珠三角河网浮游植物物种丰富度时空特征
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摘要
对2012年珠三角河网浮游植物物种丰富度的时空特征进行了系统阐析。季节上,枯水期的物种丰度差异大,丰水期差异小;空间上,广州周边及河网中部个别站位的总种数高于其他站位。不同季节的空间特征显示,枯水期的物种丰度自西江沿线、河网中部、广州周边呈递增趋势;而丰水期呈现三角洲两侧的物种丰富度高于河网中部。各类群相对组成结果显示,硅藻在枯水季节占绝对优势,丰水期优势下降;空间上广州周边站位硅藻百分比明显低于其他站位。分析原因,径流相关的补充和稀释作用和水体搅动引起的底层藻类的悬浮补充不仅影响物种丰富度的季节变动,也影响不同类群的相对组成;水体交换能力和营养盐分别是决定丰水期和枯水期物种丰富度空间分布的关键因素。
The Pearl River Delta is the most economically active and densely populated region in South China. The production of domestic and industrial waste has increased considerably because of this economic development, and a 10% increase in waste production is estimated to have occurred in the past few years. The spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton species richness of the Pearl River Delta in 2012 were demonstrated in this study, based on data from 13 representative sampling sites covering most of the area of the river delta. During the investigation, 383 species from 7 groups were identified. The main groups were diatoms(Bacillariophyceae) and chlorophytes, accounting for 41.78% and 29.24% of the total numbers, respectively. Euglenophyta and Cyanobacteria were subsidiary groups. Physical and chemical variables were analyzed to assess key factors and their interaction mechanisms were demonstrated using redundancy analysis. The total species richness was significantly different among the stations in dry seasons, but not in wet seasons. In dry seasons, river water disturbance caused the suspension of diatoms. In wet seasons, exogenous supplementation occurred and the river became diluted, thereby causing a reduction in diatoms. The total species richness of the stations around Guangzhou and of several stations around the middle of the delta was higher than that of the other stations, which was mainly related to the spatial pattern of nutrient levels and the water exchange capacity. The spatial characteristics of different seasons showed that the species richness in dry seasons increased along the West River, the middle of the delta, and the area surrounding Guangzhou, indicating that nutrient contents were the most important factor. In contrast, in the wet seasons, the species richness on both sides of the delta was higher than that in the middle of the delta. This was influenced by water flow replenishment and water exchange capacity. Moreover, the proportional composition of various groups showed that diatoms accounted for the highest proportion of total phytoplankton species in the dry season, decreasing in the wet season. The proportion of diatoms decreased during floods, owing to the supplementation of chlorophytes, euglenophytes, and cyanobacteria through influx into the main river channel from dead zones. The percentage of diatoms in the Guangzhou station was significantly lower than that of the other stations. This was primarily because the Guangzhou station was located at the intersection of rivers, and there was algal supplementation by external rivers all year round, and secondly because the Guangzhou station was located in the center of the city. These areas have large water discharges, resulting in higher nutrient contents than other areas. On the basis of statistical analysis, we concluded that neutralization of exogenous supplementation and dilution of the river and the suspension of diatoms caused by river agitation not only affected the seasonal variations of species richness, but also the relative composition of different groups. The water exchange capacity and nutrient contents were the key factors determining the spatial distribution of species richness in the wet and dry seasons, respectively.
The Pearl River Delta is the most economically active and densely populated region in South China. The production of domestic and industrial waste has increased considerably because of this economic development, and a 10% increase in waste production is estimated to have occurred in the past few years. The spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton species richness of the Pearl River Delta in 2012 were demonstrated in this study, based on data from 13 representative sampling sites covering most of the area of the river delta. During the investigation, 383 species from 7 groups were identified. The main groups were diatoms(Bacillariophyceae) and chlorophytes, accounting for 41.78% and 29.24% of the total numbers, respectively. Euglenophyta and Cyanobacteria were subsidiary groups. Physical and chemical variables were analyzed to assess key factors and their interaction mechanisms were demonstrated using redundancy analysis. The total species richness was significantly different among the stations in dry seasons, but not in wet seasons. In dry seasons, river water disturbance caused the suspension of diatoms. In wet seasons, exogenous supplementation occurred and the river became diluted, thereby causing a reduction in diatoms. The total species richness of the stations around Guangzhou and of several stations around the middle of the delta was higher than that of the other stations, which was mainly related to the spatial pattern of nutrient levels and the water exchange capacity. The spatial characteristics of different seasons showed that the species richness in dry seasons increased along the West River, the middle of the delta, and the area surrounding Guangzhou, indicating that nutrient contents were the most important factor. In contrast, in the wet seasons, the species richness on both sides of the delta was higher than that in the middle of the delta. This was influenced by water flow replenishment and water exchange capacity. Moreover, the proportional composition of various groups showed that diatoms accounted for the highest proportion of total phytoplankton species in the dry season, decreasing in the wet season. The proportion of diatoms decreased during floods, owing to the supplementation of chlorophytes, euglenophytes, and cyanobacteria through influx into the main river channel from dead zones. The percentage of diatoms in the Guangzhou station was significantly lower than that of the other stations. This was primarily because the Guangzhou station was located at the intersection of rivers, and there was algal supplementation by external rivers all year round, and secondly because the Guangzhou station was located in the center of the city. These areas have large water discharges, resulting in higher nutrient contents than other areas. On the basis of statistical analysis, we concluded that neutralization of exogenous supplementation and dilution of the river and the suspension of diatoms caused by river agitation not only affected the seasonal variations of species richness, but also the relative composition of different groups. The water exchange capacity and nutrient contents were the key factors determining the spatial distribution of species richness in the wet and dry seasons, respectively.
引文
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[4] Verasztó C,Kiss K T,Sipkay C S,Gimesi L,Vadadi-Fül?p C S,Türei D,Hufnagel L.Long-term dynamic patterns and diversity of phytoplankton communities in a large eutrophic river (the case of River Danube,Hungary).Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,2010,8(4):329- 349.
[5] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,曾艳艺,高原,刘乾甫,杨婉玲.珠三角河网浮游植物生物量的时空特征.生态学报,2013,33(18):5835- 5847.
[6] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,曾艳艺,高原,刘乾甫,杨婉玲,LEK Sovan.珠三角河网水域栅藻的时空分布特征.生态学报,2014,34(7):1800- 1811.
[7] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,刘乾甫.珠三角河网裸藻的多样性特征.生态学报,2016,36(18):5657- 5669
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[13] Komissarov A B,Korneva L G.Taxonomical structure,ecological and geographic characteristics of phytoplankton of the Tvertsa River (Russia).International Journal on Algae,2015,17(2):149- 158.
[14] Bilous O P,Lilitskaya G G,Kryvenda A A.Seasonal variability of southern Bug River upstream phytoplankton.International Journal on Algae,2015,17(1):37- 49.
[15] Belous Y P,Klochenko P D.Phytoplankton taxonomical structure in the middle part of Southern Bug River (Ukraine).International Journal on Algae,2015,17(3):253- 262.
[16] Sukhodol′Skaya I L,Manturova O V,Griuk I B.Phytoplankton of small rivers of the Rivne Region (Ukraine) and relation of its quantitative parameters with nutrients content.Hydrobiological Journal,2015,51(5):50- 61.
[17] Dokulil M T,Donabaum U.Phytoplankton of the danube river:Composition and long-term dynamics.Acta Zoologica Bulgarica,2014,66(7):147- 152.
[18] Piirsoo K.Phytoplankton of Estonian rivers in midsummer.Hydrobiologia,2001,444(1/3):135- 146.
[19] Unni K S,Pawar S.The phytoplankton along a pollution gradient in the river Mahanadi (M.P.state) India-a multivariate approach.Hydrobiologia,2000,430(1/3):87- 96.
[20] Descy J P.Ecology of the phytoplankton of the River Moselle:effects of disturbances on community structure and diversity.Hydrobiologia,1993,249(1/3):111- 116.
[21] Huston M.A general hypothesis of species diversity.The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81- 101.
[22] Hamilton P B,Lavoie I,Ley L M,Poulin M.Factors contributing to the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton communities in the Rideau River (Ontario,Canada).River Systems,2011,19(3):189- 205.
[23] Zalocar de Domitrovic Y.Structure and variation of the Paraguay River phytoplankton in two periods of its hydrological cycle.Hydrobiologia,2002,472(1/3):177- 196.
[24] Santana L M,Moraes M E B,Silva D M L,Ferragut C.Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a tropical eutrophic river.Brazilian Journal of Biology,2016,76(3):600- 610.
[25] Sharma J,Parashar A,Bagare P,Qayoom I.Phytoplanktonic diversity and its relation to physicochemical parameters of water at dogarwadaghat of River Narmada.Current World Environment,2015,10(1):206- 214.
[26] 张婷,李林,宋立荣.熊河水库浮游植物群落结构的周年变化.生态学报,2009,29(6):2971- 2979.
[27] 杨亮杰,余鹏飞,竺俊全,徐镇,吕光汉,金春华.浙江横山水库浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子.应用生态学报,2014,25(2):569- 576.
[28] Bortolini J C,Bueno N C.Seasonal variation of the phytoplankton community structure in the S?o Jo?o River,Igua?u National Park,Brazil.Brazilian Journal of Biology,2013,73(1):1- 14.
[29] Reynolds C S.The long,the short and the stalled:on the attributes of phytoplankton selected by physical mixing in lakes and rivers.Hydrobiologia,1994,289(1/3):9- 21.
[30] El-Karim M S A.Survey to compare phytoplankton functional approaches:How can these approaches assess River Nile water quality in Egypt?The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research,2015,41(3):247- 255.
[31] Bovo-Scomparin V M,Train S,Rodrigues L C.Influence of reservoirs on phytoplankton dispersion and functional traits:a case study in the Upper Paraná River,Brazil.Hydrobiologia,2013,702(1):115- 127.
[32] Clarson S J,Steinitz-Kannan M,Patwardhan S V,Kannan R,Hartig R,Schloesser L,Hamilton D W,Fusaro J K A,Beltz R.Some observations of diatoms under turbulence.Silicon,2009,1(2):79- 90.
[33] Davey M C.The effects of nutrient depletion on the sinking velocity and cellular composition of a freshwater diatom.Arch Hydrobiologia,1998,112:321- 334.
[34] Zhao C S,Liu C M,Xia J,Zhang Y Y,Yu Q,Eamus D.Recognition of key regions for restoration of phytoplankton communities in the Huai River basin,China.Journal of Hydrology,2012,420- 421:292- 300.
[35] 邱阳凌,林育青,刘俊杰,唐磊,关铁生,陈求稳,陈凯,王丽.淮河干流及主要支流夏季浮游植物群落生物多样性评价.环境科学学报,2018,38(4):1665- 1672.
[36] 徐艳红,于鲁冀,吕晓燕,范鹏宇.淮河流域河南段退化河流生态系统修复模式.环境工程学报,2017,11(1):143- 150.
[37] Reynolds C S,Huszar V,Kruk C,Naselli-Flores L,Melo S.Towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton.Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(5):417- 428.
[2] 任辉,田恬,杨宇峰,王庆.珠江口南沙河涌浮游植物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系.生态学报,2017,37(22):7729- 7740.
[3] Tao X.Phytoplankton biodiversity survey and environmental evaluation in Jia Lize wetlands in Kunming City.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10:2336- 2341.
[4] Verasztó C,Kiss K T,Sipkay C S,Gimesi L,Vadadi-Fül?p C S,Türei D,Hufnagel L.Long-term dynamic patterns and diversity of phytoplankton communities in a large eutrophic river (the case of River Danube,Hungary).Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,2010,8(4):329- 349.
[5] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,曾艳艺,高原,刘乾甫,杨婉玲.珠三角河网浮游植物生物量的时空特征.生态学报,2013,33(18):5835- 5847.
[6] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,曾艳艺,高原,刘乾甫,杨婉玲,LEK Sovan.珠三角河网水域栅藻的时空分布特征.生态学报,2014,34(7):1800- 1811.
[7] 王超,李新辉,赖子尼,刘乾甫.珠三角河网裸藻的多样性特征.生态学报,2016,36(18):5657- 5669
[8] 胡鸿钧,魏印心.中国淡水藻类——系统、分类及生态.北京:科学出版社,2006.
[9] 齐雨藻.中国淡水藻志-第四卷-硅藻门中心纲.北京:科学出版社,1995.
[10] 朱蕙忠,陈嘉佑.中国西藏硅藻.北京:科学出版社,2000.
[11] 施之新,王全喜,谢树莲,戴建寿.中国淡水藻志-第六卷-裸藻门.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[12] Hillebrand H,Dürselen C D,Kirschtel D,Pollingher U,Zohary T.Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae.Journal of Phycology,1999,35(2):403- 424.
[13] Komissarov A B,Korneva L G.Taxonomical structure,ecological and geographic characteristics of phytoplankton of the Tvertsa River (Russia).International Journal on Algae,2015,17(2):149- 158.
[14] Bilous O P,Lilitskaya G G,Kryvenda A A.Seasonal variability of southern Bug River upstream phytoplankton.International Journal on Algae,2015,17(1):37- 49.
[15] Belous Y P,Klochenko P D.Phytoplankton taxonomical structure in the middle part of Southern Bug River (Ukraine).International Journal on Algae,2015,17(3):253- 262.
[16] Sukhodol′Skaya I L,Manturova O V,Griuk I B.Phytoplankton of small rivers of the Rivne Region (Ukraine) and relation of its quantitative parameters with nutrients content.Hydrobiological Journal,2015,51(5):50- 61.
[17] Dokulil M T,Donabaum U.Phytoplankton of the danube river:Composition and long-term dynamics.Acta Zoologica Bulgarica,2014,66(7):147- 152.
[18] Piirsoo K.Phytoplankton of Estonian rivers in midsummer.Hydrobiologia,2001,444(1/3):135- 146.
[19] Unni K S,Pawar S.The phytoplankton along a pollution gradient in the river Mahanadi (M.P.state) India-a multivariate approach.Hydrobiologia,2000,430(1/3):87- 96.
[20] Descy J P.Ecology of the phytoplankton of the River Moselle:effects of disturbances on community structure and diversity.Hydrobiologia,1993,249(1/3):111- 116.
[21] Huston M.A general hypothesis of species diversity.The American Naturalist,1979,113(1):81- 101.
[22] Hamilton P B,Lavoie I,Ley L M,Poulin M.Factors contributing to the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton communities in the Rideau River (Ontario,Canada).River Systems,2011,19(3):189- 205.
[23] Zalocar de Domitrovic Y.Structure and variation of the Paraguay River phytoplankton in two periods of its hydrological cycle.Hydrobiologia,2002,472(1/3):177- 196.
[24] Santana L M,Moraes M E B,Silva D M L,Ferragut C.Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a tropical eutrophic river.Brazilian Journal of Biology,2016,76(3):600- 610.
[25] Sharma J,Parashar A,Bagare P,Qayoom I.Phytoplanktonic diversity and its relation to physicochemical parameters of water at dogarwadaghat of River Narmada.Current World Environment,2015,10(1):206- 214.
[26] 张婷,李林,宋立荣.熊河水库浮游植物群落结构的周年变化.生态学报,2009,29(6):2971- 2979.
[27] 杨亮杰,余鹏飞,竺俊全,徐镇,吕光汉,金春华.浙江横山水库浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子.应用生态学报,2014,25(2):569- 576.
[28] Bortolini J C,Bueno N C.Seasonal variation of the phytoplankton community structure in the S?o Jo?o River,Igua?u National Park,Brazil.Brazilian Journal of Biology,2013,73(1):1- 14.
[29] Reynolds C S.The long,the short and the stalled:on the attributes of phytoplankton selected by physical mixing in lakes and rivers.Hydrobiologia,1994,289(1/3):9- 21.
[30] El-Karim M S A.Survey to compare phytoplankton functional approaches:How can these approaches assess River Nile water quality in Egypt?The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research,2015,41(3):247- 255.
[31] Bovo-Scomparin V M,Train S,Rodrigues L C.Influence of reservoirs on phytoplankton dispersion and functional traits:a case study in the Upper Paraná River,Brazil.Hydrobiologia,2013,702(1):115- 127.
[32] Clarson S J,Steinitz-Kannan M,Patwardhan S V,Kannan R,Hartig R,Schloesser L,Hamilton D W,Fusaro J K A,Beltz R.Some observations of diatoms under turbulence.Silicon,2009,1(2):79- 90.
[33] Davey M C.The effects of nutrient depletion on the sinking velocity and cellular composition of a freshwater diatom.Arch Hydrobiologia,1998,112:321- 334.
[34] Zhao C S,Liu C M,Xia J,Zhang Y Y,Yu Q,Eamus D.Recognition of key regions for restoration of phytoplankton communities in the Huai River basin,China.Journal of Hydrology,2012,420- 421:292- 300.
[35] 邱阳凌,林育青,刘俊杰,唐磊,关铁生,陈求稳,陈凯,王丽.淮河干流及主要支流夏季浮游植物群落生物多样性评价.环境科学学报,2018,38(4):1665- 1672.
[36] 徐艳红,于鲁冀,吕晓燕,范鹏宇.淮河流域河南段退化河流生态系统修复模式.环境工程学报,2017,11(1):143- 150.
[37] Reynolds C S,Huszar V,Kruk C,Naselli-Flores L,Melo S.Towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton.Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(5):417- 428.
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