao,et al.Ocean and continent transition in passive continental margins and analysis of lithospheric extension and breakup process:Implication for research of the deepwater basins in the continental margins of South China Sea[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(1):102-114.
[13]LI C F,LIN J,KULHANEK D K,et al.Expedition349 summary[C].Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program.College Station,Texas:Ocean Drilling Program,2015:349-101.
[14]周蒂,吴世敏,陈汉宗.南沙海区及邻区构造演化动力学的若干问题[J].大地构造与成矿学,2005,29(3):339-345.ZHOU Di,WU Shimin,CHEN Hanzong.Some remarks on the tectonic evolution of nansha and its adjacent regions in southern South China Sea[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2005,29(3):339-345.
[15]陈汉宗,吴湘杰,周蒂,等.珠江口盆地中新生代主要断裂特征和动力背景分析[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(2):52-61.CHEN Hanzong,WU Xiangjie,ZHOU Di,et al.Meso-cenozoic faults in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin and their geodynamic background[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2005,24(2):52-61.
[16]周蒂,王万银,庞雄,等.地球物理资料所揭示的南海东北部中生代俯冲增生带[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2006,36(3):209-218.ZHOU Di,WANG Wanyin,WANG Jialin,et al.Mesozoic subduction-accretion zone in northeastern south china sea inferred from geophysical interpretations[J].Science in China Series D,2006,49(5):471-482.
[17]孙珍,庞雄,钟志洪,等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学[J].地学前缘,2005,12(4):489-498.SUN Zhen,PANG Xiong,ZHONG Zhihong,et al.Dynamics of Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2005,12(4):489-498.
[18]钟志洪,施和生,朱明,等.珠江口盆地构造-地层格架及成因机制探讨[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):20-29.ZHONG Zhihong,SHI Hesheng,ZHU Ming,et al.A discussion on the tectonic-stratigraphic framework and its origin mechanism in Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(5):20-29.
[19]陈长民,施和生,许仕策,等.珠江口盆地(东部)第三系油气藏形成条件[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.CHEN Changmin,SHI Hesheng,XU Shice,et al.Forming conditions of Tertiary oil and gas reservoirs in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003.
[20]龚再生,李思田.南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气成藏动力学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.GONG Zaisheng,LI Sitian.Dynamic research of oil and gas accumulation in northern Marginal[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[21]茹克.南海北部边缘叠合式盆地的发育及其大地构造意义[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(1):22-31.RU Ke.The development of superimposed basin on the northern margin of the South China Sea and its tectonic significance[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1988,9(1):22-31.
[22]王家豪,刘丽华,陈胜红,等.珠江口盆地恩平凹陷珠琼运动二幕的构造-沉积响应及区域构造意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(4):588-595.WANG Jiahao,LIU Lihua,CHEN Shenghong,et al.Tectonicsedimentary responses to the second episode of the Zhu-Qiong movement in the Enping Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin and its regional tectonic significance[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(4):588-595.
[23]任建业,雷超.莺歌海-琼东南盆地构造-地层格架及南海动力变形分区[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3303-3314.REN Jianye,LEI Chao.Tectonic stratigraphic framework of Yinggehai-Qiongdongnan Basins and its implication for tectonic province division in South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(12):3303-3314.
[24]施和生,何敏,张丽丽,等.珠江口盆地(东部)油气地质特征、成藏规律及下一步勘探策略[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(3):11-22.SHI Hesheng,HE Min,ZHANG Lili,et al.Hydrocarbon geology,accumulation pattern and the next exploration strategy in the eastern Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2014,26(3):11-22.
[25]施和生.论油气资源不均匀分布与分带差异富集——以珠江口盆地珠一坳陷为例[J].中国海上油气,2013,25(5):1-8,25.SHI Hesheng.On heterogeneous distribution and differential enrichment by zones of hydrocarbon resources:a case in Zhu I depression,Pearl River Mouth basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2013,25(5):1-8,25.
[26]SUN Z,STOCK J M,JIAN Z,et al.Expedition367/368 Scientific prospectus:South China Sea Rifted Margin.Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program,2018,367/368-105.
[27]CLIFT P,LIN Jian,BARCKHAUSEN U.Evidence of low flexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continental crust during continental break-up in the South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2002,19(8):951-970.
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