月球粒子辐射环境探测现状
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摘要
月球表面没有磁场的保护,粒子辐射是人类在月球活动的重要风险要素。概述了月球的辐射环境以及辐射来源,并介绍了月球探测的现状,特别提及了近年来几个较为典型的月球辐射探测实例及其探测结果;介绍了我国"嫦娥4号"上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪(Lunar Lander Neutron&Dosimetry,LND)的科学目标及其技术指标。LND的科学目标主要包括:载人登月辐射剂量的测量、月球南极艾特肯盆地水含量的测量、艾特肯盆地FeO含量的测量,以及为日球层科学的研究提供依据。
There is no magnetic protection on the lunar surface,so particle radiation is an important risk factor for human activities on the Moon. In this paper,the radiation environment and radiation sources of the Moon are summarized,and the current situation of lunar exploration is also introduced,particularly several typical lunar radiation detector. Then, the science objectives of Lunar Lander Neutron & Dosimetry(LND) Experiment on Chang'E-4 are explained, including dosimetry for human exploration of the Moon, contributions to heliospheric science, determination of the subsurface water content in the south-pole Aitken basin and the FeO content in the south-pole Aitken basin.
There is no magnetic protection on the lunar surface,so particle radiation is an important risk factor for human activities on the Moon. In this paper,the radiation environment and radiation sources of the Moon are summarized,and the current situation of lunar exploration is also introduced,particularly several typical lunar radiation detector. Then, the science objectives of Lunar Lander Neutron & Dosimetry(LND) Experiment on Chang'E-4 are explained, including dosimetry for human exploration of the Moon, contributions to heliospheric science, determination of the subsurface water content in the south-pole Aitken basin and the FeO content in the south-pole Aitken basin.
引文
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[2] ADAMS J H,SHAPIROM M. Irradiation of the moon by galactic cosimic rays and other particles[C]//Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st century(A86-3011313-14). Houston,TX:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1985.
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[10] WRENN G L. Chronology of‘killer’electrons:Solar cycles 22 and23[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2009(71):1210-1218.
[11] MAZUR J E,CRAIN W R,LOOPER M D,et al. New measurements of total ionizing dose in the lunar environment[J]. Space WeatherThe International Journal of Research&Applications,2011,9(7):1-12.
[12] SPENCE H E. Crater Science Team:“An Overview of Results from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter(LRO)Cosmic Ray Telescope for the effects of Radiation(CRaTER)[C]//In Annual Meeting of the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group. Washington,DC:LPI,2010.
[13]王馨悦,荆涛,张珅毅,等.嫦娥一号卫星太阳高能粒子探测器的首次观测结果[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(6):2289-2295.WANG X Y,JING T,ZHANG S Y,et al. The first result of Chang’e-1high energetic particles detector[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(6):2289-2295.
[14]王馨悦,张爱兵,荆涛,等.高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位大幅度联动效应[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(10):3533-3542.WANG X Y,ZHANG A B,JING T,et al. Synchronization of energet‐ic electron bursting and lunar orbiter surface charging to negative ki‐lovolts[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(10):3533-3542.
[15] SANIN A B,MITROFANOV I G,LITVAK M K,et al. Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice:LEND results from LRO[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets,2012,117(E12):1991-2012.
[16] YOSHIDA H,WATANABE T,KANAMORI H,et al. Experimental study on water production by hydrogen reduction of lunar soil simulant in a fixed bed reactor[J]. Pain,2000,148(1):36-42.
[17] NYMMIK R A,PANAYUK M I,SUSLOV A A. Galactic cosmic rayflux simulation and predictione[J]. Advances in Space Research the offical Journal of the Commitfee on Space Research,1996,17(2):19-30.
[18] TYLKA A J,ADAMS J H,BOBERG P R,et al. CREME96:a revision of the cosmic ray effects on micro-electronics cook[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1997,44(6):2150-2160.
[19] SPENVIS GCR particle models[EBIOL].(2018-3-12)[2018-10-15].https://www.spenvis omake/help/backgrouma/gcr/gcr.html.
[2] ADAMS J H,SHAPIROM M. Irradiation of the moon by galactic cosimic rays and other particles[C]//Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st century(A86-3011313-14). Houston,TX:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1985.
[3] KIM M H Y,ANGELIS G DE,CUCINOTTA F A. Probabilistic assessment of radiation risk for astronauts in space missions[J]. Acta Astronautica,2010,68(7-8):747-759.
[4] LUCEY P G,TAYLOR G J,HAWKE B R,et al. FeO and TiO2,concentrations in the south pole-Aitken basin:Implications for mantle composition and basin formation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets,1998,103(E2):3701-3708.
[5] BAKER D N. Clementine particle measurements in lunar orbit[J].Advances in Space Research,1997,19(10):1587-1591.
[6] MAURICE S,FELDMAN W C,LAWRENCE D J,et al. Highenergy neutrons from the Moon[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(E8):20365.
[7] FELDMAN W C,MAU RICE S,LAWRENCE D J,et al. Evidence for water ice near the lunar poles[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(E10):23232-23252.
[8] LAWRENCE D J,FELDMAN W C,ELPHIC R C,et al. Iron abundances on the lunar surface as measured by the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets,2002,107(E12):1-26.
[9] DACHEV T P,TOMOV B T,MATVIICHUK YU N,et al. An overview of RADOM results for earth and moon radiation environment on Chandrayaan-1 satellite[J]. Advance in Space Research,2011,48(5):779-791.
[10] WRENN G L. Chronology of‘killer’electrons:Solar cycles 22 and23[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2009(71):1210-1218.
[11] MAZUR J E,CRAIN W R,LOOPER M D,et al. New measurements of total ionizing dose in the lunar environment[J]. Space WeatherThe International Journal of Research&Applications,2011,9(7):1-12.
[12] SPENCE H E. Crater Science Team:“An Overview of Results from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter(LRO)Cosmic Ray Telescope for the effects of Radiation(CRaTER)[C]//In Annual Meeting of the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group. Washington,DC:LPI,2010.
[13]王馨悦,荆涛,张珅毅,等.嫦娥一号卫星太阳高能粒子探测器的首次观测结果[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(6):2289-2295.WANG X Y,JING T,ZHANG S Y,et al. The first result of Chang’e-1high energetic particles detector[J]. Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(6):2289-2295.
[14]王馨悦,张爱兵,荆涛,等.高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位大幅度联动效应[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(10):3533-3542.WANG X Y,ZHANG A B,JING T,et al. Synchronization of energet‐ic electron bursting and lunar orbiter surface charging to negative ki‐lovolts[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(10):3533-3542.
[15] SANIN A B,MITROFANOV I G,LITVAK M K,et al. Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice:LEND results from LRO[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets,2012,117(E12):1991-2012.
[16] YOSHIDA H,WATANABE T,KANAMORI H,et al. Experimental study on water production by hydrogen reduction of lunar soil simulant in a fixed bed reactor[J]. Pain,2000,148(1):36-42.
[17] NYMMIK R A,PANAYUK M I,SUSLOV A A. Galactic cosmic rayflux simulation and predictione[J]. Advances in Space Research the offical Journal of the Commitfee on Space Research,1996,17(2):19-30.
[18] TYLKA A J,ADAMS J H,BOBERG P R,et al. CREME96:a revision of the cosmic ray effects on micro-electronics cook[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1997,44(6):2150-2160.
[19] SPENVIS GCR particle models[EBIOL].(2018-3-12)[2018-10-15].https://www.spenvis omake/help/backgrouma/gcr/gcr.html.
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