母亲守门行为与母亲教养投入、母子依恋的关系及发展性差异
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摘要
基于家庭系统理论与依恋理论提出了一个母亲守门行为通过母亲教养投入预测母子依恋的间接效应模型,同时考察了这一模型在青少年发展阶段上的差异。采用问卷法对597个核心家庭的母亲和青少年进行调查,结果发现:(1)总体上,母亲开门行为对母亲教养投入和母子依恋均具有正向预测作用,母亲教养投入对母子依恋具有正向预测作用,间接效应模型成立;母亲关门行为对母亲教养投入的预测作用不显著,对母子依恋具有负向预测作用,间接效应模型不成立;(2)从发展阶段来看,母亲开门行为的间接效应模型在三个发展阶段均成立,且间接效应大小无差异;母亲关门行为的间接效应模型只在早期和后期成立,且两发展阶段的作用性质相反,早期为正向预测作用,后期为负向预测作用。结果补充和扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究,并且强调了青少年发展阶段在其中的作用,对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。
Maternal gatekeeping behavior is defined as a collection of behaviors that facilitate or inhibit the collaborative effort of fathers in the family and child-care work, which is an integral part of the coparenting relationship that is essential to family life. Gatekeeping behavior can be further classified into maternal opening behaviors and closing behaviors. The former facilitates, and the latter inhibits father involvement in parenting activities. Research on maternal gatekeeping behavior has mainly focused on its predictive effects on father involvement in the father-child subsystem. Limited research has also been conducted on predictive effects of maternal gatekeeping behaviors on the function of other family subsystems such as mother-adolescent subsystem.Based on the spillover hypothesis of family system theory, this study explored how maternal opening and closing behavior predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment that respectively represents top-down and bottom-up mother-adolescent interactions. Moreover, the attachment theory assumes that parenting by the mother is the basis of attachment formation and development. As a result, mother involvement might have a positive predictive role on mother-adolescent attachment. Therefore, an indirect effect model of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment is proposed.Specifically, it is suggested that mother involvement might mediate the relationship between maternal gatekeeping behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, the associations among these three factors might differ during different stages of adolescence, such as early, middle, and late adolescence.Families(N = 598) that included mothers and their adolescent children participated in this study. Mothers reported their gatekeeping behaviors using the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale and involvement using the Inventory of Parental Involvement. Adolescents evaluated their attachment to their mothers using the mother attachment sub-scale of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. Data were analyzed using correlational analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.11.Results generally indicated that maternal opening behavior positively predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment. In particular, the effect of maternal opening behavior on mother-adolescent attachment was mediated by mother involvement, indicative of the indirect effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother-adolescent attachment. However, maternal closing behavior negatively predicted mother-adolescent attachment but not mother involvement. Moreover, there was no indirect effect between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, an analysis of group comparisons revealed that the indirect effects model of maternal gate opening was significant in all three developmental stages, and the magnitude of the indirect effect was not significantly different between the three stages. Also,there were group differences in relationships among maternal closing behavior, mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment in the three stages of adolescence. Specifically, in early adolescence, maternal closing behavior had a positive effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment.On the contrary, in late adolescence, maternal closing behavior had an adverse effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. In middle adolescence, there were no significant predictive effects of maternal closing behavior on mother involvement or mother-adolescent attachment.This study on the whole indicated that maternal gatekeeping behavior, which is an essential aspect of coparenting, was closely related to the quality of the relationship between mothers and adolescents. Furthermore,the study suggested that developmental stages of adolescence must be considered when exploring the roles of maternal gatekeeping behavior in different family system domains. This new evidences from this study indicate practical family education programs should promote maternal opening behaviors such as facilitating fathers' participation in child-rearing and decrease maternal closing behavior such as criticism and control for fathers' participation.
Maternal gatekeeping behavior is defined as a collection of behaviors that facilitate or inhibit the collaborative effort of fathers in the family and child-care work, which is an integral part of the coparenting relationship that is essential to family life. Gatekeeping behavior can be further classified into maternal opening behaviors and closing behaviors. The former facilitates, and the latter inhibits father involvement in parenting activities. Research on maternal gatekeeping behavior has mainly focused on its predictive effects on father involvement in the father-child subsystem. Limited research has also been conducted on predictive effects of maternal gatekeeping behaviors on the function of other family subsystems such as mother-adolescent subsystem.Based on the spillover hypothesis of family system theory, this study explored how maternal opening and closing behavior predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment that respectively represents top-down and bottom-up mother-adolescent interactions. Moreover, the attachment theory assumes that parenting by the mother is the basis of attachment formation and development. As a result, mother involvement might have a positive predictive role on mother-adolescent attachment. Therefore, an indirect effect model of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment is proposed.Specifically, it is suggested that mother involvement might mediate the relationship between maternal gatekeeping behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, the associations among these three factors might differ during different stages of adolescence, such as early, middle, and late adolescence.Families(N = 598) that included mothers and their adolescent children participated in this study. Mothers reported their gatekeeping behaviors using the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale and involvement using the Inventory of Parental Involvement. Adolescents evaluated their attachment to their mothers using the mother attachment sub-scale of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. Data were analyzed using correlational analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.11.Results generally indicated that maternal opening behavior positively predicted mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment. In particular, the effect of maternal opening behavior on mother-adolescent attachment was mediated by mother involvement, indicative of the indirect effect of maternal gatekeeping behavior on mother-adolescent attachment. However, maternal closing behavior negatively predicted mother-adolescent attachment but not mother involvement. Moreover, there was no indirect effect between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. Furthermore, an analysis of group comparisons revealed that the indirect effects model of maternal gate opening was significant in all three developmental stages, and the magnitude of the indirect effect was not significantly different between the three stages. Also,there were group differences in relationships among maternal closing behavior, mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment in the three stages of adolescence. Specifically, in early adolescence, maternal closing behavior had a positive effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment.On the contrary, in late adolescence, maternal closing behavior had an adverse effect on mother involvement and mother-adolescent attachment with mother involvement mediating the relationship between maternal closing behavior and mother-adolescent attachment. In middle adolescence, there were no significant predictive effects of maternal closing behavior on mother involvement or mother-adolescent attachment.This study on the whole indicated that maternal gatekeeping behavior, which is an essential aspect of coparenting, was closely related to the quality of the relationship between mothers and adolescents. Furthermore,the study suggested that developmental stages of adolescence must be considered when exploring the roles of maternal gatekeeping behavior in different family system domains. This new evidences from this study indicate practical family education programs should promote maternal opening behaviors such as facilitating fathers' participation in child-rearing and decrease maternal closing behavior such as criticism and control for fathers' participation.
引文
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Milkie,M.A.,Nomaguchi,K.M.,&Denny,K.E.(2015).Does the amount of time mothers spend with children or adolescents matter?Journal of Marriage and Family,77(2),355-372.
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Riina,E.M.,&McHale,S.M.(2014).Bidirectional influences between dimensions of coparenting and adolescent adjustment.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,43(2),257-269
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Shek,D.T.L.,&Law,M.Y.(2014).Parental behavioral control,parental psychological control and parent-child relational qualities:Relationships to Chinese adolescent risk behavior.In Shek,D.T.,Sun,R.C.,&Ma,C.M.(Eds)Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong(pp.51-69).Springer,Singapore.
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Allen,J.P.,McElhaney,K.B.,Kuperminc,G.P.,&Jodl,K.M.(2004).Stability and change in attachment security across adolescence.Child Development,75(6),1792-1805.
Allen,S.M.,&Hawkins,A.J.(1999).Maternal gatekeeping:Mothers'beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father involvement in family work.Journal of Marriage and Family,61(1),199-212.
Armsden,G.C.,&Greenberg,M.T.(1987).The inventory of parent and peer attachment:Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,16(5),427-454.
Barry,A.A.,Smith,J.Z.,Deutsch,F.M.,&Perry-Jenkins,M.(2011).Fathers’involvement in child care and perceptions of parenting skill over the transition to parenthood.Journal of Family Issues,32(11),1500-1521.
Brown,B.B.,&Larson,J.(2009).Peer relationships in adolescence.In R.M.Lerner,&L.Steinberg(Eds.),Handbook of adolescent psychology:Vol.2(pp.74-103).Hoboken,NJ:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
Brown,G.L.,Mangelsdorf,S.C.,&Neff,C.(2012).Father involvement,paternal sensitivity,and father-child attachment security in the first 3 years.Journal of Family Psychology,26(3),421-430.
Cassidy,J.(2008).The nature of the child’s ties.In J.Cassidy&P.R.Shaver(Eds.),Handbook of attachment:Theory,research,and clinical applications(2nd)(pp.3-22).New York:The Guilford Press.
Chen,L.L.,Wu,X.C.,&Liu,C.(2014).The relationship between marital satisfaction and father involvement:The mediation effect of coparenting.Psychological Development and Education,30(3),268-276.[陈玲玲,伍新春,刘畅.(2014).父母的婚姻满意度对父亲教养投入的影响:父母协同教养的中介作用.心理发展与教育,30(3),268-276.]
de Goede,I.H.A.,Branje,S.J.T.,&Meeus,W.H.J.(2009).Developmental changes in adolescents’perceptions of relationships with their parents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,38(1),75-88.
de Wolff,M.S.,&van IJzendoorn,M.H.(1997).Sensitivity and attachment:A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment.Child Development,68(4),571-591.
dErel,O.,&Burman,B.(1995).Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations:A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,118(1),108-132.
Fagan,J.,&Cherson,M.(2017).Maternal gatekeeping:The associations among facilitation,encouragement and low incomefathers’engagement with young children.Journal of Family Issues,38(5),633-653.
Fagan,J.,Day,R.,Lamb,M.E.,&Cabrera,N.J.(2014).Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers?Journal of Family Theory&Review,6(4),390-405.
Han,Y.S.,&Jun,W.P.(2013).Parental involvement in child’s development:Father vs.mother.Open Journal of Medical Psychology,2(4),1-6.
Holmes,E.K.,Dunn,K.C.,Harper,J.,Dyer,W.J.,&Day,R.D.(2013).Mother knows best?Inhibitory maternal gatekeeping,psychological control,and the mother-adolescent relationship.Journal of Adolescence,36(1),91-101.
Kulik,L.,&Sadeh,I.(2015).Explaining fathers'involvement in childcare:An ecological approach.Community,Work&Family,18(1),19-40.
Lin,Q.,Wang,Z.Y.,Lu,S.,Liang,X.,He,Q.,Wang,Z.,&Hu,R.S.(2014).Internal working models of toddlers:Abridge from maternal sensitivity to toddlers’attachment behaviors.Acta Psychologica Sinica,46(3),353-366.[林青,王争艳,卢珊,梁熙,贺琼,王朝,胡若时.(2014).从母亲的敏感性到学步儿的依恋安全性:内部工作模式的桥梁作用.心理学报,46(3),353-366.]
Liu,C.,Wu,X.C.,&Zou,S.Q.(2016).Effect of marital satisfaction and its similarity on coparenting in family with adolescence.Psychological Development and Education,32(1),49-55.[刘畅,伍新春,邹盛奇.(2016).父母婚姻满意度及其相似性对协同教养的影响:基于成对数据的分析.心理发展与教育,32(1),49-55.]
Makusha,T.,&Richter,L.(2016).Gatekeeping and its impact on father involvement among Black South Africans in rural Kwa Zulu-Natal.Culture,Health&Sexuality,18(3),308-320.
McHale,J.P.,&Rotman,T.(2007).Is seeing believing?Expectant parents'outlooks on coparenting and later coparenting solidarity.Infant Behavior and Development,30(1),63-81.
Milkie,M.A.,Nomaguchi,K.M.,&Denny,K.E.(2015).Does the amount of time mothers spend with children or adolescents matter?Journal of Marriage and Family,77(2),355-372.
Minuchin,P.(1985).Families and individual development:Provocations from the field of family therapy.Child Development,56(2),289-302.
Minuchin,S.(1974).Families and family therapy.Oxford:Harvard University Press.
Puhlman,D.J.,&Pasley,K.(2013).Rethinking maternal gatekeeping.Journal of Family Theory&Review,5(3),176-193.
Puhlman,D.J.,&Pasley,K.(2017).The maternal gatekeeping scale:Constructing a measure.Family Relations,66(5),824-838.
Riina,E.M.,&McHale,S.M.(2014).Bidirectional influences between dimensions of coparenting and adolescent adjustment.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,43(2),257-269
Saini,M.A.,Drozd,L.M.,&Olesen,N.W.(2017).Adaptive and maladaptive gatekeeping behaviors and attitudes:Implications for child outcomes after separation and divorce.Family Court Review,55(2),260-272.
Shek,D.T.L.,&Law,M.Y.(2014).Parental behavioral control,parental psychological control and parent-child relational qualities:Relationships to Chinese adolescent risk behavior.In Shek,D.T.,Sun,R.C.,&Ma,C.M.(Eds)Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong(pp.51-69).Springer,Singapore.
Steinberg,L.(2001).We know some things:Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect.Journal of Research on Adolescence,11(1),1-19.
Stevenson,M.M.,Fabricius,W.V.,Cookston,J.T.,Parke,R.D.,Coltrane,S.,Braver,S.L.,&Saenz,D.S.(2014).Marital problems,maternal gatekeeping attitudes,and father-child relationships in adolescence.Developmental Psychology,50(4),1208-1218.
Tian,L.M.,Zhang,W.X.,&Chen,G.H.(2014).Effects of parental support,friendship quality on loneliness and depression:To test an indirect effect model.Acta Psychologica Sinica,46(2),238-251.[田录梅,张文新,陈光辉.(2014).父母支持、友谊质量对孤独感和抑郁的影响:检验一个间接效应模型.心理学报,46(2),238-251.]
Tu,Y.C.(2015).Maternal gatekeeping,behavioral control,and the mother-adolescent relationship:The mediating role of psychological control.International Journal of Arts&Sciences,8,449-467.
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