发达国家身体活动政策比较:基于美国、加拿大、英国、日本的视角
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摘要
通过选取美国、加拿大、日本、英国4个国家当前身体活动政策文本,分析比较其中存在的共性及差异性特征,为我国身体活动政策顶层设计提供理论指导、为实现全民健身与全民健康深度融合提供决策支持。主要采用文献资料法、比较研究法,以美国、加拿大、日本、英国4个国家最新身体活动政策文本为研究对象,通过横向对比发现4个国家身体活动政策共性特征表现为:立足国民健康,以多领域协同合作为主要手段共同创设国民身体活动促进的有利环境。差异性特征表现为:政策颁布机构、指导原则、政策侧重点、资金分配方式、政策评估方式不同。结论与启示:国际身体活动政策呈现出创新性、持续性、科学性、系统性的特点。为进一步提高我国国民身体活动水平需要充分融合全健康的发展理念,将身体活动作为国民健康生活方式的重要组成部分;引入多元治理理念以实现社会各领域合作;提高身体活动基础设施与资金的有效利用率;强化循证决策观念,促进优质科研成果的政策转化,构建明确的循证决策方法体系;建立政策评估的关键绩效指标、评估方法、评估工具等,定期监测和公布政策实施进展。
This study aims to compare and analyze the current physical activity policy content,explore the commonalities and differences in the four countries of the United States,Canada,Japan,and the United Kingdom,and provide theoretical guidance for the top-level design of China's physical activity policy and provide decision support for the realization of the deep integration of national fitness and national health. The literature method and comparative research method were used in this study. The common characteristics of physical activity policies in the four countries are as follows. Based on national health,the physical activity policies use multi-disciplinary cooperation as the main means to jointly create an enabling environment for physical activity promotion. The different characteristics are as follows: the physical activity policy promulgation institutions,guiding principles,policy priorities,investment methods,and evaluation methods are different. Conclusion and inspiration: The international physical activity policies are characterized by innovation,continuity,science and system. In order to further improve the level of physical activity of our nationals,it is necessary to fully integrate the development concept of"Health for All",take physical activity as an important part of the healthy lifestyle of the nation; introduce the concept of multiple governance to achieve cooperation in all areas of society; strengthen the basic setting of physical activity and the effective utilization of funds; strengthen the concept of evidence-based decision-making,promote policy transformation of scientific research results,establish a clear evidence-based decision-making method system;and clarify key performance indicators,assessment methods,assessment tools for policy evaluation,regularly monitor and publish progress in policy implementation.
This study aims to compare and analyze the current physical activity policy content,explore the commonalities and differences in the four countries of the United States,Canada,Japan,and the United Kingdom,and provide theoretical guidance for the top-level design of China's physical activity policy and provide decision support for the realization of the deep integration of national fitness and national health. The literature method and comparative research method were used in this study. The common characteristics of physical activity policies in the four countries are as follows. Based on national health,the physical activity policies use multi-disciplinary cooperation as the main means to jointly create an enabling environment for physical activity promotion. The different characteristics are as follows: the physical activity policy promulgation institutions,guiding principles,policy priorities,investment methods,and evaluation methods are different. Conclusion and inspiration: The international physical activity policies are characterized by innovation,continuity,science and system. In order to further improve the level of physical activity of our nationals,it is necessary to fully integrate the development concept of"Health for All",take physical activity as an important part of the healthy lifestyle of the nation; introduce the concept of multiple governance to achieve cooperation in all areas of society; strengthen the basic setting of physical activity and the effective utilization of funds; strengthen the concept of evidence-based decision-making,promote policy transformation of scientific research results,establish a clear evidence-based decision-making method system;and clarify key performance indicators,assessment methods,assessment tools for policy evaluation,regularly monitor and publish progress in policy implementation.
引文
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[35]武海潭,季浏.体育课不同持续性运动时间和强度对初中生体成分的影响[J].中国学校卫生,2017,38(7):1055-1057.
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[41]World Health Organization.Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes[M],2007.
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[43]贺刚,黄雅君,王香生,等.香港儿童体力活动与住所周围建成环境:应用GIS的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2015,34(5):431-436.
[44]MYTTON O T,TOWNSEND N,RUTTER H,et al.Green space and physical activity:An observational study using Health Survey for England data[J].Health&Place,2012,18(5):1034-1041.
[45]吕小康,武迪,隋晓阳,等.从“理性人”到“行为人”:公共政策研究的行为科学转向[J].心理科学进展,2018,26(12):2249-2259.
[46]KAREN Glanz,BARBARA K.RIMER,K.Viswanath.健康行为与健康教育理论、研究和实践[M].第四版.周华珍,孟静静,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014.
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[48]任海.身体素养:一个统领当代体育改革与发展的理念[J].体育科学,2018,38(3):3-11.
[49]马小亮,樊春良.基于证据的政策:思想起源、发展和启示[J].科学学研究,2015,33(3):353-362.
[50]周志忍,李乐.循证决策:国际实践、理论渊源与学术定位[J].中国行政管理,2013(12):23-27,43.
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[52]杨建伯.中国人口平均寿命及流行病学意义[J].中国地方病学杂志,2003,22(2):137-140.
[53]国家卫生计生委宣传司.健康中国2030热点问题专家谈[M].北京:中国人口出版社,2016.
[54]杨贵仁.2000年全国学生体质健康状况调研结果[J].中国学校卫生,2002,23(1):2-3.
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[58]王名,蔡志鸿,王春婷.社会共治:多元主体共同治理的实践探索与制度创新[J].中国行政管理,2014(12):16-19.
[59]孙隆基.中国文化的深层结构[M].北京:中信出版社,2018.
[2]Institute Health Metrics and Evaluation.GBD Compare Data Visualization[DB/OL].(2018-09-19)[2019-01-01].https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/#.
[3]United,Nations.Goal 3:Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages[EB/OL].(2018-09-18)[2019-01-01].https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/.
[4]世界卫生组织.身体活动[EB/OL].(2018-02-23)[2019-01-01].http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/zh/.
[5]KNAEPS S,BOURGOIS JG,CHARLIER R.et al.Associations between Physical Activity and Healthrelated Fitness-volume Versus Pattern[J].J Sport Sci,2017,35(6):539-546.
[6]World Health Organization.Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030:more active people for a healthier world[R],2018.
[7]张云婷,马生霞,陈畅,等.中国儿童青少年身体活动指南[J].中国循证儿科杂志,2017,12(6):401-409.
[8]陈玉忠.加拿大体育政策的特点及启示[J].上海体育学院学报,2014,38(1):36-40.
[9]郭海霞,潘凌云.美国身体活动政策:嬗变、特征及启示:基于政策文本的分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2016,39(8):8-13.
[10]龚正伟,肖焕禹,盖洋.美国体育政策的演进[J].上海体育学院学报,2014,38(1):18-24.
[11]甄嫒圆,缪佳.英国体育政策的嬗变及启示[J].西安体育学院学报,2015,32(3):264-268,277.
[12]来德淳.日本政府推进社会体育振兴政策对我国开展全民健身运动的启示[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2000,19(2):14-17.
[13]唐绪明.日本社会体育政策解读及对我国全民健身的启示[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2017,31(1):92-97.
[14]龚正伟,姜熙.新西兰体育公共服务体系研究:基于体育政策的分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2013,36(11):31-37,43.
[15]刘波.德国体育政策的演进及启示[J].上海体育学院学报,2014,38(1):1-7,30.
[16]缪佳.德国体育政策3大特征[J].上海体育学院学报,2014,38(1):8-11.
[17]曹振波,陈佩杰,庄洁,等.发达国家体育健康政策发展及对健康中国的启示[J].体育科学,2017,37(5):11-23,31.
[18]汪晓赞,郭强,金燕,等.中国青少年体育健康促进的理论溯源与框架构建[J].体育科学,2014,34(3):3-14.
[19]王凌奕.对美国《国民身体活动计划》中促进学生身体活动措施的研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2013.
[20]The National Physical Activity Plan Alliance.National Physical Activity Plan[EB/OL].(2016-04-14)[2019-01-01].http://www.physicalactivityplan.org/docs/2016NPAP_Finalforwebsite.pdf.
[21]Public Health Agency of Canada.A Common Vision for Increasing Physical Activity and Reducing Sedentary Living in Canada:Let's get moving[R],2018.
[22]HM Government.Sporting Future:A New Strategy for an Active Nation[R].London:HM Government,2015.
[23]文部科学省.スポーツ基本計画[Z].东京:文部科学省,2017.
[24]U.S.Department of Health Education and Welfare.Health People:The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention[R],1978.
[25]世界卫生组织.饮食、身体活动与健康全球战略[R],2004.
[26]HASKELL WL,LEE IM,PATE RR,et al.Physical Activity and Public Health Updated Recommendation for Adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2007,39(8):1423-1434.
[27]Federal,Provincial/Territorial,Ministers,Responsible for Sport Physical Activity and Recreation(Canada).The Canadian Sport Policy[R],2002.
[28]COLLEY R C,CARSON V,GARRIGUET D,et al.Physical activity of Canadian children and youth,2007 to 2015[J].Health Reports,2017,28(10):8-16.
[29]KAZUYUKI K,SATOMI O,ZHEN-BO C,et al.Physical Activity,Exercise,Sedentary Behavior and Health[M].Tokyo:Springer Japan,2015.
[30]NHS Digital part of the Government Statistical Service.Health Survey for England 2015 Trend Tables[DB/OL].(2016-12-14)[2019-01-01].https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/healthsurvey-for-england-2015-trend-tables.
[31]World Health Statistics 2016.Monitoring health for the SDGs[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2016.
[32]Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee.2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans[R],2008.
[33]TREMBLAY M S,WARBURTON D E,JANSSENI,et al.New Canadian physical activity guidelines[J].Applied Physiology Nutrition&Metabolism,2011,36(1):36-46.
[34]CATTUZZO M T,HENRIQUE R D S,RéA H N,et al.Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth:A systematic review.[J].Journal of Science&Medicine in Sport,2016,19(2):123-129.
[35]武海潭,季浏.体育课不同持续性运动时间和强度对初中生体成分的影响[J].中国学校卫生,2017,38(7):1055-1057.
[36]Department of Health.Start active,Stay active:Areport on physical activity for health from the four home countries'Chief Medical Officers[R],2011.
[37]World Health Organization.Global health risks:mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks[R],2009.
[38]World Health Organization.World Health Report2002:Reducing risks,promoting healthy life[R],2002.
[39]World Health Organization.Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health[R],2010.
[40]STRONG WB,MALINA RM,BLIMKIE CJ,et al.Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth[J].J Pediatr,2005,146(6):732-737.
[41]World Health Organization.Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes[M],2007.
[42]杨剑,郭正茂,季浏,等.基于GIS技术的城市体育空间与中小学生体育活动特征的联动研究:以上海市静安区为例[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2016,35(6):104-109.
[43]贺刚,黄雅君,王香生,等.香港儿童体力活动与住所周围建成环境:应用GIS的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2015,34(5):431-436.
[44]MYTTON O T,TOWNSEND N,RUTTER H,et al.Green space and physical activity:An observational study using Health Survey for England data[J].Health&Place,2012,18(5):1034-1041.
[45]吕小康,武迪,隋晓阳,等.从“理性人”到“行为人”:公共政策研究的行为科学转向[J].心理科学进展,2018,26(12):2249-2259.
[46]KAREN Glanz,BARBARA K.RIMER,K.Viswanath.健康行为与健康教育理论、研究和实践[M].第四版.周华珍,孟静静,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2014.
[47]杨剑,郭正茂,季浏.锻炼行为理论模型发展述评[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2016,35(1):73-80.
[48]任海.身体素养:一个统领当代体育改革与发展的理念[J].体育科学,2018,38(3):3-11.
[49]马小亮,樊春良.基于证据的政策:思想起源、发展和启示[J].科学学研究,2015,33(3):353-362.
[50]周志忍,李乐.循证决策:国际实践、理论渊源与学术定位[J].中国行政管理,2013(12):23-27,43.
[51]HM Government.Sporting Future:Second Annual Report[R],2018.
[52]杨建伯.中国人口平均寿命及流行病学意义[J].中国地方病学杂志,2003,22(2):137-140.
[53]国家卫生计生委宣传司.健康中国2030热点问题专家谈[M].北京:中国人口出版社,2016.
[54]杨贵仁.2000年全国学生体质健康状况调研结果[J].中国学校卫生,2002,23(1):2-3.
[55]中华人民共和国教育部.2005年全国学生体质与健康调研结果公告[J].保健医学研究与实践,2007,4(1):5-7.
[56]国家卫生和计划生育委员会.2016中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2016.
[57]国家卫生和计划生育委员会.2004年中国卫生统计年鉴[M].北京:中国卫生出版社,2004.
[58]王名,蔡志鸿,王春婷.社会共治:多元主体共同治理的实践探索与制度创新[J].中国行政管理,2014(12):16-19.
[59]孙隆基.中国文化的深层结构[M].北京:中信出版社,2018.