熔体与橄榄岩反应：对地幔包体中尖晶石成分变异的制约
摘要
本文进行了高温高压条件下角闪石榴辉石岩与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和角闪石榴辉石斜长片麻岩与尖晶石方辉橄榄岩反应的熔融实验研究,并利用电子探针对反应后的矿物成分和熔体成分进行了分析。其结果对揭示华北克拉通岩石圈地幔深部作用过程与演化具有重要意义。
实验结果表明,含水SiO_2不饱和熔体(角闪石榴辉石岩)-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩反应形成了纯橄岩(D)-方辉橄榄岩(H)-二辉橄榄岩(L)带。从D-H-L带,橄榄石的Mg#和尖晶石的Mg#逐渐升高,而尖晶石的Cr#逐渐降低,从反应前的铬尖晶石变成了反应后的铬铁矿。同时,反应后熔体的Mg#增高。上述结果表明,地幔低镁纯橄岩的形成以及方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩中铬铁矿的形成均是熔体-橄榄岩反应的结果,而非岩浆堆积成因。同时,熔体-橄榄岩反应是造成adakitic熔体富镁的动因之一。
含水SiO_2过饱和熔体(角闪石榴辉石斜长片麻岩)-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩反应形成了斜方辉石(岩/带),同时造成了尖晶石向铬铁矿转变以及反应后熔体Mg#的增高。上述结果表明,富硅质熔体-地幔橄榄岩反应是造成岩石圈地幔从亏损型向富集型转变的主导因素,同时也是造成adakitic熔体富镁的动因之一。
综合上述实验结果可以看出,熔体-橄榄岩反应在岩石圈地幔深部演化中具有普遍性,它不仅是造成岩石圈地幔转型的主要方式之一,同时也是大陆地区高镁火成岩形成的主要机制之一。实验结果与太行山和鲁西高镁闪长岩中地幔橄榄岩包体组合及矿物成分变异的一致性揭示,中生代早期加厚陆壳的拆沉是华北克拉通破坏的主导机制,而早白垩世熔体-橄榄岩反应则是制约岩石圈地幔减薄的主导机制。
High-temperature and high-pressure experiments on the reactions between Hb-Gt pyroxenite and spinel-lherzolite as well as between Hb-Gt-Py- plagiogneiss and spinel-harzburgite were carried out to constrain the composional variation of spinels from the mantle xenoliths and reveal the lithospheric deep processes.
1 Melt-peridotite reaction and results
(1) Am-Gt-pyroxenite and spinel-lherzolite reaction
Experiment on reaction of Hb-Gt pyroxenite with Sp-lherzolite was carried out at 1500℃and 3.5GPa for 24 hours in a Cubic model HTHP apparatus in the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry at Jilin University. The results indicate that the Hb-Gt pyroxenite was melted, that the dunite, harzburgite, and lherzolite zones were formed during the melt-Sp-lherzolite, and that the spinel in lherzolite had been changed into the chromite in dunite. Cr#’s of spinels gradually decrease and Mg#’s of spinels increase from dunite, harzburgite to lherzolite zones, whereas Mg#’s of olivines increase. In contrast, the Mg#’s of melts increase from the dunite to the melts far from the melt-lherzolite interface.
(2) Hb-Gt-Py plagiogneiss and spinel-harzburgite reaction
Experiment on the reaction of Hb-Gt-Py plagiogneiss with Sp-harzburgite was carried out at 1350℃and 1.5GPa for 6 hours in Brown University by Liang Yan. Differently, dunite layer is not observed. Instead, a thin Opx layer is formed at the melt-rock interface. The irregular orthopyroxenes occur around or partly around relict olivine near the interface. The bright rim of the spinel on EBS images implied a relatively high Cr_2O_3 content and low Al2 O3 content, similar to the above mentioned experimental results. Melt compositional profiles from the melt-lherzolite interface to the melt far from the interface show the increases of SiO_2 , CaO, Al_2O_3 and decrease of MgO, FeO.
2 Compositional variation of spinel in melt-lherzolite reaction
Most of the spinels had changed into chromites during the melt-lherzolite reaction. Relict spinel cores can be only observed in the lherzolite zone.
Compared with the initial spinel, reactive spinels generally display the decreases of Al_2O_3 , MgO and the increases of Cr_2O_3 , FeO as well as minor increase of TiO_2, MnO and CaO. From the dunite to lherzolite zones, the Mg#’s of spinels increase from 46 to 76 and the Cr#’s of spinels decrease from 68 to 12, whrereas the Mg#’s of olivines increase from 75 to 90, the latter is similar to the initial spinel and olivine in the Sp-lherzolite.
3 Compositional variation of spinel in peridotite xenoliths from the Taihang Mountains
The peridotite xenoliths are discovered in Fushan high-Mg diorites with the Early Cretaceous ages from southern Taihang Mountains. The host rocks consist mainly of gabbro-diorite, diorite and monzodiorite. Detailed studies on petrography and mineral chemistry indicate that the xenoliths are composed of chromite-bearing dunite, Sp-harzburgite and Sp-lherzolite. The Sp-harzburgite and Sp-lherzolite are dominated in the xenoliths. The peridotites have SiO_2=40.16-45.99%, Al_2O_3 =0.15-1.47%, MgO=43.67-47.5%, TiO_2=0.01-0.03%,Mg# =90-93. They have the REE abundances of 0.59-5.16 ppm and are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs) such as Nb, Zr, Hf, depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and minor positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.83-1.52).
Spinel compositional profiles from core to rim show the decrease of Mg#’s and increases of Cr#’s and fO_2 , which is consistent with the presences of hornblende and phlogopite around the spinels. The Mg#’s increase and Cr#’s decrease for spinels can be found from the dunite-harzburgite to the lherzolite. 4 Melt-peridotite reaction constrains the evolution of continental lithospheric mantle
The experimental results have revealed that dunite and harzburgite can be formed by melt-peridotite reaction, different from the traditional view being residue of highly degree of partial melting of mantle. Two main reactions in the lithospheric mantl are as follows: Olivine + SiO_2 (silica-rich melt)=Opx (+silica-poor melt) (1) Opx + silica-poor melt=Olivine + SiO_2 (silica-rich melt) (2)
The two types of reactions are the main reasons to result in the mantle heterogeneity.
The results of the lherzolite dissolution depend on the composition of the reacting melt. Generally, the melt is characterized by enrichment in Si, Ca, Fe and depletion in Mg, Ni. Melts-peridotite reaction could result in enrichment in Si, Ca, Fe and depletion in Mg, Ni, i.e., the formation of low Mg peridotite.
The North China Craton (NNC) is one of the oldest Archean cratons in the world. It has been generally believed that a large scale of thinning beneath the North China Craton happened in the Yanshanian and Himalayan from a number of recent studies. The discovery of late Triassic eclogite xenoliths in the early Cretaceous adakitic rocks from the Xu-Huai region indicates that the lower crustal thickening in the eastern NCC took place during Early Mesozoic, which resulted from the Triassic collision between the Yangze craton (YC) and the NCC. The thickening, foundering and partial melting of the Archean NCC mafic lower crust, as well as subsequent adakitic melt-mantle interaction have been demonstrated by chronological and geochemical data of eclogite xenoliths and host adakitic rocks in the Xu-Huai area. Dunite is believed to be the ideal pathways by which mantle melts travel through the overlying mantle to be erupted to the surface. Melt-peridotite reaction is common in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric mantle in East China. It is an important mechanism for the compositional transformation and of lithospheric mantle, and result in the enrichment in the lithospheric mantle. Melt-peridotite reaction is one of the main reasons for the thinning of the NCC.
实验结果表明,含水SiO_2不饱和熔体(角闪石榴辉石岩)-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩反应形成了纯橄岩(D)-方辉橄榄岩(H)-二辉橄榄岩(L)带。从D-H-L带,橄榄石的Mg#和尖晶石的Mg#逐渐升高,而尖晶石的Cr#逐渐降低,从反应前的铬尖晶石变成了反应后的铬铁矿。同时,反应后熔体的Mg#增高。上述结果表明,地幔低镁纯橄岩的形成以及方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩中铬铁矿的形成均是熔体-橄榄岩反应的结果,而非岩浆堆积成因。同时,熔体-橄榄岩反应是造成adakitic熔体富镁的动因之一。
含水SiO_2过饱和熔体(角闪石榴辉石斜长片麻岩)-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩反应形成了斜方辉石(岩/带),同时造成了尖晶石向铬铁矿转变以及反应后熔体Mg#的增高。上述结果表明,富硅质熔体-地幔橄榄岩反应是造成岩石圈地幔从亏损型向富集型转变的主导因素,同时也是造成adakitic熔体富镁的动因之一。
综合上述实验结果可以看出,熔体-橄榄岩反应在岩石圈地幔深部演化中具有普遍性,它不仅是造成岩石圈地幔转型的主要方式之一,同时也是大陆地区高镁火成岩形成的主要机制之一。实验结果与太行山和鲁西高镁闪长岩中地幔橄榄岩包体组合及矿物成分变异的一致性揭示,中生代早期加厚陆壳的拆沉是华北克拉通破坏的主导机制,而早白垩世熔体-橄榄岩反应则是制约岩石圈地幔减薄的主导机制。
High-temperature and high-pressure experiments on the reactions between Hb-Gt pyroxenite and spinel-lherzolite as well as between Hb-Gt-Py- plagiogneiss and spinel-harzburgite were carried out to constrain the composional variation of spinels from the mantle xenoliths and reveal the lithospheric deep processes.
1 Melt-peridotite reaction and results
(1) Am-Gt-pyroxenite and spinel-lherzolite reaction
Experiment on reaction of Hb-Gt pyroxenite with Sp-lherzolite was carried out at 1500℃and 3.5GPa for 24 hours in a Cubic model HTHP apparatus in the State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry at Jilin University. The results indicate that the Hb-Gt pyroxenite was melted, that the dunite, harzburgite, and lherzolite zones were formed during the melt-Sp-lherzolite, and that the spinel in lherzolite had been changed into the chromite in dunite. Cr#’s of spinels gradually decrease and Mg#’s of spinels increase from dunite, harzburgite to lherzolite zones, whereas Mg#’s of olivines increase. In contrast, the Mg#’s of melts increase from the dunite to the melts far from the melt-lherzolite interface.
(2) Hb-Gt-Py plagiogneiss and spinel-harzburgite reaction
Experiment on the reaction of Hb-Gt-Py plagiogneiss with Sp-harzburgite was carried out at 1350℃and 1.5GPa for 6 hours in Brown University by Liang Yan. Differently, dunite layer is not observed. Instead, a thin Opx layer is formed at the melt-rock interface. The irregular orthopyroxenes occur around or partly around relict olivine near the interface. The bright rim of the spinel on EBS images implied a relatively high Cr_2O_3 content and low Al2 O3 content, similar to the above mentioned experimental results. Melt compositional profiles from the melt-lherzolite interface to the melt far from the interface show the increases of SiO_2 , CaO, Al_2O_3 and decrease of MgO, FeO.
2 Compositional variation of spinel in melt-lherzolite reaction
Most of the spinels had changed into chromites during the melt-lherzolite reaction. Relict spinel cores can be only observed in the lherzolite zone.
Compared with the initial spinel, reactive spinels generally display the decreases of Al_2O_3 , MgO and the increases of Cr_2O_3 , FeO as well as minor increase of TiO_2, MnO and CaO. From the dunite to lherzolite zones, the Mg#’s of spinels increase from 46 to 76 and the Cr#’s of spinels decrease from 68 to 12, whrereas the Mg#’s of olivines increase from 75 to 90, the latter is similar to the initial spinel and olivine in the Sp-lherzolite.
3 Compositional variation of spinel in peridotite xenoliths from the Taihang Mountains
The peridotite xenoliths are discovered in Fushan high-Mg diorites with the Early Cretaceous ages from southern Taihang Mountains. The host rocks consist mainly of gabbro-diorite, diorite and monzodiorite. Detailed studies on petrography and mineral chemistry indicate that the xenoliths are composed of chromite-bearing dunite, Sp-harzburgite and Sp-lherzolite. The Sp-harzburgite and Sp-lherzolite are dominated in the xenoliths. The peridotites have SiO_2=40.16-45.99%, Al_2O_3 =0.15-1.47%, MgO=43.67-47.5%, TiO_2=0.01-0.03%,Mg# =90-93. They have the REE abundances of 0.59-5.16 ppm and are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs) such as Nb, Zr, Hf, depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and minor positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.83-1.52).
Spinel compositional profiles from core to rim show the decrease of Mg#’s and increases of Cr#’s and fO_2 , which is consistent with the presences of hornblende and phlogopite around the spinels. The Mg#’s increase and Cr#’s decrease for spinels can be found from the dunite-harzburgite to the lherzolite. 4 Melt-peridotite reaction constrains the evolution of continental lithospheric mantle
The experimental results have revealed that dunite and harzburgite can be formed by melt-peridotite reaction, different from the traditional view being residue of highly degree of partial melting of mantle. Two main reactions in the lithospheric mantl are as follows: Olivine + SiO_2 (silica-rich melt)=Opx (+silica-poor melt) (1) Opx + silica-poor melt=Olivine + SiO_2 (silica-rich melt) (2)
The two types of reactions are the main reasons to result in the mantle heterogeneity.
The results of the lherzolite dissolution depend on the composition of the reacting melt. Generally, the melt is characterized by enrichment in Si, Ca, Fe and depletion in Mg, Ni. Melts-peridotite reaction could result in enrichment in Si, Ca, Fe and depletion in Mg, Ni, i.e., the formation of low Mg peridotite.
The North China Craton (NNC) is one of the oldest Archean cratons in the world. It has been generally believed that a large scale of thinning beneath the North China Craton happened in the Yanshanian and Himalayan from a number of recent studies. The discovery of late Triassic eclogite xenoliths in the early Cretaceous adakitic rocks from the Xu-Huai region indicates that the lower crustal thickening in the eastern NCC took place during Early Mesozoic, which resulted from the Triassic collision between the Yangze craton (YC) and the NCC. The thickening, foundering and partial melting of the Archean NCC mafic lower crust, as well as subsequent adakitic melt-mantle interaction have been demonstrated by chronological and geochemical data of eclogite xenoliths and host adakitic rocks in the Xu-Huai area. Dunite is believed to be the ideal pathways by which mantle melts travel through the overlying mantle to be erupted to the surface. Melt-peridotite reaction is common in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric mantle in East China. It is an important mechanism for the compositional transformation and of lithospheric mantle, and result in the enrichment in the lithospheric mantle. Melt-peridotite reaction is one of the main reasons for the thinning of the NCC.
引文
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