中国城市扩张及空间特征变化对PM_(2.5)污染的影响
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摘要
为推动绿色生态城区构建,基于2000～2015年城市分类数据,研究中国城市扩张以及城市空间特征变化对大气环境的影响.得出中国城市扩张(人口、经济和地域面积扩张)以及城市空间特征[人口密度、城市空间紧凑度(compact index,CI)、不透水覆盖率(impervious surface coverage,ISC)、植被覆盖率(NDVI)和夜间灯光指数]变化与PM_(2.5)污染显著相关,相关强度顺序为夜间灯光指数> CI>人口密度> ISC>城市地域扩张≥城市人口扩张> NDVI;夜间灯光指数与PM_(2.5)变化关系最明显,相关系数R为0. 77,具有强相关性,表征经济发展对PM_(2.5)的影响最大;城市CI和人口密度与PM_(2.5)变化的相关系数分别为0. 66和0. 55,中强相关. 2010～2015年期间,城市扩张、城市空间特征变化、城市空间特征异质性变化对PM_(2.5)浓度变化总贡献率为80. 30%.城市空间特征变化的贡献率最高为55. 00%,城市空间异质性的贡献率为25. 60%,均大于2010年基础城市特征的贡献率5. 70%. 2000～2010年期间,城市空间特征变化对PM_(2.5)浓度变化贡献率为39. 30%,城市空间特征异质性的贡献率分别为14. 90%,均大于2000年基础城市特征的贡献率3. 70%.结论表明未来城市转型发展中,构建绿色生态城区应充分考虑城市空间布局、城市空间特征变化,把城市建设对生态环境的破坏降到最小,实现低碳循环绿色发展.
Study of the influence of China's rapid urbanization and changing urban characteristics on urban ecology is of profound significance for the sustainable development of cities. The results of this study found that such changes have had a profound effect on PM_(2.5) concentrations. To explore the effects of urbanization on air quality( especially on PM_(2.5)) we used indicators of population expansion,economic expansion,and urban geographical to represent levels of urban expansion,and used population density,urban CI,ISC,NDVI,and a night light index to indicate urban space characteristics. The strength of correlations between urban space characteristics and PM_(2.5) pollution were as follows: night light index > CI > population density > ISC > urban geographical expansion ≥population expansion > NDVI. The highest correlation coefficient was between PM_(2.5) and the night light index,which was 0. 77. During2010-2015,the total contribution of urban expansion,urban characteristics,and spatial heterogeneity was 80. 30%. The contribution of changes in urban characteristics was 55. 00% and the contribution of spatial heterogeneity was 25. 60%,both of which were above the contribution of basic urban characteristics in 2010,which was 5. 70%. From 2000 to 2010,the contribution of changes in urban spatial characteristics to changes in PM_(2.5) concentrations was 39. 30% and the contribution of the heterogeneity of urban spatial characteristics was 14. 90%,both of which were higher than the contribution of basic urban characteristics in 2000,which was3. 70%. The results indicated that as urban transformation and development continue,green ecological cities should fully consider urban spatial layouts and the associated changes in urban spatial characteristics,minimize damage to the ecological environment from urban construction,and they should realize low-carbon and green development.
Study of the influence of China's rapid urbanization and changing urban characteristics on urban ecology is of profound significance for the sustainable development of cities. The results of this study found that such changes have had a profound effect on PM_(2.5) concentrations. To explore the effects of urbanization on air quality( especially on PM_(2.5)) we used indicators of population expansion,economic expansion,and urban geographical to represent levels of urban expansion,and used population density,urban CI,ISC,NDVI,and a night light index to indicate urban space characteristics. The strength of correlations between urban space characteristics and PM_(2.5) pollution were as follows: night light index > CI > population density > ISC > urban geographical expansion ≥population expansion > NDVI. The highest correlation coefficient was between PM_(2.5) and the night light index,which was 0. 77. During2010-2015,the total contribution of urban expansion,urban characteristics,and spatial heterogeneity was 80. 30%. The contribution of changes in urban characteristics was 55. 00% and the contribution of spatial heterogeneity was 25. 60%,both of which were above the contribution of basic urban characteristics in 2010,which was 5. 70%. From 2000 to 2010,the contribution of changes in urban spatial characteristics to changes in PM_(2.5) concentrations was 39. 30% and the contribution of the heterogeneity of urban spatial characteristics was 14. 90%,both of which were higher than the contribution of basic urban characteristics in 2000,which was3. 70%. The results indicated that as urban transformation and development continue,green ecological cities should fully consider urban spatial layouts and the associated changes in urban spatial characteristics,minimize damage to the ecological environment from urban construction,and they should realize low-carbon and green development.
引文
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[2]全国两会特别报道.共商共治共享,高质量推进生态建设[N/OL].解放日报,http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?Query ID=2&CurRec=1&recid=&File Name=JFRB201803190040&DbName=CCNDLAST2018&DbCode=CCND&yx=&pr=&URLID=,2018-03-19.
[3]United Nations.World urbanization prospects(2014 revision)[M].New York:United Nations,2014.
[4]Zhao L,Lee X,Smith R B,et al.Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands[J].Nature,2014,511(7508):216-219.
[5]Wigginton N S,Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink J,Wible B,et al.Cities are the future[J].Science,2016,352(6288):904-905.
[6]王彤,华阳,许庆成,等.京津冀郊区站点秋冬季大气PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学,2019,40(3):1035-1042.Wang T,Hua Y,Xu Q C,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5in suburban area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in autumn and winter[J].Environmental Science,2019,40(3):1035-1042.
[7]周伟奇,钱雨果.中国典型区域城市化过程及其生态环境效应[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[8]秦雨,张强,李鑫,等.中国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放的健康影响特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5289-5295.Qin Y,Zhang Q,Li X,et al.Patterns of mortality from air pollutant emissions in China's coal-fired power plants[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5289-5295.
[9]Yang H.China's soil plan needs strong support[J].Nature,2016,536(7617):375.
[10]Qi Y,Stern N,Wu T,et al.China's post-coal growth[J].Nature Geoscience,2016,9(8):564-566.
[11]黄丹丹,周敏,余传冠,等.长三角淳安地区二次颗粒物污染形成机制[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5308-5314.Huang D D,Zhou M,Yu C G,et al.Physiochemical properties of the aerosol particles and their impacts on secondary aerosol formation at the background site of the Yangtze river delta[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5308-5314.
[12]Palmer M,Bernhardt E,Chornesky E,et al.Ecology for a crowded planet[J].Science,2004,304(5675):1251-1252.
[13]Mc Donnell M J,Macgregor-Fors I.The ecological future of cities[J].Science,2016,352(6288):936-938.
[14]Zhang X Y,Sun J Y,Wang Y Q,et al.Factors contributing to haze and fog in China[J].Chineses Science Bulletin,2013,58(13):1178-1187.
[15]Peng J,Chen S,Lu H L,et al.Spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed PM2.5concentration in China from 1999 to 2011[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,174:109-121.
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[18]韩立建.城市化与PM2.5时空格局演变及其影响因素的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(8):1011-1021.Han L J.Relationship between urbanization and urban air quality:An insight on fine particulate dynamics in China[J].Progress in Geography,2018,37(8):1011-1021.
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[23]贺晋瑜,燕丽,王彦超,等.我国PM2.5浓度分阶段改善目标情景分析[J].环境科学,2019,40(5):2036-2042.He J Y,Yan L,Wang Y C,et al.Scenario analysis of PM2.5concentration targets and milestones in China[J].Environmental Science,2019,40(5):2036-2042.
[24]卢文,王红磊,朱彬,等.南京江北2014~2016年PM2.5质量浓度分布特征及气象和传输影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,2019,39(4):1039-1048.Lu W,Wang H L,Zhu B,et al.Distribution characteristics of PM2.5mass concentration and their impacting factors including meteorology and transmission in north suburb of Nanjing during2014 to 2016[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2019,39(4):1039-1048.
[25]沈利娟,王红磊,李莉,等.嘉兴市春季一次持续雾霾过程中气象条件与污染物变化特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2871-2880.Shen L J,Wang H L,Li L,et al.Observation analysis on the characteristics of meteorological elements and pollutants during a continuous fog and haze episode in spring in Jiaxing City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2871-2880.
[26]Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,et al.Impact of urbanization level on urban air quality:a case of fine particles(PM2.5)in Chinese cities[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,194:163-170.
[27]Keola S,Andersson M,Hall O.Monitoring economic development from space:using nighttime light and land cover data to measure economic growth[J].World Development,2015,66:322-334.
[28]Hao Y,Liu Y M.The influential factors of urban PM2.5concentrations in China:a spatial econometric analysis[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:1443-1453.
[29]World Bank.East Asia's changing urban landscape:measuring a decade of spatial growth[M].Washington,DC:The World Bank,2015.
[30]Jerrett M.Atmospheric science:the death toll from air-pollution sources[J].Nature,2015,525(7569):330-331.
[31]环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)[S].中华人民共和国:2012.
[32]Normile D.China rethinks cities[J].Science,2016,352(6288):916-918.
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