兰州市夏秋季大气降尘矿物组成特征及环境意义解析
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摘要
通过对兰州市区5-10月7个采样点以及兰州大学榆中校区1个采样点大气降尘收集,利用全样X-衍射测定降尘中矿物组成,解析兰州市大气降尘的来源及对大气环境的影响.结果显示,兰州市大气降尘中矿物组成主要由w (石英) 40.2%、w (长石) 13.9%、w (方解石) 11.6%、w (白云石)6.8%、w (伊利石) 6.4%、w (绿泥石) 3.6%、w (高岭石) 5.2%、w (伊利石/蒙脱石混层) 5.5%、w (石膏)3.9%、w (黄铁矿) 2.9%和少量角闪石等矿物组成.分析结果与中国黄土-古土壤中矿物组成类型相似,说明黄土高原和西部沙漠是兰州市大气降尘的主要源区.大气降尘中不均匀分布的高w(方解石)、w(白云石)、w(石膏)和w(黄铁矿)等指示了降水、温度对源区的矿物有明显的风化改造作用,尤其是人类活动对矿物源及改造有重大关系.说明兰州市降尘的来源不仅有大量的外源,而且有经过改造以及人类活动加入的混合源作为二次降尘源,且二次或多次扬尘是市区大气颗粒物的主要来源.石膏和黄铁矿可以作为监测城市酸雨的一个指标.
Particles carried by the monsoon from the loess-paleosol strata can decrease the air quality in Lanzhou. Mineral components in Lanzhou dustfalls from 7 sample sites in the city and 1 sample far away from the city were analyzed, and the sources of dustfall particles understood. According to the bulk sample X-ray results, mineral components were found similar to those in the loess-paleosol strata. Minerals in Lanzhou dustfalls were made up of quartz(about 40.2%), fledspar(about 13.9%), calcite(about11.6%), dolomite(about 6.8%), illite(about 6.4%), chlorite(about 3.6%), kaolinite(about 5.2%), illite/smectite mixed layer mineral(about 5.5%), gypsum(about 3.9%), pyrite(about 2.9%), and a little amount of hornblende, and others. The types of minerals in Lanzhou dustfalls were the same as the loesspaleosol sediments. It could be inferred that dustfalls in Lanzhou mainly came from the loess plateau and deserts in the western parts of China. But, w(calcite) and w(dolomite) were unusually high and gypsum and pyrite minerals were kept in some samples indicated that not only did dustfalls come from the loess plateau and deserts in the western China, but precipitation and high temperature in the city could rework primary particles to form new clay minerals and carbonate minerals as second or multiple dustfalls, and human activities played an important role during this process. Gypsum and pyrite minerals could be the proxy for acid rain in the city.
Particles carried by the monsoon from the loess-paleosol strata can decrease the air quality in Lanzhou. Mineral components in Lanzhou dustfalls from 7 sample sites in the city and 1 sample far away from the city were analyzed, and the sources of dustfall particles understood. According to the bulk sample X-ray results, mineral components were found similar to those in the loess-paleosol strata. Minerals in Lanzhou dustfalls were made up of quartz(about 40.2%), fledspar(about 13.9%), calcite(about11.6%), dolomite(about 6.8%), illite(about 6.4%), chlorite(about 3.6%), kaolinite(about 5.2%), illite/smectite mixed layer mineral(about 5.5%), gypsum(about 3.9%), pyrite(about 2.9%), and a little amount of hornblende, and others. The types of minerals in Lanzhou dustfalls were the same as the loesspaleosol sediments. It could be inferred that dustfalls in Lanzhou mainly came from the loess plateau and deserts in the western parts of China. But, w(calcite) and w(dolomite) were unusually high and gypsum and pyrite minerals were kept in some samples indicated that not only did dustfalls come from the loess plateau and deserts in the western China, but precipitation and high temperature in the city could rework primary particles to form new clay minerals and carbonate minerals as second or multiple dustfalls, and human activities played an important role during this process. Gypsum and pyrite minerals could be the proxy for acid rain in the city.
引文
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[19] Ji Jun-feng, Chen Jun, Lu Hua-yu. Illite genesis of the Luochuan loesspaleosol sequence in Shanxi province:TEM evidence[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999,43(19):372-375.
[20]赵良,季峻峰,陈骏,等.最近13万年来黄土高原黄土剖面中绿泥石的化学风化与古气候变迁[J].矿物学报, 2003, 23(2):163-168.
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[25]申聪颖,赵兰坡,刘杭,等.不同母质发育的东北黑土的粘粒矿物组成研究[J].矿物学报, 2013, 33(3):382-388.
[26]谢远云,孟杰,郭令芬,等.哈尔滨沙尘沉降物碳酸盐及其碳同位素特征[J].地理与地理信息科学, 2010,26(5):63-75.
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[29]梁莲姬,孙有斌, Christiaan J B,等.黄土中的碳酸盐矿物特征与化学风化[J].第四纪研究, 2014, 34(3):645-653.
[30] Yang Jie-dong, Chen Jun, An Zhi-sheng, et al. Variation in87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcites in Chinese Loess:a proxy for chemical weathering associated with the East Asian summer monsoon[J]. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2000, 157(1):151-159.
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[32] Quigley R M, Martin R T. Chloritized weathering products of a New England Glacial Till[J]. Clays and Clay Minerals, 1963, 10(1):107-116.
[33] Ducloux J, Meunier A, Velde B. Smectite, chlorite and a regular interlayered chlorite vermiculite in soils developed on a small serpentinite body, Massif Centra,France[J]. Clay Minerals, 1976, 11(2):121-135.
[34] Vanderaveroet P. Miocene to Pleistocene clay mineral sedimentation on the New Jersey Shelf[J]. Oceanologica Acta, 2000, 23(1):25-36.
[35] Winkler A, Wolf-Welling T, Stattegger K. Clay mineral sedimentation in high northern latitude deep sea basins since the middle Miocene(ODP Leg 151, NAAG)[J].International Journal of Earth Science, 2002, 91(1):133-148.
[36]齐雁冰,常庆瑞,刘梦云.风蚀水蚀交错区黄土粘土矿物特征及环境意义[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(1):159-162.
[37]陈忠,马海州,曹广超,等.黄土碳酸盐的研究[J].盐湖研究, 2006, 14(4):66-72.
[38]张烃,董旭辉.碳酸盐碳测定在沙尘暴来源地识别中的应用[J].中国环境监测, 2002, 18(2):11-14.
[39]王亚强,曹军骥,张小曳,等.中国粉尘源区表土碳酸盐含量与碳氧同位素组成[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2004, 24(1):113-117.
[40]曹军骥,王亚强,张小曳,等.大气中碳酸盐的碳同位素分析及其来源指示意义[J].科学通报, 2004, 49(17):1785-1788.
[41]陈发虎,张维信.甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题[M].北京:科学出版社, 1990.
[42]赵景波.黄土地层中的CaCO3与环境[J].沉积学报,1993, 11(1):136-142.
[43] Pandarinath K, Prasad S, Gupta S K. A 75 ka record of palaeoclimatic changes inferred from crystallinity of illite from Nal Sarovar, Western India[J]. Journal Geological Society of India, 1999, 54(5):515-522.
[2]王世豪,张凯,柴发合,等.株洲市大气降尘中元素特征及来源分析[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(8):3130-3138.
[3]张云,张成君.兰州市大气降尘中PAHs分布与生态风险评价[J].环境监测管理与技术, 2008, 20(5):20-24.
[4]郭方琴,张成君,张云,等.兰州市大气沉降尘中正构烷烃分布及环境意义[J].环境科学与技术, 2009, 32(2):9-11.
[5]邓祖琴,张成君,胡轶鑫.兰州市大气降尘中的多环芳烃特征及其与地形和气候因素之间的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2004, 18(8):48-51.
[6]雷洋,袁九毅,奚晓霞,等.兰州市春季沙尘气溶胶的监测与分析[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2008, 22(9):65-70.
[7]丰华,刘秀铭,吕镔,等.兰州市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义[J].地理学报, 2012, 67(1):36-44.
[8]夏敦胜,余晔,马剑英,等.大气降尘磁学特征对城市污染源的指示[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(12):110-115.
[9]张成君,胡轶鑫,钱韵砚.兰州市冬季大气沉降尘粒度特征及来源解析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2006,42(6):39-44.
[10]郑洪汉, Theng B K G, Whitton J S.黄土高原黄土-古土壤的矿物组成及其环境意义[J].地球化学, 1994,23(增刊1):113-123.
[11]谢巧勤,陈天虎,季峻峰,等.甘肃灵台黄土红粘土序列中坡缕石的分布及其古气候意义[J].岩石矿物学杂志, 2005, 24(6):653-658.
[12]彭淑贞,郭正堂.风成三趾马红土与第四纪黄土的粘土矿物组成异同及其环境意义[J].第四纪研究, 2007,27(2):277-285.
[13]洪汉烈,于娜,薛惠娟,等.临夏盆地晚更新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示[J].现代地质, 2007,21(2):406-414.
[14] Pettke T, Halliday A N, Hall C M, et al. Dust production and deposition in Asia and the north Pacific Ocean over past 12 Myr[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000, 178(3/4):397-413.
[15]奚晓霞,白艳,孟仟祥,等.兰州沙尘总悬浮微粒中有机污染物的变化及来源[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版, 2009, 45(2):36-42.
[16]卢演俦.黄土地层中CaCO3含量变化与更新世气候旋回[J].地质科学, 1981, 11(2):122-131.
[17]刘高魁,彭文世.黄土中方解石、长石和石英的红外光谱定量测定[J].矿物学报, 1983(1):63-67.
[18] Kalm V E, Rutter N W, Rokosh C D. Clay minerals and their paleoenvironmental interpretation in the Baoji loess sect ion, Southern Loess Plateau, China[J]. Catena, 1996, 27(1):49-61.
[19] Ji Jun-feng, Chen Jun, Lu Hua-yu. Illite genesis of the Luochuan loesspaleosol sequence in Shanxi province:TEM evidence[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999,43(19):372-375.
[20]赵良,季峻峰,陈骏,等.最近13万年来黄土高原黄土剖面中绿泥石的化学风化与古气候变迁[J].矿物学报, 2003, 23(2):163-168.
[21]张永双,曲永新.黄土高原马兰黄土粘土矿物的定量研究[J].地质论评, 2004, 50(5):530-537.
[22]曹家欣,刘耕年,石宁,等.山东庙岛群岛全新世黄土[J].第四纪研究, 1993, 13(1):25-33.
[23]郭正堂,刘东生,安芷生.渭南黄土沉积中十五万年来的古土壤及形成的古环境[J].第四纪研究, 1994,14(3):256-269.
[24]邓焰平,洪汉烈,殷科,等.兰州盆地永登剖面晚古新世-早渐新世沉积物中粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示意义[J].现代地质, 2010, 24(4):793-800.
[25]申聪颖,赵兰坡,刘杭,等.不同母质发育的东北黑土的粘粒矿物组成研究[J].矿物学报, 2013, 33(3):382-388.
[26]谢远云,孟杰,郭令芬,等.哈尔滨沙尘沉降物碳酸盐及其碳同位素特征[J].地理与地理信息科学, 2010,26(5):63-75.
[27] Porter S C, An Zhi-sheng. Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciations[J]. Nature, 1995, 375(6529):305-308.
[28]鹿化煜,安芷生.洛川黄土粒度组成的古气候意义[J].科学通报, 1997, 42(1):66-69.
[29]梁莲姬,孙有斌, Christiaan J B,等.黄土中的碳酸盐矿物特征与化学风化[J].第四纪研究, 2014, 34(3):645-653.
[30] Yang Jie-dong, Chen Jun, An Zhi-sheng, et al. Variation in87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcites in Chinese Loess:a proxy for chemical weathering associated with the East Asian summer monsoon[J]. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 2000, 157(1):151-159.
[31] Chen Xiu-ling, Fang Xiao-min, An Zhi-sheng, et al. An8.1 Ma calcite record of Asian summer monsoon evolution on the Chinese central Loess Plateau[J]. Science in China:Series D, 2007, 50(3):392-403.
[32] Quigley R M, Martin R T. Chloritized weathering products of a New England Glacial Till[J]. Clays and Clay Minerals, 1963, 10(1):107-116.
[33] Ducloux J, Meunier A, Velde B. Smectite, chlorite and a regular interlayered chlorite vermiculite in soils developed on a small serpentinite body, Massif Centra,France[J]. Clay Minerals, 1976, 11(2):121-135.
[34] Vanderaveroet P. Miocene to Pleistocene clay mineral sedimentation on the New Jersey Shelf[J]. Oceanologica Acta, 2000, 23(1):25-36.
[35] Winkler A, Wolf-Welling T, Stattegger K. Clay mineral sedimentation in high northern latitude deep sea basins since the middle Miocene(ODP Leg 151, NAAG)[J].International Journal of Earth Science, 2002, 91(1):133-148.
[36]齐雁冰,常庆瑞,刘梦云.风蚀水蚀交错区黄土粘土矿物特征及环境意义[J].水土保持学报, 2015, 29(1):159-162.
[37]陈忠,马海州,曹广超,等.黄土碳酸盐的研究[J].盐湖研究, 2006, 14(4):66-72.
[38]张烃,董旭辉.碳酸盐碳测定在沙尘暴来源地识别中的应用[J].中国环境监测, 2002, 18(2):11-14.
[39]王亚强,曹军骥,张小曳,等.中国粉尘源区表土碳酸盐含量与碳氧同位素组成[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2004, 24(1):113-117.
[40]曹军骥,王亚强,张小曳,等.大气中碳酸盐的碳同位素分析及其来源指示意义[J].科学通报, 2004, 49(17):1785-1788.
[41]陈发虎,张维信.甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题[M].北京:科学出版社, 1990.
[42]赵景波.黄土地层中的CaCO3与环境[J].沉积学报,1993, 11(1):136-142.
[43] Pandarinath K, Prasad S, Gupta S K. A 75 ka record of palaeoclimatic changes inferred from crystallinity of illite from Nal Sarovar, Western India[J]. Journal Geological Society of India, 1999, 54(5):515-522.
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