Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin, China
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摘要
With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio >30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio <15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio <10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.
With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio >30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio <15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio <10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.
With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio >30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio <15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio <10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(>0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.
引文
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Jia,C.Z.,Zou,C.N.,Li,J.Z.,Li,D.H.,and Zheng,M.,2016.Evaluation criteria,major types,characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil in China.Petroleum Research,1:1-9.
Johnson,E.F.,Bossler,D.P.,and Naumann,V.O.,1959.Calculation of relative permeability from displacement experiments.Petroleum Transactions,AIME,216:370-372.
Kibbey,T.C.G.,2013.The configuration of water on rough natural surfaces:Implications for understanding air-water interfacial area,film thickness,and imaging resolution.Water Resources Research,49:4765-4774.
Kumar,M.,Sok,R.,Knackstedt,M.,Latham,S.,Senden,T.J.,Sheppard,A.P.,Varslot,T.,and Arns,C.,2010.Mapping 3Dpore scale fluid distributions:how rock resistivity is influenced by wettability and saturation history.Petrophysics,51:102-117.
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Liu,H.L.,Yang,Y.Y.,Wang,F.Q.,Deng,X.Q.,Liu,Y.,Nan,J.X.,Wang,J.,and Zhang,H.J.,2018.Micro pore and throat characteristics and origin of tight sandstone reservoirs:a case study of the Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 members in Longdong area,Ordos Basin,NW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,45:223-234(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Barth,T.,and Bj?rlykke K.,1993.Organic acids from source rock maturation:generation potentials,transport mechanisms and relevance for mineral diagenesis.Applied Geochemistry,8(4):325-337.
Bultreys,T.,Stappen,J.V.,Kock,T.D.,Boever,W.D.,Boone,M.A.,Hoorebeke,L.V.,and Cnudde,V.,2016.Investigating the relative permeability behavior of microporosity-rich carbonates and tight sandstones with multiscale pore network models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,121:7929-7945.
Cao,F.,Zou,C.N.,Fu,J.H.,and Yang,Z.,2011.Evidence analysis of natural gas near-source migration-accumulation model in the Sulige large gas province,Ordos Basin,China.Acta Petrologica Sinica,27:857-866(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chalmers,G.R.,Bustin,R.M,and Power,I.M.,2012.Characterization of gas shale pore systems by porosimetry,pycnometry,surface area,and field emission scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy image analyses:examples from the Barnett,Woodford,Haynesville,Marcellus,and Doig units.AAPG Bulletin,96:1099-1119.
Dai,J.X.,Li,J.,Luo,X.,Zhang,W.Z.,Hu,G.Y.,Ma,C.H.,Guo,J.M.,and Ge,S.G.,2005.Stable carbon isotope compositions and source rock geochemistry of the giant gas accumulations in the Ordos Basin,China.Organic Geochemistry,36:1617-1635.
Deng,H.,Leguizamon,J.,and Aguilera,R.,2011.Petrophysics of triple-porosity tight gas reservoirs with a link to gas productivity.In:SPE Western North American Region Meeting.
Dou,W.C.,Liu,L.F.,Wu,K.J.,Xu,Z.J.,and Feng,X.,2017.Origin and significance of secondary porosity:a case study of Upper Triassic tight sandstones of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,149:485-496.
Durucan,S.,Ahsan,M.,Shi,J.Q.,Syed,A.,and Korre,A.,2012.Two phase relative permeabilities for gas and water in selected European coals.Fuel,134:226-236.
Er,C.,Zhao,J.Z.,Bai,Y.B.,Wu,W.T.,Zhang,J.,and Wei,Z.K.,2015.Features of tight sandstone reservoir and origin of tightness:an example from Chang-7 member,Triassic Yanchang Formation in Chenghao area,Ordos Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),89:25-26.
Folk,R.L.,1980.Petrology of sedimentary rocks.Austin,Texas:Hemphill Publishing,610.
Ge,X.M.,Fan,Y.R.,Li,J.T.,and AleemZahid,M.,2015.Pore structure characterization and classification using multifractal theory-an application in Santanghu Basin of western china.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,127:297-304.
Giles,M.R.,and De Bore,R.B.,1990.Origin and significance of redistribution secondary porosity.Marine and Petroleum Geology,7(4):378-397.
Giri,A.,Tarafdar,S.,Gouze,P.,and Dutta,T.,2012.Fractal pore structure of sedimentary rocks:simulation in 2-D using a relaxed bidisperse ballistic deposition model.Journal of Applied Geophysics,87:40-45.
Higgs,K.E.,Zwingmann,H.,Reyes,A.G.,and Funnell,R.H.,2007.Diagenesis,porosity evolution,and petroleum emplacement in tight gas reservoirs,Taranaki Basin,New Zealand.Journal of Sedimentary Research,77:1003-1025.
Hill,P.J.,and Collen,J.D.,1978.The Kapuni sandstones from Inglewood-1 well,Taranakipetrology and the effect of diagenesis on reservoir characteristics.New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,21:215-228.
Hu,Q.,Ewing,R.P.,and Dultz,S.,2012.Low pore connectivity in natural rock.Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,133:76-83.
Huoseknecht,D.W.,1987.Assessing the relative importance of compaction processes and cementation to reduction of porosity in sandstone.AAPG Bulletin,71(3):633-642.
Jerauld,G.R.,and Salter,S.J.,1990.The effect of pore-structure on hysteresis in relative permeability and capillary pressure:pore-level modeling.Transport in Porous Media,5:103-151.
Ji,L.M.,Yan,K.,Meng,F.W.,and Zhao,M.,2010.The oleaginous Botryococcus from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin,Northwestern China:morphology and its paleoenvironmental significance.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,38:175-185.
Jia,C.Z.,Zou,C.N.,Li,J.Z.,Li,D.H.,and Zheng,M.,2016.Evaluation criteria,major types,characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil in China.Petroleum Research,1:1-9.
Johnson,E.F.,Bossler,D.P.,and Naumann,V.O.,1959.Calculation of relative permeability from displacement experiments.Petroleum Transactions,AIME,216:370-372.
Kibbey,T.C.G.,2013.The configuration of water on rough natural surfaces:Implications for understanding air-water interfacial area,film thickness,and imaging resolution.Water Resources Research,49:4765-4774.
Kumar,M.,Sok,R.,Knackstedt,M.,Latham,S.,Senden,T.J.,Sheppard,A.P.,Varslot,T.,and Arns,C.,2010.Mapping 3Dpore scale fluid distributions:how rock resistivity is influenced by wettability and saturation history.Petrophysics,51:102-117.
Lai,J.,Wang,G.W.,Chai,Y.,Ran,Y.,and Zhang,X.T.,2015.Depositional and diagenetic controls on pore structure of tight gas sandstone reservoirs:evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu thrust belts,Kuqa depression in Tarim Basin of west China.Resource Geology,65:55-75.
Lander,R.H.,and Walderhaug,O.,1999.Predicting porosity through simulating sandstone compaction and quartz cementation.AAPG Bulletin,83:433-449.
Li,P.,Zheng,M.,Bi,H.,Wu,S.T.,and Wang,X.R.,2017.Pore throat structure and fractal characteristics of tight oil sandstone:a case study in the Ordos Basin,China.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,149:665-674.
Liu,H.L.,Yang,Y.Y.,Wang,F.Q.,Deng,X.Q.,Liu,Y.,Nan,J.X.,Wang,J.,and Zhang,H.J.,2018.Micro pore and throat characteristics and origin of tight sandstone reservoirs:a case study of the Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 members in Longdong area,Ordos Basin,NW China.Petroleum Exploration and Development,45:223-234(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,M.J.,Liu,Z.,Wang,P.,and Pan,G.F.,2016.Diagenesis of the Triassic Yanchang Formation tight sandstone reservoir in the Xifeng-Ansai of Ordos Basin and its porosity evolution.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),90:956-970.
Liu,X.F.,Wang,J.F.,Ge,L.,Hu,F.L.,Li,C.L.,Li,X.,Yu,J.,Xu,H.J.,Lu,S.F.,and Xue,Q.Z.,2017.Pore-scale characterization of tight sandstone in Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin China using micro-CT and SEM imaging from nm-to cm-scale.Fuel,209:254-264.
Lundegard,P.D.,1992.Sandstone porosity loss-a“big picture”view of the importance of compaction.Journal of Sedimentary Research,62:250-260.
Luo,S.S.,Peng,Y.H.,Wei,X.S.,Zheng,A.L,Shao,Y.,Wei,W.,and Lv,Q.Q.,2015.Characteristics and classification of gaswater relative permeability curves of tight sandstone reservoirs in Sulige Gas Field.Journal of Xi’an University(Natural Science Edition),30:55-61(in Chinese with English abstract).
Lv,Z.X.,and Liu,S.B.,2009.Ultra-tight sandstone diagenesis and mechanism for the formation of relatively high-quality reservoir of Xujiahe Group in western Sichuan.Acta Petrologica Sinica,25:2373-2383(in Chinese with English abstract).
Meybodi,H.E.,Kharrat,R.,and Wang,X.,2011.Study of microscopic and macroscopic displacement behaviors of polymer solution in water-wet and oil-wet media.Transport in Porous Media,89:97-120.
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