生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶粒径分布及种群特征
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摘要
卫生填埋是一种常用的生活垃圾处置方法.在倾倒、堆放、推平和压实等垃圾填埋过程中,有大量带有致病菌的微生物气溶胶逸散,污染空气,危害人体健康.本研究在华北地区某生活垃圾卫生填埋场设置采样点,采集空气中的细菌气溶胶,解析细菌气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和种群特征,研究空气温度、相对湿度以及风速对细菌气溶胶逸散的影响.结果表明,作业区和覆盖区空气细菌浓度分别为(5 437±572) CFU·m~(-3)和(2 707±396) CFU·m~(-3).垃圾渗滤液处理区空气中的细菌气溶胶浓度最高,平均为9 460 CFU·m~(-3).细菌气溶胶的浓度呈现明显的季节变化,夏季浓度明显高于其他季节.冗余分析(RDA)显示,气象参数如相对湿度、温度和风速,显著影响细菌气溶胶在空气中的数量.作业区和覆盖区空气细菌粒径分布高峰分别在2. 1～4. 7μm和0. 65～2. 1μm.渗滤液处理逸散的细菌气溶胶大部分大于4. 7μm. Moraxellaceae,Bacillus aerius,Arcobacter以及Aeromonas是垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶中检出潜在或机会致病菌.
Sanitary landfill is a commonly-used method for solid waste disposal. In the process of landfilling,e. g. dumping,stacking,pushing,and compacting,a large number of bioaerosols with pathogenic bacteria will be generated. That can result in air pollution and significant harm to human health if these pathogens are released into the air. Sampling sites were set up in a domestic waste sanitary landfill in North China to collect airborne bacteria in the air. Airborne bacteria,particle size distributions,and populations were analyzed,and the influence of meteorological parameters( temperature,relative humidity( RH),and wind speed( WS)) on the emission of airborne bacteria was also investigated. Results showed that the concentrations of airborne bacteria in the working area and the coverage area were( 5 437 ± 572) CFU·m~(-3) and( 2 707 ± 396) CFU·m~(-3),respectively. The emission level in the leachate treatment area was the highest,with an average of 9 460 CFU·m~(-3). The concentration of airborne bacteria showed clear seasonal variation,being was much higher in summer than that in the other seasons. Redundancy analysis( RDA) demonstrated that RH,temperature,and WS affected the number of airborne bacteria in the air. The peaks in the airborne particle size distribution were2. 1-4. 7 μm in the working area and 0. 65-2. 1 μm in the coverage area. Most of the airborne bacteria released from the leachate treatment processes were larger than 4. 7 μm. Moraxellaceae, Bacillus aerius, Arcobacter, and Aeromonas were potential or opportunistic pathogens detected from the airborne bacteria samples. Effective measures should be taken to reduce the amount of bacterial aerosol emitted to the air in landfill working areas and in the leachate of treatment areas. Operators of landfill machinery and leachate treatment facilities should consider personal protection measures and should reduce their exposure to microbial aerosols in order to prevent disease.
Sanitary landfill is a commonly-used method for solid waste disposal. In the process of landfilling,e. g. dumping,stacking,pushing,and compacting,a large number of bioaerosols with pathogenic bacteria will be generated. That can result in air pollution and significant harm to human health if these pathogens are released into the air. Sampling sites were set up in a domestic waste sanitary landfill in North China to collect airborne bacteria in the air. Airborne bacteria,particle size distributions,and populations were analyzed,and the influence of meteorological parameters( temperature,relative humidity( RH),and wind speed( WS)) on the emission of airborne bacteria was also investigated. Results showed that the concentrations of airborne bacteria in the working area and the coverage area were( 5 437 ± 572) CFU·m~(-3) and( 2 707 ± 396) CFU·m~(-3),respectively. The emission level in the leachate treatment area was the highest,with an average of 9 460 CFU·m~(-3). The concentration of airborne bacteria showed clear seasonal variation,being was much higher in summer than that in the other seasons. Redundancy analysis( RDA) demonstrated that RH,temperature,and WS affected the number of airborne bacteria in the air. The peaks in the airborne particle size distribution were2. 1-4. 7 μm in the working area and 0. 65-2. 1 μm in the coverage area. Most of the airborne bacteria released from the leachate treatment processes were larger than 4. 7 μm. Moraxellaceae, Bacillus aerius, Arcobacter, and Aeromonas were potential or opportunistic pathogens detected from the airborne bacteria samples. Effective measures should be taken to reduce the amount of bacterial aerosol emitted to the air in landfill working areas and in the leachate of treatment areas. Operators of landfill machinery and leachate treatment facilities should consider personal protection measures and should reduce their exposure to microbial aerosols in order to prevent disease.
引文
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[15]杨凯雄,侯红勋,王颖哲,等.SBR工艺城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶逸散特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(11):4909-4914.Yang K X,Hou H X,Wang Y Z,et al.Characteristics of bioaerosols emitted from WWTP with SBR treatment process[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(11):4909-4914.
[16]Fathi S,Hajizadeh Y,Nikaeen M,et al.Assessment of microbial aerosol emissions in an urban wastewater treatment plant operated with activated sludge process[J].Aerobiologia,2017,33(4):507-515.
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[19]Sturm R.Modeling the deposition of bioaerosols with variable size and shape in the human respiratory tract-A review[J].Journal of Advanced Research,2012,3(4):295-304.
[20]Wang Y F,Wang C H,Hu K L.Size and seasonal distributions of airborne bioaerosols in commuting trains[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(35):4331-4338.
[21]于文凯,徐星澈,袁晓鹏,等.呼吸道菌群与呼吸系统疾病研究进展[J].重庆医学,2014,43(28):3802-3805.
[22]Rafiq I,Parthasarathy H,Tremlett C,et al.Infective endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens in a percutaneous aortic valve replacement[J].Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine,2011,12(3):184-186.
[23]Leung J M,Gallant C V.Infections due to Escherichia and Shigella[A].Cohen A A,Holmes D J(Eds.).Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2014.
[24]王闻卿,朱林英,郝莉鹏,等.气单胞菌研究概况[J].疾病监测,2016,31(7):591-597.Wang W Q,Zhu L Y,Hao L P,et al.Progress in research of Aeromonas[J].Disease Surveillance,2016,31(7):591-597.
[25]史廷明,王松松,刘跃伟,等.固体废弃物填埋作业及其职业有害因素[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2011,29(7):557-559.Shi T M,Wang S S,Liu Y W,et al.Solid waste landfill and its occupational hazards[J].Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,2011,29(7):557-559.
[26]SzyIak-SzydIowski M,Kulig A,Mias'kiewicz-Pska E.Seasonal changes in the concentrations of airborne bacteria emitted from a large wastewater treatment plant[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2016,115:11-16.
[27]Peccia J,Werth H M,Miller S,et al.Effects of relative humidity on the ultraviolet induced inactivation of airborne bacteria[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2001,35(3):728-740.
[28]胡庆轩,车凤翔,陈振生,等.大风对大气细菌粒子浓度和粒度分布的影响[J].中国环境监测,1991,7(6):5-8.
[2]Agarwal S.Seasonal variability in size-segregated airborne bacterial particles and their characterization at different sourcesites[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(15):13519-13527.
[3]纪思思,夏立江,杜文利,等.北京某垃圾填埋区空气细菌浓度及粒径分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(6):67-70.Ji S S,Xia L J,Du W L,et al.The concentration and particle distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria in centain municipal landfill site in Beijing[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(6):67-70.
[4]于玺华.现代空气微生物学[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2002.
[5]Park D U,Ryu S H,Kim S B,et al.An assessment of dust,endotoxin,and microorganism exposure during waste collection and sorting[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2011,61(4):461-468.
[6]杜睿.大气生物气溶胶的研究进展[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(4):546-552.Du R.The progress of atmospheric bioaerosol research[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2006,11(4):546-552.
[7]张俊超,刘建伟,马文林,等.城市固体废弃物综合处理厂微生物气溶胶污染特性[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(8):2825-2829.Zhang J C,Liu J W,Ma W L,et al.Characteristics of microbial aerosol pollution in urban solid waste comprehensive treatment plant[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(8):2825-2829.
[8]Andersen A A.New sampler for the collection,sizing,and enumeration of viable airborne particles[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1958,76(5):471-484.
[9]Macher J M.Positive-hole correction of multiple-jet impactors for collecting viable microorganisms[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1989,50(11):561-568.
[10]Wang Y J,Li L,Han Y P,et al.Intestinal bacteria in bioaerosols and factors affecting their survival in two oxidation ditch process municipal wastewater treatment plants located in different regions[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,154:162-170.
[11]Yang K X,Li L,Wang Y J,et al.Airborne bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant:Emission characterization,source analysis and health risk assessment[J].Water Research,2019,149:596-606.
[12]Huang C Y,Lee C C,Li F C,et al.The seasonal distribution of bioaerosols in municipal landfill sites:a 3-yr study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(27):4385-4395.
[13]胡庆轩,车凤翔,张松乐,等.京、津地区大气微生物的浓度[J].环境科学,1989,10(5):30-35.Hu Q X,Che F X,Zhang S L,et al.A study on concentrations of microorgan-isms in the atmosphere of Beijing and Tianjin areas[J].Environmental Science,1989,10(5):30-35.
[14]方治国,欧阳志云,胡利锋,等.北京市夏季空气微生物粒度分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(6):1-5.Fang Z G,Ouyang Z Y,Hu L F,et al.Granularity distribution of airborne microbes in summer in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2004,25(6):1-5.
[15]杨凯雄,侯红勋,王颖哲,等.SBR工艺城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶逸散特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(11):4909-4914.Yang K X,Hou H X,Wang Y Z,et al.Characteristics of bioaerosols emitted from WWTP with SBR treatment process[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(11):4909-4914.
[16]Fathi S,Hajizadeh Y,Nikaeen M,et al.Assessment of microbial aerosol emissions in an urban wastewater treatment plant operated with activated sludge process[J].Aerobiologia,2017,33(4):507-515.
[17]Wickman H H.Deposition,adhesion,and release of bioaerosols[A].In:Lighthart B,Mohr A J(Eds.).Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols[M].Boston:Springer,1994.99-165.
[18]Lighthart B,Mohr A J.Atmospheric microbial aerosols[M].Boston:Springer,1994.
[19]Sturm R.Modeling the deposition of bioaerosols with variable size and shape in the human respiratory tract-A review[J].Journal of Advanced Research,2012,3(4):295-304.
[20]Wang Y F,Wang C H,Hu K L.Size and seasonal distributions of airborne bioaerosols in commuting trains[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(35):4331-4338.
[21]于文凯,徐星澈,袁晓鹏,等.呼吸道菌群与呼吸系统疾病研究进展[J].重庆医学,2014,43(28):3802-3805.
[22]Rafiq I,Parthasarathy H,Tremlett C,et al.Infective endocarditis caused by Moraxella nonliquefaciens in a percutaneous aortic valve replacement[J].Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine,2011,12(3):184-186.
[23]Leung J M,Gallant C V.Infections due to Escherichia and Shigella[A].Cohen A A,Holmes D J(Eds.).Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2014.
[24]王闻卿,朱林英,郝莉鹏,等.气单胞菌研究概况[J].疾病监测,2016,31(7):591-597.Wang W Q,Zhu L Y,Hao L P,et al.Progress in research of Aeromonas[J].Disease Surveillance,2016,31(7):591-597.
[25]史廷明,王松松,刘跃伟,等.固体废弃物填埋作业及其职业有害因素[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2011,29(7):557-559.Shi T M,Wang S S,Liu Y W,et al.Solid waste landfill and its occupational hazards[J].Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,2011,29(7):557-559.
[26]SzyIak-SzydIowski M,Kulig A,Mias'kiewicz-Pska E.Seasonal changes in the concentrations of airborne bacteria emitted from a large wastewater treatment plant[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2016,115:11-16.
[27]Peccia J,Werth H M,Miller S,et al.Effects of relative humidity on the ultraviolet induced inactivation of airborne bacteria[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2001,35(3):728-740.
[28]胡庆轩,车凤翔,陈振生,等.大风对大气细菌粒子浓度和粒度分布的影响[J].中国环境监测,1991,7(6):5-8.
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