白银市日光温室蔬菜土传病害无公害综合治理技术研究
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摘要
1、2003～2005年对白银市两县(靖远、景泰)两区(平川、白银)8个乡20多个村的日光温室蔬菜土传病害进行调查,通过田间症状观察、室内PDA常规分离培养和黄瓜诱捕,查清土传病害种类15种,基本掌握了其分布和为害。主要病害是辣椒疫病、甜瓜疫病、茄子疫病和茄子黄萎病,后两种病害常混合发生,发病率为18%～22%,辣椒疫病发病率平均达40%,甜瓜疫病发病率为16.3%,损失严重。掌握了土传病害发生的基本情况,为土传病害的防治提供了科学依据。
2、通过对辣椒疫病、茄子黄萎病等4种主要病害的系统观察和普查,基本掌握了这些病害的发病进程和影响发病的因素(栽培措施、生态管理、品种抗病性),为病害的预测预报、栽培免疫提供了理论依据。
3、试验筛选出了辣椒抗病砧木辣砧1号:茄子抗病砧木CRP刺茄和托鲁巴姆;西瓜抗病砧木青砧1号南瓜。经与优良接穗嫁接,抗病性大大提高。盛果后期发病率分别下降77.79%～86.67%、80.91%～89.87%和100%,分别增产80.59%～102.48%、13.48%～17.28%和37.49%。抗病、增产效果显著。因此选用抗病性强、亲合力好的砧木进行嫁接,是防治日光温室土传病害的有效途径。
4、较系统地进行了太阳能高温消毒日光温室土壤防治土传病害试验,明确了以下三点:
(1)不同土层地温日变化。覆盖区5cm地温日变化范围为35.5～50.2℃,平均42.1℃,比对照区高7.1℃;24h地温≥40℃的时数达到13.87h,其中≥45℃以上的时数达到7.82h。而对照区≥40℃的时数仅为6.1h,且均低于45℃。覆盖区20cm土壤地温日变化范围为36.5～42.9℃,平均39.7℃,比对照区高7.3℃,24h地温≥40℃的时数达到11.9h,而对照区24h地温均低于35℃。该温度可有效杀死土壤中的病菌。
(2)防病效果。利用7～8月份日光温室休闲期对温室土壤进行太阳能高温消毒30d以上,对茄子黄萎病、茄子疫病和甜瓜疫病的防治效果达到100%。经跟踪调查,太阳能高温消毒的温室连续两年没有土传病害发生。高温消毒后厚皮甜瓜增产18.6%～47.7%.
(3)太阳能高温消毒后土壤有机质降低0.32%,速效钾的含量增加100mg/kg,提高了作物抗病性。土壤有效性微量元素钙也有所增加,缓解了土壤中钙元素的缺乏。
这项研究为土传病害发生严重、轮作倒茬困难的日光温室提供了价格低廉、十分有效的防治措施。此项工作在国内未见有系统研究报道。
5、化学药剂防治土传病害结果。用98%溴灭泰(溴甲烷)在定植前密闭熏蒸土壤,对第一茬甜瓜疫病的防治效果达100%,对第二茬茄子黄萎病的防效达95.86%,防效十分显著,且药效可持续一年。但溴甲烷不仅成本昂贵,不易推广,而且毒性高,从无公害的角度出发,不宜大面积推广。茄子黄萎病可用50%菌必治可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂连续3次灌根防效达65.5%以上;用72%杜邦克露可湿性粉剂和69%安克锰锌水分散颗粒剂连续3次灌根防治甜瓜疫病的效果达60%以上。而采用64%杀毒矾可湿性粉剂和69%安克锰锌水分散颗粒剂同胶泥混合涂抹根茎部对甜瓜疫病的防效可达74%以上。这表明在抗病品种缺乏、栽培措施不到位的情况下,化学药剂仍然是不可缺少的有力措施。
6、生态防治。日光温室厚皮甜瓜采用安装滴灌、大沟覆草、后墙张挂反光幕、严格控制温湿度的生态管理措施,甜瓜疫病发病率降低85.62%,保产效果达到39.63%。
7、提出了白银市日光温室蔬菜无公害生产土传病害综合防治技术措施:加强日光温室土传病害的预测预报工作,因地制宜地选用抗病或耐病品种,同时加强栽培管理和生态管理,大力推广高效益果菜类蔬菜嫁接防病技术。在土传病害发生严重的示范区采用药剂消毒和太阳能消毒相结合,辅助交替使用高效低毒低残留化学药剂进行灌根和涂抹根茎部,将土传病害的损失降低到最低程度。为无公害蔬菜生产提供了技术支持。
The varieties and regular pattern of the soil-borne diseases in greenhouse in Baiyin area was investigated.The non-hazard and environment friendly integrated management of soil-borne diseases were studied from 2003 to 2005.Through the investigation and separate cultivation on PDA,it is clear that there were 15 varieties of soil-borne diseases in greenhouse vegetable production.The main soil-borne Pathogens were Phytophthora drechsleri(melon),Verticillium dahliae(eggplant),Phytophthora capsici(pepper)and Phytophthora sp.(eggplant).
The non-hazard and environment friendly controlling measures were thereby studied. Stock grafting was one of the efficient methods that controlled the soil-borne diseases.After grafting with Stocks,the soil-borne diseases of vegetables and watermelons were effectively controlled.Sweet pepper and hot pepper were grafted with No.1 pepper stock and the disease resistant rates to Phytopththora spp.were 77.79%and 86.67%in the end of the season respectively.The yields after grafting were 102.48%and 80.59%greater respectively.The eggplant disease resistant rates to Verticcium spp.were 89.87%and 80.91%after grafted with CRP and Tuolubamu in the end of the season respectively.The yields after grafting were 17.28%and 13.48%greater respectively.The Fusarium disease of watermelon was also controlled completely after grafted with Squash.
Soil Solarization(Solar heating)by Polyethylene mulching in greenhouse in Baiyin area was carried out.The average soil temperature reached 42.1℃and 39.7℃at the depth of 5 and 20cm respectively.≥40℃accumulated hours among 24h reached 13.87h and 11.9h at the depth of 5 and 20cm respectively.≥45℃accumulated hours among 24h reached 7.82h at the depth of 5cm.The temperatures were lethal to the pathogens or efficient to reduce the population of the pathogens in the soil.Soil Solarization controlled diseases caused by Phytophthora melonis,Verticillium dahliae,Phytophthora melonis and others as well as weeds remarkably by mulching the soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for at least 30d before planting during the months of July and August.There were evidences showing that soil solarization could control soil-bome diseases for about two or more seasons.The yields of melon after soil solarization was 18.6%—47.7%greater.The organic substances in soil decreased by 0.32%.The content of Potassium in soil increased by 100 mg/kg.The content of Calcium in soil was also increased.
Methbromide fumigation experiment was firstly carried out in Baiyin.The results showed that Methbromide controlled soil-borne diseases completely in the first season of melon.It also controlled Verticillium diseases of eggplant significantly in the second season.The controlling effect was 95.86%.But it is high toxicity and can contaminate environment.It is not suitable to the production of organic vegetables.
Fungicides controlled soil-borne diseases less effectively compared with other methods. The screening experiments of Fungicides controlling Verticillium diseases showed that 50% Carbendazim plus Sulsur had the highest controlling effect after 3 times root fungicide-irrigation,its controlling effect was 75.72%.64%Mancozeb could give 80.64% result to control melon blight by daubing rootstocks.Fungicides must be combined with other controlling methods in order to reach effective results.
The ecological management such as drip irrigation,straw covering to the furrows, hanging up reflection screen on back wall,humidity controlling,and temperature improving were also efficient to soil-borne diseases controlling especially melon blight in greenhouse. The incidence of melon blight caused by Phytophthora was significantly reduced by 85.62% and thereby the yields of melon were increased by 39.63%by means of better ecological management.
After experiment and research,the integrated management of soil-borne diseases was thereby put forward in greenhouse vegetables production.It will give technological support to organic production of vegetables in Baiyin area.
2、通过对辣椒疫病、茄子黄萎病等4种主要病害的系统观察和普查,基本掌握了这些病害的发病进程和影响发病的因素(栽培措施、生态管理、品种抗病性),为病害的预测预报、栽培免疫提供了理论依据。
3、试验筛选出了辣椒抗病砧木辣砧1号:茄子抗病砧木CRP刺茄和托鲁巴姆;西瓜抗病砧木青砧1号南瓜。经与优良接穗嫁接,抗病性大大提高。盛果后期发病率分别下降77.79%～86.67%、80.91%～89.87%和100%,分别增产80.59%～102.48%、13.48%～17.28%和37.49%。抗病、增产效果显著。因此选用抗病性强、亲合力好的砧木进行嫁接,是防治日光温室土传病害的有效途径。
4、较系统地进行了太阳能高温消毒日光温室土壤防治土传病害试验,明确了以下三点:
(1)不同土层地温日变化。覆盖区5cm地温日变化范围为35.5～50.2℃,平均42.1℃,比对照区高7.1℃;24h地温≥40℃的时数达到13.87h,其中≥45℃以上的时数达到7.82h。而对照区≥40℃的时数仅为6.1h,且均低于45℃。覆盖区20cm土壤地温日变化范围为36.5～42.9℃,平均39.7℃,比对照区高7.3℃,24h地温≥40℃的时数达到11.9h,而对照区24h地温均低于35℃。该温度可有效杀死土壤中的病菌。
(2)防病效果。利用7～8月份日光温室休闲期对温室土壤进行太阳能高温消毒30d以上,对茄子黄萎病、茄子疫病和甜瓜疫病的防治效果达到100%。经跟踪调查,太阳能高温消毒的温室连续两年没有土传病害发生。高温消毒后厚皮甜瓜增产18.6%～47.7%.
(3)太阳能高温消毒后土壤有机质降低0.32%,速效钾的含量增加100mg/kg,提高了作物抗病性。土壤有效性微量元素钙也有所增加,缓解了土壤中钙元素的缺乏。
这项研究为土传病害发生严重、轮作倒茬困难的日光温室提供了价格低廉、十分有效的防治措施。此项工作在国内未见有系统研究报道。
5、化学药剂防治土传病害结果。用98%溴灭泰(溴甲烷)在定植前密闭熏蒸土壤,对第一茬甜瓜疫病的防治效果达100%,对第二茬茄子黄萎病的防效达95.86%,防效十分显著,且药效可持续一年。但溴甲烷不仅成本昂贵,不易推广,而且毒性高,从无公害的角度出发,不宜大面积推广。茄子黄萎病可用50%菌必治可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂连续3次灌根防效达65.5%以上;用72%杜邦克露可湿性粉剂和69%安克锰锌水分散颗粒剂连续3次灌根防治甜瓜疫病的效果达60%以上。而采用64%杀毒矾可湿性粉剂和69%安克锰锌水分散颗粒剂同胶泥混合涂抹根茎部对甜瓜疫病的防效可达74%以上。这表明在抗病品种缺乏、栽培措施不到位的情况下,化学药剂仍然是不可缺少的有力措施。
6、生态防治。日光温室厚皮甜瓜采用安装滴灌、大沟覆草、后墙张挂反光幕、严格控制温湿度的生态管理措施,甜瓜疫病发病率降低85.62%,保产效果达到39.63%。
7、提出了白银市日光温室蔬菜无公害生产土传病害综合防治技术措施:加强日光温室土传病害的预测预报工作,因地制宜地选用抗病或耐病品种,同时加强栽培管理和生态管理,大力推广高效益果菜类蔬菜嫁接防病技术。在土传病害发生严重的示范区采用药剂消毒和太阳能消毒相结合,辅助交替使用高效低毒低残留化学药剂进行灌根和涂抹根茎部,将土传病害的损失降低到最低程度。为无公害蔬菜生产提供了技术支持。
The varieties and regular pattern of the soil-borne diseases in greenhouse in Baiyin area was investigated.The non-hazard and environment friendly integrated management of soil-borne diseases were studied from 2003 to 2005.Through the investigation and separate cultivation on PDA,it is clear that there were 15 varieties of soil-borne diseases in greenhouse vegetable production.The main soil-borne Pathogens were Phytophthora drechsleri(melon),Verticillium dahliae(eggplant),Phytophthora capsici(pepper)and Phytophthora sp.(eggplant).
The non-hazard and environment friendly controlling measures were thereby studied. Stock grafting was one of the efficient methods that controlled the soil-borne diseases.After grafting with Stocks,the soil-borne diseases of vegetables and watermelons were effectively controlled.Sweet pepper and hot pepper were grafted with No.1 pepper stock and the disease resistant rates to Phytopththora spp.were 77.79%and 86.67%in the end of the season respectively.The yields after grafting were 102.48%and 80.59%greater respectively.The eggplant disease resistant rates to Verticcium spp.were 89.87%and 80.91%after grafted with CRP and Tuolubamu in the end of the season respectively.The yields after grafting were 17.28%and 13.48%greater respectively.The Fusarium disease of watermelon was also controlled completely after grafted with Squash.
Soil Solarization(Solar heating)by Polyethylene mulching in greenhouse in Baiyin area was carried out.The average soil temperature reached 42.1℃and 39.7℃at the depth of 5 and 20cm respectively.≥40℃accumulated hours among 24h reached 13.87h and 11.9h at the depth of 5 and 20cm respectively.≥45℃accumulated hours among 24h reached 7.82h at the depth of 5cm.The temperatures were lethal to the pathogens or efficient to reduce the population of the pathogens in the soil.Soil Solarization controlled diseases caused by Phytophthora melonis,Verticillium dahliae,Phytophthora melonis and others as well as weeds remarkably by mulching the soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for at least 30d before planting during the months of July and August.There were evidences showing that soil solarization could control soil-bome diseases for about two or more seasons.The yields of melon after soil solarization was 18.6%—47.7%greater.The organic substances in soil decreased by 0.32%.The content of Potassium in soil increased by 100 mg/kg.The content of Calcium in soil was also increased.
Methbromide fumigation experiment was firstly carried out in Baiyin.The results showed that Methbromide controlled soil-borne diseases completely in the first season of melon.It also controlled Verticillium diseases of eggplant significantly in the second season.The controlling effect was 95.86%.But it is high toxicity and can contaminate environment.It is not suitable to the production of organic vegetables.
Fungicides controlled soil-borne diseases less effectively compared with other methods. The screening experiments of Fungicides controlling Verticillium diseases showed that 50% Carbendazim plus Sulsur had the highest controlling effect after 3 times root fungicide-irrigation,its controlling effect was 75.72%.64%Mancozeb could give 80.64% result to control melon blight by daubing rootstocks.Fungicides must be combined with other controlling methods in order to reach effective results.
The ecological management such as drip irrigation,straw covering to the furrows, hanging up reflection screen on back wall,humidity controlling,and temperature improving were also efficient to soil-borne diseases controlling especially melon blight in greenhouse. The incidence of melon blight caused by Phytophthora was significantly reduced by 85.62% and thereby the yields of melon were increased by 39.63%by means of better ecological management.
After experiment and research,the integrated management of soil-borne diseases was thereby put forward in greenhouse vegetables production.It will give technological support to organic production of vegetables in Baiyin area.
引文
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29 马江泉,辛惠普,崔丽.绿色食品基地建设的有力保证——植物病害生物防治技术[J].现代化农业,2002,(1):9-10
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31 齐淑华,袁会珠 溴甲烷土壤熏蒸技术在秋季温室番茄应用的研究初报[J].植保技术与推广,1998,18(4):31-33
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34 魏春妹,张春明,桃树玉等.番茄青枯病的生防制剂的研究与应用[J].上海农业学报,2000,16(增刊):69-72
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36 魏景超.真菌鉴定手册[K].上海:上海科技出版社,1979,519-520
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44 Yoshihisa Homma.日本土传病害防治现状及有关问题[J].国外农学——植物保护,1992,5(2):20-24
45 袁会珠,齐淑华.溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害[J].植物保护,1997,23(5):42-43
46 杨振翠,孙述俊,吴翠兰等.温室土壤日光能高温消毒技术研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2001,36(2):179-183
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48 杨宇红,刘勇,王小平.防治辣椒土传病害的多功能辣椒重茬剂常用杀菌剂的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1999,(1):46-47
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57 周立朴,仲兆清,刘滨疆等.温室土传病害及其防治技术最新研究进展[J].现代化农业,2004,295(2):5-748
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62 Ben-Yephet Y.and Frank Z.R.Factors affecting the efficiency of Metham-sodium in controlling Verticillium Dahliae[J].Acta Horticulturae,1989,255:227-234
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66 Garibaldi A.and Lodovica Gullino M.Present situation of soil disinfection in Italy[J].Acta Horticulturae,1983,152:77-85
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73 Katan J., Greenberger A. ,Alon H. and Grinstein A. Solar Heating by polyethylene mulching for the control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens[J]. Phytopathology. 1976, 66: 683—688
74 Katan J., Grinstein A., Greenberger A. et al, The First Decade (1976—1986) of Soil Solarization (Solar Heating): A Chronological Bibliography[J]. Phytoparasitica. 1987, 15(3): 229—255
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77 Rattink H. Introduction to Soil Fumigation and Specific Problems with a special reference to the Effect of low dosages Methylbromide on some Fungi ang Nematodes[J]. Acta Horticulturae,1983, 152: 163—170
78 Vanachter A. An evaluation of the Soil Disinfestation practices in Belgium and problems involved with efficiency, safety and impact on the environment[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1983, 152: 41-48
79 Wu Jiazhi, Plenban S. , Chemin L. , and Chet I. Biological Control of Plant Diseases by Soil-borne, Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacteria[J].中国微生态学杂志, 1996, 8 (3): 4—13
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35 魏林,梁志怀,刘建华.长沙地区蔬菜主要土传病害及其综合治理[J].湖南农业科学,2002,(3):39-40
36 魏景超.真菌鉴定手册[K].上海:上海科技出版社,1979,519-520
37 王玉菊,祁红英,郭坚华.植物土传病害微生物防治研究进展[J].世界农业,1995,(1):37-39
38 王春霞.茄子嫁接栽培对黄萎病及其他土传病害防治的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2003,31(1):155
39 王成德,赵建成.蔬菜地土传病害及其防治技术[J].植物保护,1994,20(5):38-39
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42 文朝慧.绿肥在防治土传病害中的应用效果[J].甘肃农业科技,1998,(9):43-44
43 徐钦.植物土传病害的克星——百抗[J].当代农业,2002,11:34
44 Yoshihisa Homma.日本土传病害防治现状及有关问题[J].国外农学——植物保护,1992,5(2):20-24
45 袁会珠,齐淑华.溴甲烷土壤熏蒸防治春季大棚黄瓜土传病害[J].植物保护,1997,23(5):42-43
46 杨振翠,孙述俊,吴翠兰等.温室土壤日光能高温消毒技术研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2001,36(2):179-183
47 杨崇实.瓜类土传病害的防治技术[J].农药市场信息,2002,(8):26-27
48 杨宇红,刘勇,王小平.防治辣椒土传病害的多功能辣椒重茬剂常用杀菌剂的研究[J].湖南农业科学,1999,(1):46-47
49 杨宇红,冯兰香,冯东昕.防治辣椒土传病害的常用杀菌剂室内药效测定[J].山地农业生物学报,2001,20(6):39-40
50 阎愫,朴永范,李丽明等.溴甲烷处理土壤防治蔬菜土传病害及地下害虫技术研究与应用[J].植保技 术与推广,2001,21(9):26-27
51 原国辉,李向英,高一风等.氯化苦熏蒸处理西瓜甜瓜重茬地试验初报[J].植保技术与推广,2001,21(3):16
52 余永年.中国真菌志(霜霉目)[M].北京:科学出版社,1998,149-191
53 曾怡曾.利用植物根表共生菌预防土传病害[J].植物医生,2001,14(2):12-13
54 张学军,陈晓群,王黎民等.设施蔬菜连作障碍原因与防治措施研究[J].科学技术与工程,2003,3(6):590-593
55 诸葛玉平,张玉龙.蔬菜保护地土壤传染病的预防[J].长江蔬菜,1999,(9):17-18
56 宗兆锋,钮绪艳.菌药结合防治土传病害[J].陕西农业科学,1995,(1):38-39
57 周立朴,仲兆清,刘滨疆等.温室土传病害及其防治技术最新研究进展[J].现代化农业,2004,295(2):5-748
58 郑建秋,师迎春,许波等.日光能高温消毒土壤防治蔬菜土传病虫害[J].中国蔬菜,1999,(3):39
59 郑小波.疫霉菌及其研究技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997,19-27
60 Abdel-Rahim M.F.et al,Effectiveness of Soil Solarization in Furrow-Irrigated Egyptian Soils[J].Plant Disease,1988,72(2):143-146
61 Anon.International workshops on alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Soil Fumigation[Z].Rotterdam&Rome,19～23,Oct.Excutive Summary,EPA,Washington D.C.1992
62 Ben-Yephet Y.and Frank Z.R.Factors affecting the efficiency of Metham-sodium in controlling Verticillium Dahliae[J].Acta Horticulturae,1989,255:227-234
63 Booth C.The genus Fusarium[M].London:CMI Press,1971,44-53,130-154
64 Fry W.E.Priciples of Plant Disease Management[M].Orlando:Academic Press.1982,375
65 Garibaldi A.and Tamietti G.Attempts to use Soil Solarization in closed Glasshouses in Northern Italy for Controlling Corky Root of Tomato[J].Acta Horticulturae,1983,152:237-239
66 Garibaldi A.and Lodovica Gullino M.Present situation of soil disinfection in Italy[J].Acta Horticulturae,1983,152:77-85
67 Grinstein A.,Kritzman G.,Gamliel A.and Katan J.Conbined treatments against soilborne Streptomyces[J].Phytoparasitica 1991,19:3
68 Kritzman G.,Grinstein A.,Mor N.et al,Formalin Application against Soilborne Streptomyces[J].Phytoparasitica.1991,19:248
69 Kritzman G.,Grinstein A.,Heller M.et al,Control of Peanut Diseases by Paraformaldehyde Formalations[J].Phytoparasitica. 1993, 21: 158
70 Katan J. Soil Solarization[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 1983, 152: 227-236
71 Katan J. Solar Pasteurization of Soil for Disease Control: Status and Prospects[J]. Plant Disease, 1980, 64(5): 450-454
72 Katan J. Solar Heating (Solarization) of Soil for Control of Soilborne Pests[J]. Ann. Rev.Phytopathol. 1981, 19: 211-236
73 Katan J., Greenberger A. ,Alon H. and Grinstein A. Solar Heating by polyethylene mulching for the control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens[J]. Phytopathology. 1976, 66: 683—688
74 Katan J., Grinstein A., Greenberger A. et al, The First Decade (1976—1986) of Soil Solarization (Solar Heating): A Chronological Bibliography[J]. Phytoparasitica. 1987, 15(3): 229—255
75 Murray R. A. Use of Formalin as a Soil Sterilant for control of Soilborne Diseases of Fruit[J].Acta Horticulturae, 1989, 255: 73—76
76 Pullman G, S., De Vay, J. E., Garber, R.H. Soil Solarization and thermal death: a logarithemic relationship between time and temperature for four soil-borne plant pathogens[J].Phytopathology, In Press, 1881, 71
77 Rattink H. Introduction to Soil Fumigation and Specific Problems with a special reference to the Effect of low dosages Methylbromide on some Fungi ang Nematodes[J]. Acta Horticulturae,1983, 152: 163—170
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