湘中典型稻田系统Cd平衡分析
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摘要
运用大田定位试验的方法,研究了典型稻田系统Cd污染发展趋势.于2015-11～2018-11逐月采集大气沉降及灌溉水样,同时多次采集肥料、土壤及水稻样,监测分析样品中Cd含量,研究湘中典型稻田系统Cd输入输出平衡情况.结果表明,稻田系统Cd通过灌溉水、大气沉降和肥料等途径输入,年均输入量为8. 735 g·(hm2·a)-1,其中大气沉降为主要来源,占总输入的69. 15%～82. 04%,平均为76. 61%,其次是灌溉水占12. 62%～23. 66%,平均为16. 94%,肥料占5. 34%～7. 19%,平均为6. 45%;稻田系统Cd通过地表径流、土壤下渗和水稻地上部分收获途径输出,年均输出量为7. 093g·(hm2·a)-1,水稻地上部分收获占总输出的85. 27%～95. 02%,平均为89. 69%,其次是地表径流4. 57%～13. 96%,平均为9. 41%,土壤下渗输出的Cd最少,为0. 41%～1. 51%,平均0. 90%.结果表明,研究区稻田系统Cd为净输入,土壤Cd污染形势仍在加剧.稻草还田与稻草移除将对土壤Cd平衡产生重要影响,稻草移除可以减缓土壤Cd污染发展趋势.
By conducting field positioning experiments,we studied the development trend of Cd pollution in a typical paddy system.The samples of atmospheric deposition and irrigation water were collected monthly from November 2015 to November 2018 during which fertilizer,soil,and rice samples were also collected. The Cd concentration in the samples was monitored and analyzed to conduct research on the balance between Cd inputs and outputs in a typical paddy system in Hunan Province. The results suggest that through irrigation water, atmospheric deposition and fertilizer, the average annual input of Cd in the paddy field system is 8. 735 g·( hm2·a)-1,of which atmospheric deposition,the major source,accounts for 69. 15%-82. 04% of the total input,with an average of 76. 61%. This is followed by irrigation water and fertilizer,respectively,accounting for 12. 62%-23. 66% and 5. 34%-7. 19%,with an average of 16. 94% and 6. 45%,respectively. Through surface runoff,soil infiltration and the rice harvest of the aboveground portion,the annual average output of Cd contained in the paddy system is 7. 093 g·( hm2·a)-1. Rice harvest accounts for 85. 27%-95. 02% of the total output,with an average of 89. 69%; surface runoff accounted for 4. 57%-13. 96% of the total output,with an average of 9. 41%; and soil infiltration accounted for 0. 41%-1. 51% of the total output,with an average of 0. 90%. The study indicates that Cd contained in paddy systems in Central Hunan exhibits a net input,and the soil Cd pollution is increasing as a result.Straw returning and straw removal have an important impact on the soil Cd balance,and straw removal can slow the trend of soil Cd pollution accumulation.
By conducting field positioning experiments,we studied the development trend of Cd pollution in a typical paddy system.The samples of atmospheric deposition and irrigation water were collected monthly from November 2015 to November 2018 during which fertilizer,soil,and rice samples were also collected. The Cd concentration in the samples was monitored and analyzed to conduct research on the balance between Cd inputs and outputs in a typical paddy system in Hunan Province. The results suggest that through irrigation water, atmospheric deposition and fertilizer, the average annual input of Cd in the paddy field system is 8. 735 g·( hm2·a)-1,of which atmospheric deposition,the major source,accounts for 69. 15%-82. 04% of the total input,with an average of 76. 61%. This is followed by irrigation water and fertilizer,respectively,accounting for 12. 62%-23. 66% and 5. 34%-7. 19%,with an average of 16. 94% and 6. 45%,respectively. Through surface runoff,soil infiltration and the rice harvest of the aboveground portion,the annual average output of Cd contained in the paddy system is 7. 093 g·( hm2·a)-1. Rice harvest accounts for 85. 27%-95. 02% of the total output,with an average of 89. 69%; surface runoff accounted for 4. 57%-13. 96% of the total output,with an average of 9. 41%; and soil infiltration accounted for 0. 41%-1. 51% of the total output,with an average of 0. 90%. The study indicates that Cd contained in paddy systems in Central Hunan exhibits a net input,and the soil Cd pollution is increasing as a result.Straw returning and straw removal have an important impact on the soil Cd balance,and straw removal can slow the trend of soil Cd pollution accumulation.
引文
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[30]李正文,张艳玲,潘根兴,等.不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险[J].环境科学,2003,24(3):112-115.Li Z W,Zhang Y L,Pan G X,et al. Grain contents of Cd,Cu and Se by 57 rice cultivars and the risk significance for human dietary uptake[J]. Environmental Science,2003,24(3):112-115.
[31]邹佳玲,辜娇峰,杨文弢,等.不同pH值灌溉水对土壤Cd生物有效性及稻米Cd含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(4):1508-1514.Zou J L,Gu J F,Yang W T,et al. Effects of different pH values of irrigation water on soil Cd bioavailability and Cd content in rice[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(4):1508-1514.
[32]关共凑,徐颂,黄金国.重金属在土壤-水稻体系中的分布、变化及迁移规律分析[J].生态环境,2006,15(2):315-318.Guang G C,Xu S,Huang J G. The Regularity of distribution,change and migration of heavy metals in soil-rice plant system[J]. Ecology and Environment,2006,15(2):315-318.
[33] Arao T,Ae N. Genotypic variations in cadmium levels of rice grain[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2003,49(4):473-479.
[34]田桃,曾敏,周航,等.水分管理模式与土壤Eh值对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):343-351.Tian T,Zeng M,Zhou H,et al. Effects of different water managements and soil Eh on migration and accumulation of Cd in rice[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(1):343-351.
[35]纪雄辉,梁永超,鲁艳红,等.污染稻田水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3930-3939.Ji X H, Liang Y C, Lu Y H, et al. The effect of water management on the mechanism and rate of uptake and accumulation of cadmium by rice growing in polluted paddy soil[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3930-3939.
[36]刘昭兵,纪雄辉,彭华,等.水分管理模式对水稻吸收累积镉的影响及其作用机理[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(4):908-914.Liu Z B,Ji X H,Peng H,et al. Effects and action mechanisms of different water management modes on rice Cd absorption and accumulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(4):908-914.
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[2] Pan Y P,Wang Y S. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(2):951-972.
[3] Sheppard S C,Grant C A,Sheppard M I,et al. Risk indicator for agricultural inputs of trace elements to Canadian soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(3):919-932.
[4] Lu Y L,Song S,Wang R S,et al. Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China[J].Environment International,2015,77:5-15.
[5] Yi K X,Fan W,Chen J Y,et al. Annual input and output fluxes of heavy metals to paddy fields in four types of contaminated areas in Hunan Province,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:67-76.
[6] Bengtsson H,Alvens G,Nilsson S I,et al. Cadmium,copper and zinc leaching and surface run-off losses at thejebyn farm in Northern Sweden—temporal and spatial variation[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2006,113(1-4):120-138.
[7] Jiang W,Hou Q Y,Yang Z F,et al. Annual input fluxes of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan Island,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(13):7876-7885.
[8] Hou Q Y,Yang Z F,Ji J F,et al. Annual net input fluxes of heavy metals of the agro-ecosystem in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:68-84.
[9] Luo L,Ma Y B,Zhang S Z,et al. An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(8):2524-2530.
[10] Gray C W, Mc Laren R G, Roberts A H C. Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2003,305(1-3):105-115.
[11] De P Pereira P A,Lopes W A,Carvalho L S,et al. Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(36):7837-7850.
[12] Xia X Q, Yang Z F, Cui Y J, et al. Soil heavy metal concentrations and their typical input and output fluxes on the southern Song-nen Plain,Heilongjiang Province, China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:85-96.
[13] Yang Z F,Hou Q Y,Yu T,et al. Eco-geochemical assessment of agroecosystems:Cd in the Chengdu economical region,Sichuan,China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(5):23-35.
[14] Belon E,Boisson M,Deportes I Z,et al. An inventory of trace elements inputs to French agricultural soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,439:87-95.
[15] Zhang P Y,Qin C Z,Hong X,et al. Risk assessment and source analysis of soil heavy metal pollution from lower reaches of Yellow River irrigation in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1136-1147.
[16]李欣阳,龙坚,王树兵,等.典型土壤双季稻对Cd吸收累积差异[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):406-414.Li X Y, Long J, Wang S B, et al. Differences in Cd accumulation in typical soils under the double rice system[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):406-414.
[17]陈齐,邓潇,陈珊,等.典型土壤不同提取态Cd与水稻吸收累积的关系[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2538-2545.Chen Q,Deng X,Chen S,et al. Correlations between different extractable cadmium levels in typical soils and cadmium accumulation in rice[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2538-2545.
[18] Klaic P M A,Nunes A M,Da Silveira Moreira A,et al.Determination of Na,K,Ca and Mg in xanthan gum:Sample treatment by acid digestion[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2011,83(4):1895-1900.
[19]王传娟,王少丽,陈皓锐,等.稻田水量调控模拟计算及分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(8):137-143.Wang C J,Wang S L,Chen H R,et al. The simulation and analysis of paddy rainfall storage and water conservation[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2016,(8):137-143.
[20]薛万来,牛文全,罗春艳,等.微润灌溉土壤湿润体运移模型研究[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):49-54.Xue W L,Niu W Q,Luo C Y,et al. Prediction model of wetted front migration distance under moistube-irrigation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(4):49-54.
[21]王梦梦,原梦云,苏德纯.我国大气重金属干湿沉降特征及时空变化规律[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4085-4096.Wang M M,Yuan M Y,Su D C. Characteristics and spatialtemporal variation of heavy metals in atmospheric dry and wet deposition of China[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4085-4096.
[22]邓昌州,孙广义,杨文,等.黑龙江甘南县大气降尘重金属元素沉降通量及来源分析[J].地球与环境,2012,40(3):342-348.Deng C Z,Sun G Y,Yang W,et al. Analysis of the deposition flux and source of heavy metal elements in atmospheric dustfall in Ganan county, Heilongjiang province[J]. Earth and Environment,2012,40(3):342-348.
[23] Nicholson F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al. An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2003,311(1-3):205-219.
[24] Pandey J,Pandey U. Accumulation of heavy metals in dietary vegetables and cultivated soil horizon in organic farming system in relation to atmospheric deposition in a seasonally dry tropical region of India[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,148(1-4):61-74.
[25] Feng J F,Wang Y X,Zhao J,et al. Source attributions of heavy metals in rice plant along highway in eastern China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2011,23(7):1158-1164.
[26]杨丽萍,陈发虎.兰州市大气降尘污染物来源研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):499-502.Yang L P,Chen F H. Study on the source apportionment of atmospheric dust pollutants in Lanzhou[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(4):499-502.
[27]戴青云,贺前锋,刘代欢,等.大气沉降重金属污染特征及生态风险研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2018,41(3):56-64.Dai Q Y,He Q F,Liu D H,et al. Progress in research on heavy metals in atmospheric deposition:pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,41(3):56-64.
[28]李定远,石德强,申锐莉,等.江汉平原大气污染源分析[J].现代地质,2008,22(6):915-921.Li D Y, Shi D Q, Shen R L. et al. Analysis on source apportionment of atmosphere particulates in Jianghan Plain,China[J]. Geoscience,2008,22(6):915-921.
[29] Sharma R K,Agrawal M,Marshall F M. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Cd and Pb)in Varanasi city,India[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,142(1-3):269-278.
[30]李正文,张艳玲,潘根兴,等.不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险[J].环境科学,2003,24(3):112-115.Li Z W,Zhang Y L,Pan G X,et al. Grain contents of Cd,Cu and Se by 57 rice cultivars and the risk significance for human dietary uptake[J]. Environmental Science,2003,24(3):112-115.
[31]邹佳玲,辜娇峰,杨文弢,等.不同pH值灌溉水对土壤Cd生物有效性及稻米Cd含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(4):1508-1514.Zou J L,Gu J F,Yang W T,et al. Effects of different pH values of irrigation water on soil Cd bioavailability and Cd content in rice[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(4):1508-1514.
[32]关共凑,徐颂,黄金国.重金属在土壤-水稻体系中的分布、变化及迁移规律分析[J].生态环境,2006,15(2):315-318.Guang G C,Xu S,Huang J G. The Regularity of distribution,change and migration of heavy metals in soil-rice plant system[J]. Ecology and Environment,2006,15(2):315-318.
[33] Arao T,Ae N. Genotypic variations in cadmium levels of rice grain[J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2003,49(4):473-479.
[34]田桃,曾敏,周航,等.水分管理模式与土壤Eh值对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):343-351.Tian T,Zeng M,Zhou H,et al. Effects of different water managements and soil Eh on migration and accumulation of Cd in rice[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(1):343-351.
[35]纪雄辉,梁永超,鲁艳红,等.污染稻田水分管理对水稻吸收积累镉的影响及其作用机理[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3930-3939.Ji X H, Liang Y C, Lu Y H, et al. The effect of water management on the mechanism and rate of uptake and accumulation of cadmium by rice growing in polluted paddy soil[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3930-3939.
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