典型菜地土壤剖面N_2O浓度、扩散通量与净周转率变化
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摘要
利用地下气体原位采集系统-气相色谱法,周年监测休耕裸地与轮作菜地(茼蒿-空心菜-大青菜)7、15、30和50 cm土层N_2O浓度变化,旨在探究菜地土壤剖面N_2O扩散通量变化和净周转率.结果显示:菜地土壤剖面N_2O浓度呈现较大的时空变异性,轮作菜地7、15、30和50 cm土层N_2O平均浓度分别达到休耕裸地对应土层的1.9、8.7、9.2与26.7倍,0-30 cm土层土壤N_2O浓度随土层深度增加而增加,30-50 cm土层逐渐降低,表明氮肥施用显著促进了上层土体内N_2O的产生.休耕裸地与轮作菜地4个土层N_2O扩散通量(以N计)变幅分别为-354-420μg m~(-2)h~(-1)与482-1 510μg m~(-2)h~(-1),其中休耕裸地30-50 cm土层N_2O扩散通量为负值,表明该土层N_2O以吸收为主.轮作菜地7-15 cm土层N_2O扩散通量最高为1 510μg m~(-2)h~(-1),分别比0-7 cm、15-30 cm与30-50 cm高68.1%、2.5%与36.6%,表明7-30 cm为N_2O的主要产生位点.休耕裸地与轮作菜地0-15 cm土层间N_2O净周转率以负值为主,15-50 cm以正值为主,表明N_2O的周转在土壤剖面中层(7-30cm)最快.综上,N_2O浓度在土层中的分布情况为从上到下先增加后减少,主要产生位点于30 cm土层并从该层向其上下层扩散输送;结果可为菜地土壤N_2O产生位点的定位及其转化过程的研究提供参考.(图4表2参33)
The concentrations of nitrous oxide(N_2O) at 7, 15, 30, and 50 cm soil depths under bare fallow, rotation vegetable field(rotation of Garland chrysanthemum-Tung choy-Bok choy) were monitored using a special in situ soil gas collection device and gas chromatography, to explore the production site, diffusion flux, and net turnover rate of N_2O in soil profiles.The results showed that the concentration profile of N_2O was dramatically spatially and temporally variable. Average N_2O concentration at depths of 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm from rotation vegetable field were 1.9, 8.7, 9.2, and 26.7 times that in the corresponding soil layer from the bare fallow field, respectively. Average N_2O concentration increased with soil depth within the range of 0–30 cm soil layer, then decreased at the depth of 30–50 cm. These indicated that large nitrogen fertilizer application promoted N_2O production at the top soil layers. The diffusion fluxes ranged from-354 to 420 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1) in bare fallow and 482 to 1 510 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1) in rotation field, respectively. It was concluded that N_2O was mainly absorbed by soil at the 30–50 cm layer according to negative N_2O diffusion fluxes value at the same soil layer. The diffusion fluxes at the 7–15 cm layer in the rotation field, which was as high as 1 510 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1), were higher by 68.1%, 2.5%, and 36.6% than those at 0–7 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm soil layers, respectively. Therefore, the key site of N_2O production was at depths of 7–30 cm in the soil profile. Net N_2O turnover rates from bare fallow and rotation vegetable were negative at the 0–15 cm soil layer but positive at the 15–50 cm. It was concluded that the fastest N_2O turnover occurred in the middle layer of the soil profile(7–30 cm). In conclusion, the distribution of N_2O concentration first increased and then decreased with the increase in N_2O concentration.N_2O was mainly produced at the depth of 30 cm and was diffused to ambient. These results could be used as references for understanding N_2O production sites and transformation process in vegetable field ecosystems.
The concentrations of nitrous oxide(N_2O) at 7, 15, 30, and 50 cm soil depths under bare fallow, rotation vegetable field(rotation of Garland chrysanthemum-Tung choy-Bok choy) were monitored using a special in situ soil gas collection device and gas chromatography, to explore the production site, diffusion flux, and net turnover rate of N_2O in soil profiles.The results showed that the concentration profile of N_2O was dramatically spatially and temporally variable. Average N_2O concentration at depths of 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm from rotation vegetable field were 1.9, 8.7, 9.2, and 26.7 times that in the corresponding soil layer from the bare fallow field, respectively. Average N_2O concentration increased with soil depth within the range of 0–30 cm soil layer, then decreased at the depth of 30–50 cm. These indicated that large nitrogen fertilizer application promoted N_2O production at the top soil layers. The diffusion fluxes ranged from-354 to 420 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1) in bare fallow and 482 to 1 510 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1) in rotation field, respectively. It was concluded that N_2O was mainly absorbed by soil at the 30–50 cm layer according to negative N_2O diffusion fluxes value at the same soil layer. The diffusion fluxes at the 7–15 cm layer in the rotation field, which was as high as 1 510 μg N m~(-2)h~(-1), were higher by 68.1%, 2.5%, and 36.6% than those at 0–7 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm soil layers, respectively. Therefore, the key site of N_2O production was at depths of 7–30 cm in the soil profile. Net N_2O turnover rates from bare fallow and rotation vegetable were negative at the 0–15 cm soil layer but positive at the 15–50 cm. It was concluded that the fastest N_2O turnover occurred in the middle layer of the soil profile(7–30 cm). In conclusion, the distribution of N_2O concentration first increased and then decreased with the increase in N_2O concentration.N_2O was mainly produced at the depth of 30 cm and was diffused to ambient. These results could be used as references for understanding N_2O production sites and transformation process in vegetable field ecosystems.
引文
1易琼,逄玉万,杨少海,卢钰升,付弘婷,李苹,蒋瑞萍,唐拴虎.施肥对稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1432-1437[Yi Q,Pang YW,Yang SH,Lu YS,Fu HT,LI P,Jiang RP,Tang SH.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions in paddy field as influenced by fertilization[J].Ecol Environ,2013,22(8):1432-1437]
2 IPCC.Climate Change 2007:Mitigation,Contribution of working groupⅢto the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change[M].United Kingdom:Cambridge,University Press,2007:499-532
3禹红红,胡学玉.武汉市郊区设施蔬菜地土壤重金属含量及其生态风险[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012,18(4):582-585[Yu HH,Hu XY.Contents of heavy metals in greenhouse soil around Wuhan suburb and their potential ecological risk[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2012,18(4):582-585]
4 Nan WG,Yue SC,Li SQ,Huang HZ,Shen YF.Characteristics of N2Oproduction and transport within soil profiles subjected to different nitrogen application rates in China[J].Sci Total Environ,2016,542:864-875
5梁东丽,吴庆强,李生秀,方日尧,Emteryd O,Magnusson T.黄土性土壤剖面不同层次N2O浓度的原位监测[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1421-1427[Liang DL,Wu QQ,Li SX,Fang RX,Emteryd O,Magnusson T.Insitu measurement of N2O concentration form profile of loess soil[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(3):1421-1427]
6 Xiong ZQ,Khalil MAK,Xing GX,Shearer MJ,Butenhoff C.Isotopic signatures and concentration profiles of nitrous oxide in a rice-based ecosystem during the drained crop-growing season[J].J Geo-phys Res,2009,114:G02012
7陈浩,李博,熊正琴.减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,54(4):938-947[Chen H,Li B,Xiong ZQ.Effects of N reduction and nitrification inhibitor on N2O emissions in intensive vegetable field[J].Acta Pedol Sin,2007,54(4):938-947]
8 Zhou J,Gu B,Schlesinger WH,Ju X.Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese semi-humid croplands[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:25088
9姜珊珊,庞炳坤,张敬沙,蒋静艳.减氮及不同肥料配施对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1741-1750[Jiang SS,Pang BK,Zhang JS,Jiang JY.Effects of reduced nitrogen and combined application of different fertilizers on CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy fields[J].Chin Environ Sci,2017,37(5):1741-1750]
10曹兵,徐秋明,李亚星,胡学军,秦岭,杨宜斌.不同控释肥品种对大白菜产量、氮素吸收和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(3):41-45[Cao B,Xu QM,Li YX,Hu XJ,Qin L,Yang YB.Effects of different controlled release fertilizer types on yield,N uptake,and quality of Chinese cabbage[J].Acta Agric Bor Sin,2006,21(3):41-45]
11 Wang JY,Xiong ZQ,Yan XY.Fertilizer-induced emission factors and background emissions of N2O from vegetable fields in China[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45:6923-6929
12 Fan ZB,Lin S,Zhang XM,Jiang ZM,Yang KC,Jian DD,Chen YZ,Li JL,Chen Q,Wang JG.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar grouse overuse of nitrogen vegetable reduction[J].Agric Water Manage,2014,144:11-19
13宋利娜,张玉铭,胡春胜,张喜英,董文旭,王玉英,秦树平.华北平原高产农区冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放及其综合温室效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(3):297-307[Song LN,Zhang YM,Hu CS,Zhang XY,Dong WX,Wang YY,Qin SP.Comprehensive analysis of emissions and global warming effects of greenhouse gases in winterwheat fields in the high-yield agro-region of North China Plain[J].Chin J Eco-Agric,2013,21(3):297-307]
14 Snyder CS,Bruulsema TW,Jensen TL,Fixen PE.Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2009,133:247-266
15 Wang YY,Hu CS,Ming H,Zhang YM,Li XX,Dong WX,Oenema O.Concentration profiles of CH4,CO2 and N2O in soils of a wheat-maize rotation ecosystem in North China Plain,measured weekly over a whole year[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2013,164:260-272
16武岩,红梅,常菲,杨彦明,郑硕.施肥措施对河套灌区土壤剖面N2O的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(5):130-135[Wu Y,Hong M,Chang F,Yang YM,Zhen S.Spatial and temporal distributions of soil profile N2O as affected by different fertilization measures in Hetao Irrigation district[J].J Arid Land Resour Environ,2018,32(5):130-135]
17 Jury WA,Gardner WR,Gardner WH.Soil physics[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1991
18 Shearer R,Millington R,Quirk J.Oxygen diffusion through sands in relation to capillary hysteresis:2.Quasi-steady-state diffusion of oxygen through partly saturated sands[J].Soil Sci,1966,101:432
19 Massman W.A review of the molecular diffusivities of H2O,CO2,CH4,CO,O3,SO2,NH3,N2O,NO,and NO2 in air,O2 and N2 near STP[J].Atmos Environ,1998,32:1111-1127
20 Jong E,Schappert H.Calculation of soil respiration and activity from CO2 profiles in the soil[J].Soil Sci,1972,113:328
21 Sanz-Cobena A,Garc?′a-Marco S,Quemada M,Gabriel J L,Almendros P,Vallejo A.Do cover crops enhance N2O,CO2 or CH4 emissions from soil in Mediterranean arable systems[J].Sci Total Environ,2013,466-467:164-174
22 Kusa K,Sawamoto T,Hu RG,Hatano R.Comparison of N2O and CO2concentrations and fluxes in the soil profile between agray lowland soil and an andosol[J].Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2010,56:186-199
23 Xiong ZQ,Khalil MAK,Xing G,Shearer MJ,Butenhoff C.Isotopic signatures and concentration profiles of nitrous oxide in a rice-based ecosystem during the drained crop-growing season[J].J Geophys Res Biogeo,2009,114:G02012
24 Maier M,Longdoz B,Laemmel T,Schack-Kirchner H,Lang F.2Dprofiles of CO2,CH4,N2O and gas diffusivity in a well aerated soil:measurement and finite element modeling[J].Agric For Meteorol,2017,247:21-33
25 Liu JL,Zhu L,Luo SS,Bu LD,Chen XP,Yue SC,Li SQ.Response of nitrous oxide emission to soil mulching and nitrogen fertilization in semi-arid farmland[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2014,188:20-28
26 Qin SP,Hu CS,Clough TJ,Luo JF,Oenema O,Zhou SG.Irrigation of DOC-rich liquid promotes potential denitrification rate and decreases N2O/(N2O+N2)product ratio in a 0-2 m soil prof ile[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2017,106:1-8
27林伟,丁军军,李玉中,徐春英,李巧珍,郑欠,庄姗.有机肥和无机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1470-1478[Lin W,Ding JJ,Li YZ,Xu CY,Li QZ,Zheng Q,Zhuang S.Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on emission and sources of N2O in vegetable soils[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2018,29(5):1470-1478]
28李博,李巧玲,范长华,孙丽英,熊正琴.施用生物炭与硝化抑制剂对菜地综合温室效应的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2651-2657[Li B,Li QL,Fan CH,Sun LY,Xiong ZQ.Effects of biochar and nitrification inhibitor incorporation on global warming potential of a vegetable field[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2014,25(9):2651-2657]
29张光亚,闵航,陈美慈,韩如旸.氧化亚氮形成的微生物学分子机制研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(5):507-510[Zhang GY,Min H,Chen MC,Han RY.Advances in microbial molecular mechanism of N2O production[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2001,7(5):507-510]
30 Van Groenigen JW,Georgius PJ,Kessel CV,Hummelink EWJ,Velthof GL,Zwart KB.Subsoil15N-N2O concentrations in a sandy soil profile after application of 15N-fertilizer[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.2015.72:13-25
31 Nishimura S,Komada M,Takebe M,Yonemura S,Kato N.Nitrous oxide evolved from soil covered with plastic mulch film in horticultural field[J].Biol Fert Soils,2012 48:787-795
32刘平丽,张啸林,熊正琴,黄太庆,丁敏,王金阳.不同水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面N2O的分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(9):2363-2369[Liu PL,Zhang Xl,Xiong ZQ,Huang TQ,DING M,Wang JY.Distribution characteristics of soil profile nitrous oxide concentration in paddy fields with different rice-upland crop rotation systems[J].Chin JAppl Ecol,2011,22(9):2363-2369]
33 Goldberg SD,Know K,Blodau C,Lischeid G,Gebauer G.Impact of altering the water table height of an acidic fen on N2O and NO fluxes and soil concentrations[J].Global Change Biol,2010,16:220-233
2 IPCC.Climate Change 2007:Mitigation,Contribution of working groupⅢto the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change[M].United Kingdom:Cambridge,University Press,2007:499-532
3禹红红,胡学玉.武汉市郊区设施蔬菜地土壤重金属含量及其生态风险[J].应用与环境生物学报,2012,18(4):582-585[Yu HH,Hu XY.Contents of heavy metals in greenhouse soil around Wuhan suburb and their potential ecological risk[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2012,18(4):582-585]
4 Nan WG,Yue SC,Li SQ,Huang HZ,Shen YF.Characteristics of N2Oproduction and transport within soil profiles subjected to different nitrogen application rates in China[J].Sci Total Environ,2016,542:864-875
5梁东丽,吴庆强,李生秀,方日尧,Emteryd O,Magnusson T.黄土性土壤剖面不同层次N2O浓度的原位监测[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1421-1427[Liang DL,Wu QQ,Li SX,Fang RX,Emteryd O,Magnusson T.Insitu measurement of N2O concentration form profile of loess soil[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(3):1421-1427]
6 Xiong ZQ,Khalil MAK,Xing GX,Shearer MJ,Butenhoff C.Isotopic signatures and concentration profiles of nitrous oxide in a rice-based ecosystem during the drained crop-growing season[J].J Geo-phys Res,2009,114:G02012
7陈浩,李博,熊正琴.减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,54(4):938-947[Chen H,Li B,Xiong ZQ.Effects of N reduction and nitrification inhibitor on N2O emissions in intensive vegetable field[J].Acta Pedol Sin,2007,54(4):938-947]
8 Zhou J,Gu B,Schlesinger WH,Ju X.Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese semi-humid croplands[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:25088
9姜珊珊,庞炳坤,张敬沙,蒋静艳.减氮及不同肥料配施对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1741-1750[Jiang SS,Pang BK,Zhang JS,Jiang JY.Effects of reduced nitrogen and combined application of different fertilizers on CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy fields[J].Chin Environ Sci,2017,37(5):1741-1750]
10曹兵,徐秋明,李亚星,胡学军,秦岭,杨宜斌.不同控释肥品种对大白菜产量、氮素吸收和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(3):41-45[Cao B,Xu QM,Li YX,Hu XJ,Qin L,Yang YB.Effects of different controlled release fertilizer types on yield,N uptake,and quality of Chinese cabbage[J].Acta Agric Bor Sin,2006,21(3):41-45]
11 Wang JY,Xiong ZQ,Yan XY.Fertilizer-induced emission factors and background emissions of N2O from vegetable fields in China[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45:6923-6929
12 Fan ZB,Lin S,Zhang XM,Jiang ZM,Yang KC,Jian DD,Chen YZ,Li JL,Chen Q,Wang JG.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar grouse overuse of nitrogen vegetable reduction[J].Agric Water Manage,2014,144:11-19
13宋利娜,张玉铭,胡春胜,张喜英,董文旭,王玉英,秦树平.华北平原高产农区冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放及其综合温室效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(3):297-307[Song LN,Zhang YM,Hu CS,Zhang XY,Dong WX,Wang YY,Qin SP.Comprehensive analysis of emissions and global warming effects of greenhouse gases in winterwheat fields in the high-yield agro-region of North China Plain[J].Chin J Eco-Agric,2013,21(3):297-307]
14 Snyder CS,Bruulsema TW,Jensen TL,Fixen PE.Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2009,133:247-266
15 Wang YY,Hu CS,Ming H,Zhang YM,Li XX,Dong WX,Oenema O.Concentration profiles of CH4,CO2 and N2O in soils of a wheat-maize rotation ecosystem in North China Plain,measured weekly over a whole year[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2013,164:260-272
16武岩,红梅,常菲,杨彦明,郑硕.施肥措施对河套灌区土壤剖面N2O的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(5):130-135[Wu Y,Hong M,Chang F,Yang YM,Zhen S.Spatial and temporal distributions of soil profile N2O as affected by different fertilization measures in Hetao Irrigation district[J].J Arid Land Resour Environ,2018,32(5):130-135]
17 Jury WA,Gardner WR,Gardner WH.Soil physics[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1991
18 Shearer R,Millington R,Quirk J.Oxygen diffusion through sands in relation to capillary hysteresis:2.Quasi-steady-state diffusion of oxygen through partly saturated sands[J].Soil Sci,1966,101:432
19 Massman W.A review of the molecular diffusivities of H2O,CO2,CH4,CO,O3,SO2,NH3,N2O,NO,and NO2 in air,O2 and N2 near STP[J].Atmos Environ,1998,32:1111-1127
20 Jong E,Schappert H.Calculation of soil respiration and activity from CO2 profiles in the soil[J].Soil Sci,1972,113:328
21 Sanz-Cobena A,Garc?′a-Marco S,Quemada M,Gabriel J L,Almendros P,Vallejo A.Do cover crops enhance N2O,CO2 or CH4 emissions from soil in Mediterranean arable systems[J].Sci Total Environ,2013,466-467:164-174
22 Kusa K,Sawamoto T,Hu RG,Hatano R.Comparison of N2O and CO2concentrations and fluxes in the soil profile between agray lowland soil and an andosol[J].Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2010,56:186-199
23 Xiong ZQ,Khalil MAK,Xing G,Shearer MJ,Butenhoff C.Isotopic signatures and concentration profiles of nitrous oxide in a rice-based ecosystem during the drained crop-growing season[J].J Geophys Res Biogeo,2009,114:G02012
24 Maier M,Longdoz B,Laemmel T,Schack-Kirchner H,Lang F.2Dprofiles of CO2,CH4,N2O and gas diffusivity in a well aerated soil:measurement and finite element modeling[J].Agric For Meteorol,2017,247:21-33
25 Liu JL,Zhu L,Luo SS,Bu LD,Chen XP,Yue SC,Li SQ.Response of nitrous oxide emission to soil mulching and nitrogen fertilization in semi-arid farmland[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2014,188:20-28
26 Qin SP,Hu CS,Clough TJ,Luo JF,Oenema O,Zhou SG.Irrigation of DOC-rich liquid promotes potential denitrification rate and decreases N2O/(N2O+N2)product ratio in a 0-2 m soil prof ile[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2017,106:1-8
27林伟,丁军军,李玉中,徐春英,李巧珍,郑欠,庄姗.有机肥和无机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1470-1478[Lin W,Ding JJ,Li YZ,Xu CY,Li QZ,Zheng Q,Zhuang S.Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on emission and sources of N2O in vegetable soils[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2018,29(5):1470-1478]
28李博,李巧玲,范长华,孙丽英,熊正琴.施用生物炭与硝化抑制剂对菜地综合温室效应的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2651-2657[Li B,Li QL,Fan CH,Sun LY,Xiong ZQ.Effects of biochar and nitrification inhibitor incorporation on global warming potential of a vegetable field[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2014,25(9):2651-2657]
29张光亚,闵航,陈美慈,韩如旸.氧化亚氮形成的微生物学分子机制研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(5):507-510[Zhang GY,Min H,Chen MC,Han RY.Advances in microbial molecular mechanism of N2O production[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2001,7(5):507-510]
30 Van Groenigen JW,Georgius PJ,Kessel CV,Hummelink EWJ,Velthof GL,Zwart KB.Subsoil15N-N2O concentrations in a sandy soil profile after application of 15N-fertilizer[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.2015.72:13-25
31 Nishimura S,Komada M,Takebe M,Yonemura S,Kato N.Nitrous oxide evolved from soil covered with plastic mulch film in horticultural field[J].Biol Fert Soils,2012 48:787-795
32刘平丽,张啸林,熊正琴,黄太庆,丁敏,王金阳.不同水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面N2O的分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(9):2363-2369[Liu PL,Zhang Xl,Xiong ZQ,Huang TQ,DING M,Wang JY.Distribution characteristics of soil profile nitrous oxide concentration in paddy fields with different rice-upland crop rotation systems[J].Chin JAppl Ecol,2011,22(9):2363-2369]
33 Goldberg SD,Know K,Blodau C,Lischeid G,Gebauer G.Impact of altering the water table height of an acidic fen on N2O and NO fluxes and soil concentrations[J].Global Change Biol,2010,16:220-233
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