Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016
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摘要
With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.
With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.
With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.
引文
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Li,X.R.,Zhang,R.Y.,Cong,X.G.,Cheng,L.L.,Liu,J.,Xu,H.G.,2015.Characterization of the size-segregated inorganic compounds in Lin'an,a Regional Atmosphere Background Station in the Yangtze River Delta region.Atmos.Pollut.Res.6(6),1058-1065.
Li,M.,Liu,H.,Geng,G.N.,Hong,C.P.,Liu,F.,Song,Y.,et al.,2017a.Anthropogenic emission inventories in China:a review.Natl.Sci.Rev.4(6),834-866.
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Liang,J.,Jacobson,M.Z.,1999.A study of sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways over a range of liquid water contents,pH values,and temperatures.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.104(D11),13749-13769.
Liao,Z.H.,Gao,M.,Sun,J.R.,Fan,S.J.,2017.The impact of synoptic circulation on air quality and pollution-related human health in the Yangtze River Delta region.Sci.Total Environ.607,838-846.
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Lu,Z.,Zhang,Q.,Streets,D.G.,2011.Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India,1996-2010.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11(18),9839-9864.
Mauldin 3rd,R.L.,Berndt,T.,Sipila,M.,Paasonen,P.,Petaja,T.,Kim,S.,et al.,2012.A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide.Nature 488(7410),193-196.
P?schl,U.,2005.Atmospheric aerosols:Composition,transformation,climate and health effects.Angew.Chem.Int.Edit.44(46),7520-7540.
Pu,X.,Wang,T.J.,Huang,X.,Melas,D.,Zanis,P.,Papanastasiou,D.K.,et al.,2017.Enhanced surface ozone during the heat wave of2013 in Yangtze River Delta region,China.Sci.Total Environ.603,807-816.
Pusede,S.E.,Steiner,A.L.,Cohen,R.C.,2015.Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone.Chem.Rev.115(10),3898-3918.
Ronald,J.V.,Mijling,B.,Ding,J.,Koukouli,M.E.,Liu,F.,Li,Q.,et al.,2017.Cleaning up the air:effectiveness of air quality policy for SO2and NOxemissions in China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.17(3),1775-1789.
She,Q.N.,Peng,X.,Xu,Q.,Long,L.B.,Wei,N.,Liu,M.,et al.,2017.Air quality and its response to satellite-derived urban form in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Ecol.Indic.75,297-306.
Shen,G.F.,Yuan,S.Y.,Xie,Y.N.,Xia,S.J.,Li,L.,Yao,Y.K.,et al.,2014.Ambient levels and temporal variations of PM2.5and PM10at a residential site in the mega-city,Nanjing,in the western Yangtze River Delta,China.J.Environ.Sci.Heal.A 49(2),171-178.
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Sillman,S.,He,D.Y.,2002.Some theoretical results concerning O3-NOx-VOC chemistry and NOx-VOC indicators.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.107(D22),4659.
Sillman,S.,Logan,J.A.,Wofsy,S.C.,1990.The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen-oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.95(D2),1837-1851.
Song,C.B.,Wu,L.,Xie,Y.C.,He,J.J.,Chen,X.,Wang,T.,et al.,2017.Air pollution in China:Status and spatiotemporal variations.Environ.Pollut.227,334-347.
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Tang,L.L.,Yu,H.X.,Ding,A.J.,Zhang,Y.J.,Qin,W.,Wang,Z.,et al.,2016.Regional contribution to PM1pollution during winter haze in Yangtze River Delta,China.Sci.Total Environ.541,161-166.
Wang,Y.G.,Ying,Q.,Hu,J.L.,Zhang,H.L.,2014.Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013-2014.Environ.Int.73,413-422.
Wang,H.L.,Zhu,B.,Shen,L.J.,Xu,H.H.,An,J.L.,Xue,G.Q.,et al.,2015a.Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta,China:Size-fractionated,seasonal variations and sources.Atmos.Environ.123,370-379.
Wang,Y.Q.,Zhang,X.Y.,Sun,J.Y.,Zhang,X.C.,Che,H.Z.,Li,Y.,2015b.Spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of PM10,PM25and PM1in China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15(23),13585-13598.
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Chen,Q.X.,Yuan,Y.,Huang,X.,Jiang,Y.Q.,Tan,H.P.,2017.Estimation of surface-level PM2.5concentration using aerosol optical thickness through aerosol type analysis method.Atmos.Environ.159,26-33.
Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.X.,Jiang,J.K.,Fu,Q.Y.,Chen,C.H.,Xu,B.Y.,et al.,2013.Long-term trend of haze pollution and impact of particulate matter in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Environ.Pollut.182,101-110.
Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.,Fu,X.,Watson,J.G.,Jiang,J.,Fu,Q.,et al.,2014.Impact of biomass burning on haze pollution in the Yangtze River delta,China:a case study in summer 2011.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14(9),4573-4585.
Cheng,Y.F.,Zheng,G.J.,Wei,C.,Mu,Q.,Zheng,B.,Wang,Z.B.,et al.,2016.Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China.Sci.Adv.2(12),e1601530.
Fann,N.,Lamson,A.D.,Anenberg,S.C.,Wesson,K.,Risley,D.,Hubbell,B.J.,2012.Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5and ozone.Risk Anal.32(1),81-95.
Feng,H.H.,Zou,B.,Tang,Y.M.,2017.Scale-and regiondependence in landscape-PM2.5correlation:implications for urban planning.Remote Sens.9(9),918.
Fu,X.,Wang,S.X.,Zhao,B.,Xing,J.,Cheng,Z.,Liu,H.,et al.,2013.Emission inventory of primary pollutants and chemical speciation in 2010 for the Yangtze River Delta region,China.Atmos.Environ.70,39-50.
Fu,X.,Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.X.,Hua,Y.,Xing,J.,Hao,J.M.,2016.Local and regional contributions to fine particle pollution in winter of the Yangtze River Delta,China.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.16(4),1067-1080.
He,J.J.,Gong,S.L.,Yu,Y.,Yu,L.J.,Wu,L.,Mao,H.J.,et al.,2017.Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014-2015 in major Chinese cities.Environ.Pollut.223,484-496.
Hu,J.L.,Wang,Y.G.,Ying,Q.,Zhang,H.L.,2014.Spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5and PM10over the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta,China.Atmos.Environ.95,598-609.
Hua,Y.,Cheng,Z.,Wang,S.X.,Jiang,J.K.,Chen,D.R.,Cai,S.Y.,et al.,2015.Characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5during a fall heavy haze episode in the Yangtze River Delta of China.Atmos.Environ.123,380-391.
Huang,C.,Chen,C.H.,Li,L.,Cheng,Z.,Wang,H.L.,Huang,H.Y.,et al.,2011.Emission inventory of anthropogenic air pollutants and VOC species in the Yangtze River Delta region,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11(9),4105-4120.
Huang,K.,Zhuang,G.,Lin,Y.,Fu,J.S.,Wang,Q.,Liu,T.,et al.,2012.Typical types and formation mechanisms of haze in an Eastern Asia megacity,Shanghai.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12(1),105-124.
Huang,Y.,Li,L.,Li,J.,Wang,X.,Chen,H.,Chen,J.,et al.,2013.Acase study of the highly time-resolved evolution of aerosol chemical and optical properties in urban Shanghai,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13(8),3931-3944.
Jin,X.M.,Holloway,T.,2015.Spatial and temporal variability of ozone sensitivity over China observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.120(14),7229-7246.
Khoder,M.I.,2002.Atmospheric conversion of sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate and nitrogen dioxide to particulate nitrate and gaseous nitric acid in an urban area.Chemosphere 49(6),675-684.
Lelieveld,J.,Evans,J.S.,Fnais,M.,Giannadaki,D.,Pozzer,A.,2015.The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.Nature 525(7569),367-371.
Li,L.,Chen,C.H.,Fu,J.S.,Huang,C.,Streets,D.G.,Huang,H.Y.,et al.,2011.Air quality and emissions in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11(4),1621-1639.
Li,X.R.,Zhang,R.Y.,Cong,X.G.,Cheng,L.L.,Liu,J.,Xu,H.G.,2015.Characterization of the size-segregated inorganic compounds in Lin'an,a Regional Atmosphere Background Station in the Yangtze River Delta region.Atmos.Pollut.Res.6(6),1058-1065.
Li,M.,Liu,H.,Geng,G.N.,Hong,C.P.,Liu,F.,Song,Y.,et al.,2017a.Anthropogenic emission inventories in China:a review.Natl.Sci.Rev.4(6),834-866.
Li,M.,Zhang,Q.,Kurokawa,J.,Woo,J.H.,He,K.B.,Lu,Z.F.,et al.,2017b.MIX:a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP.Atmos.Chem.Phys.17(2),935-963.
Liang,J.,Jacobson,M.Z.,1999.A study of sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways over a range of liquid water contents,pH values,and temperatures.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.104(D11),13749-13769.
Liao,Z.H.,Gao,M.,Sun,J.R.,Fan,S.J.,2017.The impact of synoptic circulation on air quality and pollution-related human health in the Yangtze River Delta region.Sci.Total Environ.607,838-846.
Liu,F.,Zhang,Q.,Ronald,J.V.,Zheng,B.,Tong,D.,Yan,L.,et al.,2016.Recent reduction in NOxemissions over China:synthesis of satellite observations and emission inventories.Environ.Res.Lett.11(11),114002.
Liu,H.,Liu,S.,Xue,B.R.,Lv,Z.F.,Meng,Z.H.,Yang,X.F.,et al.,2018.Ground-level ozone pollution and its health impacts in China.Atmos.Environ.173,223-230.
Lu,Z.,Zhang,Q.,Streets,D.G.,2011.Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India,1996-2010.Atmos.Chem.Phys.11(18),9839-9864.
Mauldin 3rd,R.L.,Berndt,T.,Sipila,M.,Paasonen,P.,Petaja,T.,Kim,S.,et al.,2012.A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide.Nature 488(7410),193-196.
P?schl,U.,2005.Atmospheric aerosols:Composition,transformation,climate and health effects.Angew.Chem.Int.Edit.44(46),7520-7540.
Pu,X.,Wang,T.J.,Huang,X.,Melas,D.,Zanis,P.,Papanastasiou,D.K.,et al.,2017.Enhanced surface ozone during the heat wave of2013 in Yangtze River Delta region,China.Sci.Total Environ.603,807-816.
Pusede,S.E.,Steiner,A.L.,Cohen,R.C.,2015.Temperature and recent trends in the chemistry of continental surface ozone.Chem.Rev.115(10),3898-3918.
Ronald,J.V.,Mijling,B.,Ding,J.,Koukouli,M.E.,Liu,F.,Li,Q.,et al.,2017.Cleaning up the air:effectiveness of air quality policy for SO2and NOxemissions in China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.17(3),1775-1789.
She,Q.N.,Peng,X.,Xu,Q.,Long,L.B.,Wei,N.,Liu,M.,et al.,2017.Air quality and its response to satellite-derived urban form in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Ecol.Indic.75,297-306.
Shen,G.F.,Yuan,S.Y.,Xie,Y.N.,Xia,S.J.,Li,L.,Yao,Y.K.,et al.,2014.Ambient levels and temporal variations of PM2.5and PM10at a residential site in the mega-city,Nanjing,in the western Yangtze River Delta,China.J.Environ.Sci.Heal.A 49(2),171-178.
Shu,L.,Xie,M.,Wang,T.J.,Gao,D.,Chen,P.L.,Han,Y.,et al.,2016.Integrated studies of a regional ozone pollution synthetically affected by subtropical high and typhoon system in the Yangtze River Delta region,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.16(24),15801-15819.
Sillman,S.,He,D.Y.,2002.Some theoretical results concerning O3-NOx-VOC chemistry and NOx-VOC indicators.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.107(D22),4659.
Sillman,S.,Logan,J.A.,Wofsy,S.C.,1990.The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen-oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.95(D2),1837-1851.
Song,C.B.,Wu,L.,Xie,Y.C.,He,J.J.,Chen,X.,Wang,T.,et al.,2017.Air pollution in China:Status and spatiotemporal variations.Environ.Pollut.227,334-347.
Stein,A.F.,Draxler,R.R.,Rolph,G.D.,Stunder,B.J.B.,Cohen,M.D.,Ngan,F.,2015.NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system.Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.96(12),2059-2077.
Tang,L.L.,Yu,H.X.,Ding,A.J.,Zhang,Y.J.,Qin,W.,Wang,Z.,et al.,2016.Regional contribution to PM1pollution during winter haze in Yangtze River Delta,China.Sci.Total Environ.541,161-166.
Wang,Y.G.,Ying,Q.,Hu,J.L.,Zhang,H.L.,2014.Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013-2014.Environ.Int.73,413-422.
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