无线Ad Hoc网络生存能力控制算法的研究与实现
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摘要
Ad Hoc网络中如何减少能耗、延长网络生存时间,是一个重要的问题。原有的网络节点往往以最大功率通信,导致能量消耗过快,生存时间缩短。本文尝试通过拓扑控制来调节节点的发射功率以及有选择地建立通信链路,构建一个优化的原始网络的子网,以优化网络性能,减少节点能耗,延长网络生存时间。
本文研究了基于加百利图GG(V)的拓扑控制算法以及基于本地Delaunay三角剖分的拓扑控制算法,这两种算法均为分布式算法,且构造的网络拓扑具有连通性、平面性以及功率支撑性等优秀性质,适合作为网络底层拓扑控制。在此基础上,提出了一种分布式拓扑控制优化算法OPT(TCG),基于局部信息通过自治计算,可对一般的拓扑控制算法进行优化,能进一步降低由初始算法所确定的节点发射功率,以取得更高的能量有效性,优化网络生存能力。该算法分为两个阶段:局部邻居节点信息收集阶段和功率调整阶段。第一阶段,邻居节点间互换信息以构建一个本地视图。第二阶段,节点在初始算法基础上进一步降低功率。该算法的全网消息复杂度为O(N)。
在仿真平台上,对GG、LDel~2所构建的拓扑以及利用优化算法OPT(TCG)进行优化后的拓扑在多个性能指标上进行了实验。实验结果表明,优化后的拓扑结构保留了优化前的连通性、平面性以及功率支撑性,有效地降低了节点功率,节约了能耗,从而延长了网络生存时间。
How to reduce energy consumption,prolonging network's lifetime is an important problem in wireless Ad Hoc networks.In the intrinsic network,nodes usually using the maxmium transmiting power to send packets,the disadvantage is that the energy will be exhausted fleetly and the liftime of network is very short.By adjusting the transmit power of nodes and choosing the appropriate logical neighbors,This paper attempt to establish an subwork of the intrinsic network,optimize the performace of network,reduce energy consumption and prolonging network's lifetime.
In this paper,several typical topology control algorithms were studied deeply,we analyzed and implemented the distributed algorithms based on Gabriel Graph GG(V)and localized Delaunay triangulation,the topologies established by this two algorithms have a number of fine properties,such as connectivity,planer,and spanner;Based on the study above,we provided a distributed topology control optimization algorithm-OPT(TCG),by autonomic-computing based on local imformation,OPT(TCG)can optimize genetic topology algorithms,decrease transmit power ulteriorly,make the network more energy efficient,and prolong network's lifetime.OPT(TCG)algorithm consists of two phases:neighbor information exchange and adjusting power.OPT(TCG)can be implemented with local information and the communication complexityis O(N).
We simulated several topology algorithms,implemented OPT(TCG)on the topology established by GG and LDel~2.The result shows that through decreasing transmit power by running OPT(TCG),the new topology estabilished is global connectivity,planar,and the power stretch factor is similar to the topology established by GG and LDel~2.Particularly, the advantages of OPT(TCG)in decreasing total transmit power of network,reducing energy consumption,prolonging lifetime and optimizing viability of network have been obviously demonstrated.
本文研究了基于加百利图GG(V)的拓扑控制算法以及基于本地Delaunay三角剖分的拓扑控制算法,这两种算法均为分布式算法,且构造的网络拓扑具有连通性、平面性以及功率支撑性等优秀性质,适合作为网络底层拓扑控制。在此基础上,提出了一种分布式拓扑控制优化算法OPT(TCG),基于局部信息通过自治计算,可对一般的拓扑控制算法进行优化,能进一步降低由初始算法所确定的节点发射功率,以取得更高的能量有效性,优化网络生存能力。该算法分为两个阶段:局部邻居节点信息收集阶段和功率调整阶段。第一阶段,邻居节点间互换信息以构建一个本地视图。第二阶段,节点在初始算法基础上进一步降低功率。该算法的全网消息复杂度为O(N)。
在仿真平台上,对GG、LDel~2所构建的拓扑以及利用优化算法OPT(TCG)进行优化后的拓扑在多个性能指标上进行了实验。实验结果表明,优化后的拓扑结构保留了优化前的连通性、平面性以及功率支撑性,有效地降低了节点功率,节约了能耗,从而延长了网络生存时间。
How to reduce energy consumption,prolonging network's lifetime is an important problem in wireless Ad Hoc networks.In the intrinsic network,nodes usually using the maxmium transmiting power to send packets,the disadvantage is that the energy will be exhausted fleetly and the liftime of network is very short.By adjusting the transmit power of nodes and choosing the appropriate logical neighbors,This paper attempt to establish an subwork of the intrinsic network,optimize the performace of network,reduce energy consumption and prolonging network's lifetime.
In this paper,several typical topology control algorithms were studied deeply,we analyzed and implemented the distributed algorithms based on Gabriel Graph GG(V)and localized Delaunay triangulation,the topologies established by this two algorithms have a number of fine properties,such as connectivity,planer,and spanner;Based on the study above,we provided a distributed topology control optimization algorithm-OPT(TCG),by autonomic-computing based on local imformation,OPT(TCG)can optimize genetic topology algorithms,decrease transmit power ulteriorly,make the network more energy efficient,and prolong network's lifetime.OPT(TCG)algorithm consists of two phases:neighbor information exchange and adjusting power.OPT(TCG)can be implemented with local information and the communication complexityis O(N).
We simulated several topology algorithms,implemented OPT(TCG)on the topology established by GG and LDel~2.The result shows that through decreasing transmit power by running OPT(TCG),the new topology estabilished is global connectivity,planar,and the power stretch factor is similar to the topology established by GG and LDel~2.Particularly, the advantages of OPT(TCG)in decreasing total transmit power of network,reducing energy consumption,prolonging lifetime and optimizing viability of network have been obviously demonstrated.
引文
[1]Mousavi S M,Rabiee H R,Moshref M,Dabirmoghaddam A.Mobility Aware Distributed Topology Control in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks with Model Based Adaptive Mobility Prediction.IEEE Wireless and Mobile Computing,2007:86-86
[2]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Power Efficient and Sparse Spanner for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2001:564-567
[3]Li Li,Halpem,J Y.A minimum-energy path-preserving topology control algorithm.IEEE Wireless Communications,2004,3(3):910-921
[4]P Gupta,P R Kumar.The capacity of wireless networks.IEEE Information Theory,2000,46(2):388-404
[5]Rodoplu V,Meng T H.Minimum energy mobile wireless networks.IEEE Selected Areas in Communications,1999,17(8):1333-1344
[6]Ramanathan R,Rosales-Hain R.Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment.IEEE INFOCOM,2000,2:404-413
[7]Wu J,Dai F.Mobility-Sensitive Topology Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Parallel and Distributed System,2006,17(6):522-535
[8]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Power Efficient and Sparse Spanner for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2001,15-17:564-567
[9]Wang Y,Shi X.Efficient On-Demand Topology Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2005,17-19:159-164
[10]Y Faloutsos,M Mollc.Creating optimal distributed algorithms for minimum spanning trees.Tech Rep Technical Report CSRI-327,1995
[11]Andy An-Kai Jeng,Rong-Hong Jan.The r-Neighborhood Graph:An Adjustable Structure for Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Society,2007,18(4):536-549
[12]Xiang-Yang Li,Calinescu G,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Localized Delaunay Triangulation with Application in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE Parallel and Distributed Systems,2003,14(10):1035-1047
[13]Ning Li,Hou J C,Sha L.Design and Analysis of an MST-Based Topology Control Algorithm.IEEE Wireless Communications,2005,4(3):1195-1206
[14]Jie Gao,Guibas L J,Hershberger J,Li Zhang,An Zhuo Geometric Spanners for Routing in Mobile Networks.IEEE Slected Areas in Communications,2005,23(1):174-185
[15]Yu Wang,Xiang-Yang Li.Geometric Spanners for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2003,14(4):408-421
[16]Martin Burkhart,Pascal von Rickenbach,Roger Wattenhofer,Aaron Zollinger.Does Topology Control Reduce Interference? ACM,2004
[17]Analysis of a Cone-Based Distributed Topology Control Algorithms for Wireless Multihop Networks
[18]Xiao Zhou,Yun Li,Weiliang Zhao,Zhanjun Liu,Qianbin Chen.MPTC-A Minimum-Energy Path-Preserving Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.D.Krishnaswamy,T.Pfeifer,D Raz(Eds.):MMNS 2007,LNCS 4787:177-182
[19]郑少仁,王海涛,赵志峰,米超。Ad Hoc网络技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[20]王金龙,王呈贵.Ad Hoc移动无线网络.北京:国防工业出版社,2004
[21]T S Rappaport.Wireless Communications:Principles and Practice.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1996
[22]Feen L,Nilsson M.Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking enviromento Proc,20th IEEE INFOCOM.2001,3(22-26):1548-1553
[23]Zhao Q,Mohan G.Topology knowledge range control for lifetime maximization in sensor networks with data aggregation.in the 2nd ACM international workshop on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc,sensor,and ubiquitous networks.Montreal,Quebec,Canada:ACM Press,2005:84-91
[24]Liu J,Li B.Distributed topology control in wireless sensor networks with asymmetric links.IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2003,13(1-5):1257-1262
[25]C Schurgers,V Tsiatsis,M B Srivastava.STEM:Topology management for energy efficient sensor networks.IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings,2002,3:1099-1108
[26]P Santi,D,M Blough.The Critical Transmitting Range for Connectivity in Sparse Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Trans.On Mobile Computing,2003,2(1):25-39
[27]A Cerpa,D Estrin.Ascent:Adaptive self-configuring sensor network topologies.IEEE Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):272-285
[28]Singh S,Woo M,Raghavendra C S.Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.in Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE intemational conference on Mobile computing and networking.Dallas,Texas,United States:ACM Press,1998.
[29]J P Monk,V Bharghavam,W-M Hwu.Transmission power control for multiple access wireless packet networks,in IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks(LCN), 2000:12-21
[30]M Sanchez,P Manzoni,Z Hans.Determination of cristical transmission range in ad-hoc networks.in MMT'99,1999
[31]J A Garay,S Kulten,D Peleg.A sub-linear time distributed algorithms for minimum-weight spanning trees,in symposium on Foundations of Computer Science,1993:659-668
[32]L Kirousis,E Kranakis,D Krizanc,A Pelc.Power consumption in packet radio networks,in STACS'97,1997
[33]Rui Zhang,Labrador M A.Energy-aware Topology Control in Heterogeneous Wireless Multi-hop Network.in ISWPC'07.2nd Internationao Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing,2007:25-30
[34]A Clementi,P Penna,R Silvestri.The power range assignment problem in radio networks on the plane,in 17th STACS'OO LNCS,2000:651-660
[35]A Clementi,P Penna,R Silvestri.Hardness results for the power range assignment problem in packet radio network,in RANDOM/APPROX'99,1999,LNCS(I671):197-208
[36]Chang Jae-Hwan,Tassiulas L.Energy Conserving Routing in Wireless ad-hoc Networks.in INFOCOM.Tel Aviv,Israel:IEEE,March 2000,1:22-31
[37]Xu Y,Heidemarm J S,Estrin D.Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing in MOBICOM.Rome,Italy,2001:70-84.
[38]赵志峰,徐利民,郑少仁.基于多信道的Adhoc网络信道接入协议性能分析[J].军事通信技术,2002,23(4):1-5,20
[39]Vaduvur Bharghavan,Alan Demers,Scott Shenker,Lixia Zhang.MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LANs.In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications,1994:212-225
[40]P Kam,MACA.A New Channel Access Method for packet Radio.In proc of the 9's ARRLICRRL Amateur Radio ComPuter Newtorking Conference,1990:134-140
[41]Chane L,Fullmer,J J Garcia-Luna-Aceves.Complete single-channel solutions to hidden terminal problems in wireless LANs.Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'97,Cannes,France,Sept.1997,2:575-579
[42]R Zheng,R Kravets.On-demand Power management for ad hoc newtorks.Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'03,APril 2003,1:481-491
[43]黎宁,郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络中的功率控制与节能技术(上)(下)CHINA DATA COMMUNICATIONS,APR 2003,No.3,No.4:102-106,94-96
[44]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang,Frieder O.Sparse power efficient topology for wireless networks.HICSS System Science,2002:3839-3848
[45]Zarifzadeh S,Nayyeri A,Yazdani N.Joint Range and Load Considerations for Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks,2006,2:569-478
[46]P Agrawal,J-C Chen,S-Kishore,P PRamanathan,K M Sivalingam.Battery Power sensitive video Processing in wireless networking,in IEEE PIMRC'98,1998,1:116-120
[47]Yu Wang,Stojmenovic I,Xiang-Yang Li.Bluetooth Scatternet Formation for Single-Hop Ad Hoc Networks Based on Virtual Positions.Proc.IEEE ISCC Computer and Communications,2004,1:170-175
[48]K R Gabriel,R R Sokat.A New Statistical Approach to Geographic Variation Analysis.Systematic Zoology,1969,8:259-278,
[49]G V Zaruba,S Basagni,I Chlamtac.Bluetrees-Scatternet Formation to Enable Bluetooth Based Ad Hoc Networks.Proc.IEEE ICC,2001,1:273-277
[50]Xiang-Yang Li,Calinescu G,Peng-Jun Wan.Distributed Construction of a Planar Spanner and Routing forAd Hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE INFOCOM,2002,3:1268-1277
[51]郑相全,郭伟.自组网中的负载均衡路由协议[J].计算机科学,2004,31(11):40-45.
[52]http://jist.ece.comell.edu
[53]Xiang-Yang Li,Yu Weng,Peng-Jun Wan,Wen-Zhan Song,Frieder O.Localized Low-Weight Graph and Its Applications in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.INFOCOM 2004,1:431-442
[54]Wen-Zhan Song,Xiang-Yang Li,Frieder O,Weu Zhao Wang.Localized Topology Control for Unicast and Broadcast in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2006,17(4):321-334
[55]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Frieder O.Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.IEEE Transactions on Computers,2003,52(6):753-763
[56]Gholampour V,Shiva M.Adaptive Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks.2nd IFIP Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,2005:546-550
[57]黄振华,季飞.Ad Hoc网络拓扑控制算法的研究与仿真[J].通信技术,2007,40(12):372-374
[58]方锡武,崔汉国.有线元网格自动生成的Delaunay算法[J].海军工程学院学报,1998(4):31-34
[59]丁永祥,王英等.任意多边形的Delaunay三角剖分[J].计算机学报,1994,17(4):270-275
[60]C C Shen,C Srisathapomphat,R Liu,et al.CLTC:a cluster-based topology control framework for ad hoc networks.IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing,2004,3(1):18-32
[61]Ramanathan R,Rosales-Hain R.Topology control of multi-hop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment,in Proc 9th Joint Conf on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),2000
[62]Kubisch M,Karl H,Wolisz A,Zhong L C,Rabaey J M.Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks.IEEE WCNC 2003
[2]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Power Efficient and Sparse Spanner for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2001:564-567
[3]Li Li,Halpem,J Y.A minimum-energy path-preserving topology control algorithm.IEEE Wireless Communications,2004,3(3):910-921
[4]P Gupta,P R Kumar.The capacity of wireless networks.IEEE Information Theory,2000,46(2):388-404
[5]Rodoplu V,Meng T H.Minimum energy mobile wireless networks.IEEE Selected Areas in Communications,1999,17(8):1333-1344
[6]Ramanathan R,Rosales-Hain R.Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment.IEEE INFOCOM,2000,2:404-413
[7]Wu J,Dai F.Mobility-Sensitive Topology Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Parallel and Distributed System,2006,17(6):522-535
[8]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Power Efficient and Sparse Spanner for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2001,15-17:564-567
[9]Wang Y,Shi X.Efficient On-Demand Topology Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2005,17-19:159-164
[10]Y Faloutsos,M Mollc.Creating optimal distributed algorithms for minimum spanning trees.Tech Rep Technical Report CSRI-327,1995
[11]Andy An-Kai Jeng,Rong-Hong Jan.The r-Neighborhood Graph:An Adjustable Structure for Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Computer Society,2007,18(4):536-549
[12]Xiang-Yang Li,Calinescu G,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang.Localized Delaunay Triangulation with Application in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE Parallel and Distributed Systems,2003,14(10):1035-1047
[13]Ning Li,Hou J C,Sha L.Design and Analysis of an MST-Based Topology Control Algorithm.IEEE Wireless Communications,2005,4(3):1195-1206
[14]Jie Gao,Guibas L J,Hershberger J,Li Zhang,An Zhuo Geometric Spanners for Routing in Mobile Networks.IEEE Slected Areas in Communications,2005,23(1):174-185
[15]Yu Wang,Xiang-Yang Li.Geometric Spanners for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2003,14(4):408-421
[16]Martin Burkhart,Pascal von Rickenbach,Roger Wattenhofer,Aaron Zollinger.Does Topology Control Reduce Interference? ACM,2004
[17]Analysis of a Cone-Based Distributed Topology Control Algorithms for Wireless Multihop Networks
[18]Xiao Zhou,Yun Li,Weiliang Zhao,Zhanjun Liu,Qianbin Chen.MPTC-A Minimum-Energy Path-Preserving Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.D.Krishnaswamy,T.Pfeifer,D Raz(Eds.):MMNS 2007,LNCS 4787:177-182
[19]郑少仁,王海涛,赵志峰,米超。Ad Hoc网络技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[20]王金龙,王呈贵.Ad Hoc移动无线网络.北京:国防工业出版社,2004
[21]T S Rappaport.Wireless Communications:Principles and Practice.Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1996
[22]Feen L,Nilsson M.Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking enviromento Proc,20th IEEE INFOCOM.2001,3(22-26):1548-1553
[23]Zhao Q,Mohan G.Topology knowledge range control for lifetime maximization in sensor networks with data aggregation.in the 2nd ACM international workshop on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc,sensor,and ubiquitous networks.Montreal,Quebec,Canada:ACM Press,2005:84-91
[24]Liu J,Li B.Distributed topology control in wireless sensor networks with asymmetric links.IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,2003,13(1-5):1257-1262
[25]C Schurgers,V Tsiatsis,M B Srivastava.STEM:Topology management for energy efficient sensor networks.IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings,2002,3:1099-1108
[26]P Santi,D,M Blough.The Critical Transmitting Range for Connectivity in Sparse Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Trans.On Mobile Computing,2003,2(1):25-39
[27]A Cerpa,D Estrin.Ascent:Adaptive self-configuring sensor network topologies.IEEE Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):272-285
[28]Singh S,Woo M,Raghavendra C S.Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.in Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE intemational conference on Mobile computing and networking.Dallas,Texas,United States:ACM Press,1998.
[29]J P Monk,V Bharghavam,W-M Hwu.Transmission power control for multiple access wireless packet networks,in IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks(LCN), 2000:12-21
[30]M Sanchez,P Manzoni,Z Hans.Determination of cristical transmission range in ad-hoc networks.in MMT'99,1999
[31]J A Garay,S Kulten,D Peleg.A sub-linear time distributed algorithms for minimum-weight spanning trees,in symposium on Foundations of Computer Science,1993:659-668
[32]L Kirousis,E Kranakis,D Krizanc,A Pelc.Power consumption in packet radio networks,in STACS'97,1997
[33]Rui Zhang,Labrador M A.Energy-aware Topology Control in Heterogeneous Wireless Multi-hop Network.in ISWPC'07.2nd Internationao Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing,2007:25-30
[34]A Clementi,P Penna,R Silvestri.The power range assignment problem in radio networks on the plane,in 17th STACS'OO LNCS,2000:651-660
[35]A Clementi,P Penna,R Silvestri.Hardness results for the power range assignment problem in packet radio network,in RANDOM/APPROX'99,1999,LNCS(I671):197-208
[36]Chang Jae-Hwan,Tassiulas L.Energy Conserving Routing in Wireless ad-hoc Networks.in INFOCOM.Tel Aviv,Israel:IEEE,March 2000,1:22-31
[37]Xu Y,Heidemarm J S,Estrin D.Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing in MOBICOM.Rome,Italy,2001:70-84.
[38]赵志峰,徐利民,郑少仁.基于多信道的Adhoc网络信道接入协议性能分析[J].军事通信技术,2002,23(4):1-5,20
[39]Vaduvur Bharghavan,Alan Demers,Scott Shenker,Lixia Zhang.MACAW:A media access protocol for wireless LANs.In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications Architectures,Protocols and Applications,1994:212-225
[40]P Kam,MACA.A New Channel Access Method for packet Radio.In proc of the 9's ARRLICRRL Amateur Radio ComPuter Newtorking Conference,1990:134-140
[41]Chane L,Fullmer,J J Garcia-Luna-Aceves.Complete single-channel solutions to hidden terminal problems in wireless LANs.Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'97,Cannes,France,Sept.1997,2:575-579
[42]R Zheng,R Kravets.On-demand Power management for ad hoc newtorks.Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'03,APril 2003,1:481-491
[43]黎宁,郑少仁.Ad Hoc网络中的功率控制与节能技术(上)(下)CHINA DATA COMMUNICATIONS,APR 2003,No.3,No.4:102-106,94-96
[44]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Yu Wang,Frieder O.Sparse power efficient topology for wireless networks.HICSS System Science,2002:3839-3848
[45]Zarifzadeh S,Nayyeri A,Yazdani N.Joint Range and Load Considerations for Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks,2006,2:569-478
[46]P Agrawal,J-C Chen,S-Kishore,P PRamanathan,K M Sivalingam.Battery Power sensitive video Processing in wireless networking,in IEEE PIMRC'98,1998,1:116-120
[47]Yu Wang,Stojmenovic I,Xiang-Yang Li.Bluetooth Scatternet Formation for Single-Hop Ad Hoc Networks Based on Virtual Positions.Proc.IEEE ISCC Computer and Communications,2004,1:170-175
[48]K R Gabriel,R R Sokat.A New Statistical Approach to Geographic Variation Analysis.Systematic Zoology,1969,8:259-278,
[49]G V Zaruba,S Basagni,I Chlamtac.Bluetrees-Scatternet Formation to Enable Bluetooth Based Ad Hoc Networks.Proc.IEEE ICC,2001,1:273-277
[50]Xiang-Yang Li,Calinescu G,Peng-Jun Wan.Distributed Construction of a Planar Spanner and Routing forAd Hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE INFOCOM,2002,3:1268-1277
[51]郑相全,郭伟.自组网中的负载均衡路由协议[J].计算机科学,2004,31(11):40-45.
[52]http://jist.ece.comell.edu
[53]Xiang-Yang Li,Yu Weng,Peng-Jun Wan,Wen-Zhan Song,Frieder O.Localized Low-Weight Graph and Its Applications in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.INFOCOM 2004,1:431-442
[54]Wen-Zhan Song,Xiang-Yang Li,Frieder O,Weu Zhao Wang.Localized Topology Control for Unicast and Broadcast in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,2006,17(4):321-334
[55]Xiang-Yang Li,Peng-Jun Wan,Frieder O.Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.IEEE Transactions on Computers,2003,52(6):753-763
[56]Gholampour V,Shiva M.Adaptive Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks.2nd IFIP Wireless and Optical Communications Networks,2005:546-550
[57]黄振华,季飞.Ad Hoc网络拓扑控制算法的研究与仿真[J].通信技术,2007,40(12):372-374
[58]方锡武,崔汉国.有线元网格自动生成的Delaunay算法[J].海军工程学院学报,1998(4):31-34
[59]丁永祥,王英等.任意多边形的Delaunay三角剖分[J].计算机学报,1994,17(4):270-275
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