新型土壤改良剂节水增产效应试验研究
|
摘要
充分利用现有环境废弃资源,研制开发新型低成本土壤改良剂是高效利用农田降水资源,发展现代节水高效持续农业的重要途径。本研究以自主研制的两种新型土壤改良剂PJG和PFL(PJG以秸秆,建筑垃圾等为主要原料;PFL以煤矸石,生活炉渣等为主要原料)为对象,通过室内试验和大田试验相结合的方法,研究新型土壤结构改良剂对作物和土壤的影响和效果,揭示其节水增产机理,为其大面积应用提供理论和技术依据。得出以下结论。
(1)盆栽试验表明:两种改良剂对玉米出苗率的影响不明显,但对株高和叶面积的影响差异较大。施用改良剂玉米苗期干物质积累量均高于对照,PJG和PFL分别以施加0.8%和0.05%为最佳。随着改良剂施用浓度的增加,玉米苗期水分散失量呈逐渐减少的趋势,施用量越大,水分保持的越好。建议在玉米试验中使用PJG和PFL的最佳浓度分别为0.8%和0.05%。
(2)土壤改良剂对大田夏玉米全生育期株高,叶面积影响效果显著,能显著提高抽雄期干物质积累量,对光合,蒸腾特性均有显著的影响;气孔导度分别高于对照32.88%和15.34%;叶绿素含量均高于对照,且大喇叭口期受影响效果最明显。施用两种改良剂夏玉米土壤0-20cm层土壤紧实度低于对照27.46%和22.11%,且表层土壤水分变化较为平缓,全生育期平均土壤含水量较对照略有增加。
(3)施加土壤改良剂PJG和PFL可显著提高夏玉米千粒重、产量和作物水分利用效率,夏玉米千粒重比对照分别增加了3.17%和1.48%;产量比对照分别高出22.79%和21.39%;作物水分利用效率比对照分别增加了25.8%和24.82%。
(4)施用两种改良剂后,土壤稳定入渗率和持水能力均比对照有所提高,且随着用量的增加,呈逐渐增加的趋势;在恒温条件下,两种改良剂在蒸发初始阶段蒸发率均明显低于对照。常温条件下施用改良剂后,蒸发率以波动的形式变化,PJG从第10天开始蒸发率差距逐渐拉大,规律为0.8%>0.2%>2%>4%;PFL各施用水平之间规律也较为明显,从第10天开始到蒸发结束,随着用量的增加,蒸发率逐渐降低。在恒温和常温蒸发期内,施用两种改良剂累积蒸发率均低于对照。
Develop new soil amendment which is form waste resource and lower cost is the important approach to develop water saving、high efficient、standing modern agriculture, and to utilize farmland precipitation resource more efficiently. Through the inside and field test, this paper is research on the inflection on crop and soil with two new soil amendment PJG and PFL (the major materials of PJG is straw and junk form building, PFL is coal slack and slag), and open out the mechanism of water saving and increasing production. All of that are the theory and technology values for the vast area application.
The conclusion is that:
⑴Potted plant test indicate: the influence on seeding rate of corm by two soil amendment is not obviously, but it have significant inflection on straw high and leaf area. The dried weigh of corn in seeding stage with amendment are higher than CK, the best dosage of PJG and PFL is 0.8% and 0.05%. The dissipate mete of water decrease with the use of soil amendment increased, the more using, the best water saving. The suggesting best dosage of PJG and PFL in corn test is 0.8% and 0.05%.
⑵The influence on strew high and leaf area of corn in the whole growth time is quite obviously. it can increase the dried weigh in tassel time obviously, the photosynthesis of corn in the whole day with amendment are all higher than CK, PJG and PFL increase 138.54% and 98.99% as that as CK; there is no obvious change of transpiration rate with amendment, but stomatic conductance are higher than CK 32.88%and 15.34% of PJG and PFL. The chlorophyll content is all higher than CK, and the largest differences are in the big bell time. The soil compactiveness with amendment is lower than CK 27.46% and 22.11% in 0-20cm soil layer. The change of water content in the surface layer of soil is flat, the soil water content of CK, PJG and PFL account for 67.4%, 71.4% and 71.1% of field capacity.
⑶Soil amendment can increase kilo weight of grain, yield and utilization ratio of the moisture; the kilo weight of grain of PJG and PFL are higher than CK 3.17% and 1.48%;yields are 22.79%and 21.39%; Utilization ratio of the moisture is 25.8% and 24.82%.
⑷The stable infiltration are higher than CK with two amendment, and it increases with the dosage. Soil characteristics all higher than CK, ever level of that with PJG is 0.2%<0.8%<2%<4%, PFL is 0.2%<0.8%<4%<2%. In the constant temperature, the vaporize rate with two amendment are all lower than CK in the primary vaporize time. The vaporize rate changed as fluctuate in the normal temperature, the rule of PJG is 0.8%>0.2%>2%>4% in the first 10 days; the rule of PFL is that vaporize rate reduce as more as the dosage from the tenth day to the over of vaporize time. In the constant and normal temperature vaporize time, the cumulate vaporize rate are lower than CK with two soil amendment.
(1)盆栽试验表明:两种改良剂对玉米出苗率的影响不明显,但对株高和叶面积的影响差异较大。施用改良剂玉米苗期干物质积累量均高于对照,PJG和PFL分别以施加0.8%和0.05%为最佳。随着改良剂施用浓度的增加,玉米苗期水分散失量呈逐渐减少的趋势,施用量越大,水分保持的越好。建议在玉米试验中使用PJG和PFL的最佳浓度分别为0.8%和0.05%。
(2)土壤改良剂对大田夏玉米全生育期株高,叶面积影响效果显著,能显著提高抽雄期干物质积累量,对光合,蒸腾特性均有显著的影响;气孔导度分别高于对照32.88%和15.34%;叶绿素含量均高于对照,且大喇叭口期受影响效果最明显。施用两种改良剂夏玉米土壤0-20cm层土壤紧实度低于对照27.46%和22.11%,且表层土壤水分变化较为平缓,全生育期平均土壤含水量较对照略有增加。
(3)施加土壤改良剂PJG和PFL可显著提高夏玉米千粒重、产量和作物水分利用效率,夏玉米千粒重比对照分别增加了3.17%和1.48%;产量比对照分别高出22.79%和21.39%;作物水分利用效率比对照分别增加了25.8%和24.82%。
(4)施用两种改良剂后,土壤稳定入渗率和持水能力均比对照有所提高,且随着用量的增加,呈逐渐增加的趋势;在恒温条件下,两种改良剂在蒸发初始阶段蒸发率均明显低于对照。常温条件下施用改良剂后,蒸发率以波动的形式变化,PJG从第10天开始蒸发率差距逐渐拉大,规律为0.8%>0.2%>2%>4%;PFL各施用水平之间规律也较为明显,从第10天开始到蒸发结束,随着用量的增加,蒸发率逐渐降低。在恒温和常温蒸发期内,施用两种改良剂累积蒸发率均低于对照。
Develop new soil amendment which is form waste resource and lower cost is the important approach to develop water saving、high efficient、standing modern agriculture, and to utilize farmland precipitation resource more efficiently. Through the inside and field test, this paper is research on the inflection on crop and soil with two new soil amendment PJG and PFL (the major materials of PJG is straw and junk form building, PFL is coal slack and slag), and open out the mechanism of water saving and increasing production. All of that are the theory and technology values for the vast area application.
The conclusion is that:
⑴Potted plant test indicate: the influence on seeding rate of corm by two soil amendment is not obviously, but it have significant inflection on straw high and leaf area. The dried weigh of corn in seeding stage with amendment are higher than CK, the best dosage of PJG and PFL is 0.8% and 0.05%. The dissipate mete of water decrease with the use of soil amendment increased, the more using, the best water saving. The suggesting best dosage of PJG and PFL in corn test is 0.8% and 0.05%.
⑵The influence on strew high and leaf area of corn in the whole growth time is quite obviously. it can increase the dried weigh in tassel time obviously, the photosynthesis of corn in the whole day with amendment are all higher than CK, PJG and PFL increase 138.54% and 98.99% as that as CK; there is no obvious change of transpiration rate with amendment, but stomatic conductance are higher than CK 32.88%and 15.34% of PJG and PFL. The chlorophyll content is all higher than CK, and the largest differences are in the big bell time. The soil compactiveness with amendment is lower than CK 27.46% and 22.11% in 0-20cm soil layer. The change of water content in the surface layer of soil is flat, the soil water content of CK, PJG and PFL account for 67.4%, 71.4% and 71.1% of field capacity.
⑶Soil amendment can increase kilo weight of grain, yield and utilization ratio of the moisture; the kilo weight of grain of PJG and PFL are higher than CK 3.17% and 1.48%;yields are 22.79%and 21.39%; Utilization ratio of the moisture is 25.8% and 24.82%.
⑷The stable infiltration are higher than CK with two amendment, and it increases with the dosage. Soil characteristics all higher than CK, ever level of that with PJG is 0.2%<0.8%<2%<4%, PFL is 0.2%<0.8%<4%<2%. In the constant temperature, the vaporize rate with two amendment are all lower than CK in the primary vaporize time. The vaporize rate changed as fluctuate in the normal temperature, the rule of PJG is 0.8%>0.2%>2%>4% in the first 10 days; the rule of PFL is that vaporize rate reduce as more as the dosage from the tenth day to the over of vaporize time. In the constant and normal temperature vaporize time, the cumulate vaporize rate are lower than CK with two soil amendment.
引文
[1] 康绍忠,许迪.我国现代农业节水高技术发展战略的思考[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,(10):25～29.
[2] 段爱旺,张寄阳.中国灌溉农田粮食作物水分利用效率的研究[J].农业工程学报,2000,(4):41～44.
[3] 张岳.中国水资源与可持续发展[J].中国农村水利水电,1998(5):3～6.
[4] 吴增芳.土壤结构改良剂[M].科学出版社,1976.
[5] 李玲玲.国外土壤改良新技术[J].国外农业,1996,(7):33.
[6] 熊毅,李庆速.中国土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1987. [7].
[7] Wallace, A.; Walace, A.G. Water soluble polymers help protect the nvironment and correct soil properties Commum[J]. Soil Soc. Plant Anal.1994, 25:105-108.
[8] 龙明杰,曾繁森.聚合物土壤结构改良剂研究进展[J].土壤通报. 2000, (31): 5.
[9] 巫东堂,王久志.土壤结构改良剂及其应用[J].土壤通报.1990, (21):3.
[10] 李玲玲.国外土壤改良新技术[J].国外农业,1996,(7):33.
[11] 曹胜,漆琼,多什等.国外土壤改良新技术[J].湖南农业,1999,(5):13.
[12] 丁建国,刘晓媛.喷出一片新天地.泉州农村信息网.
[13] D.L.Bouranis, Theodopoulos, A.CzDrossopoulos,J.B.Designing Synthetic polymers as Soil Conditioner Common[J]. Soil Science.1995,26(9):1455-1480.
[14] Mark, H.F., N.GGaylord, N.M.Bikales.Polysaccharides. In Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, 1969,11:417-42.
[15] Harris, R.F., G Chesters, and.N.Allen. Dynamics of soil aggregation in Advances in agronomy,1 966,18:169-107.
[16] Khamraev, S.S. Leaching of salts from tacky soil conditioned by amide-containi Ng polyel ectrolytes.Uzb.Kim.Zh.4:16-20.
[17] Danie Hillel. Research in soil physics[J].Soil Science,1991,15(1):151- 153.
[18] 龙明杰.水性高分子对赤红壤改良作用的研究[D].华南理工大学博士论文.2000.
[19] 孙云秀.土壤结构改良剂的改土效果及其使用的研究[J].干旱区研究.1988,(3): 51-52.
[20] 汪德水.土壤结构改良剂的改土、保水、增产效果研究[J].土壤肥料.1990, (5):9-13.
[21] 徐金印,罗亦云,孙全先.几种土壤结构改良剂的制备及其效用[J].土壤学报.1984, 21(3):320-323.
[22] Uysal,H.; Taysun,A. Relation between aggregate stability of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) in cultivated brown forest soils[J].Ege Univ. Ziraat Pak Derg. 1992,29(1):43-56.
[23] 张宏伟,龙明杰,曾繁森.腐植酸接枝共聚物对赤红壤改良的研究[J]. 水土保持研究.2001, 8(2).
[24] 吴淑芳,吴普特,冯浩.高分子聚合物对土壤物理性质的影响研究[J].水土保持通报.2003, 23(1).
[25] Saito, T; Nakamuro. H. Soil amendments containing metallic solution and water insoluble copolymers. JPn. Kokai Tokkyo JP 02,173,185.
[26] Choudhary MI; Shalaby, A.A.; Alomran, A.M. Water holding capacity andevaporation of calcareous soils as afected by four synthetic polymers[J]. Commun. Soil Soc Plant AnaL 1995,26:2205-2215.
[27] Ouchi, S.; Nishikawa, A.; Kamada, E. Soil-improving effect of a super-waterabsorbent polymer. Nippon Dojo Hiryogaku Zasshi 1990,61(6):606-613.
[28] 刘东,任树梅,杨培岭.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对土壤水分蓄渗能力的影响[J].灌溉排水学报.2006.25(4).
[29] 龙明杰等.高聚物对土壤结构改良的研究(聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良研究)[J].土壤通报.2002,33(1).
[30] ]张淑芬.坡耕地施用 PAM 防治水土流失试验研究[J]..水土保持科技情报.2001,(2).
[31] R.D. Lentz, L.Shainberg, R.E. Scjka, eta1.Preventing irrigation furrow erosion with small application of Polymers[J].Soil.Science.,1992, 56:1926-1932.
[32] 杨永利,王斗天.滨海盐碱地区土壤渗透系数普测及改良措施[J].天津农业科学.1999,5(3).
[33] 林贵民.龙眼园施用 TC 土壤改良剂的效应研究[J].福建农业科学.2001,16(4):41-44.
[34] 员学锋,吴普特,冯浩.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的改土及增产效应[J].水土保持研究.2002,9(2).
[35] 张继娟等.喷射条件下 PAM 特性参数对土壤物性的影响[J].西南农业大学学报.2006,28(3).
[36] 王维敏.中国北方旱地农业技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.155-166.
[37] 王小彬,蔡典雄.土壤调理剂 PAM 的农用研究和应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):457~463.
[38] R.E.Sojka, R.E.Lentz. Reducing furrow irrigation erosion with Polyacrylamide(PAM)[J].J.Prod. Agric.1997, 10: 47-52.
[39] D.VArmbrust.Efectiveness of Polyacrylamide (PAM) for wind erosion control(J] Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,3:557-559.
[40] 肇普兴,夏海江.聚丙烯酞胺的保土保水保肥及改土增产作用[J].水土保持研究,1997 (4):98-104.
[41] 夏海江.聚丙烯酞胺防治坡地土壤侵蚀的室内模拟试验[J].水土保持学报, 2000(3):14 -17.
[42] 冯浩,吴淑芳,吴普特.高分子聚合物对土壤物理及破面产流产沙特征的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2006,4(1):17-19.
[43] 陈彬,张玉龙,黄毅等.生物型煤粉煤灰对碱土水溶性离子含量和透水性的影响[J] .土壤通报,2001,(6):56-70.
[44] 周恩湘,姜淳,霍习良等.沸石改良滨海盐化潮土的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1991(1): 14-18.
[45] Wallace A, Wallace G A. Effect of polymeric soil conditioners on emergence of tomato seedlings[J].Soil Science,1986,141:321-323.
[46] Wallace A,Wallace G A. Effect of polymeric soil conditioners on emergence and growth of tomato,cotton,and lettuce seedlings[J].Soil Science,1986,141:313-316.
[47] Wallace A,Wallace G A,A bouzamzam M,et al. Effects of polyacrylamide soil conditioner on the iron status of soybean plants[J].Soil Science,1986,141:368-370.
[48] Rubio H O,wood M K,Cardenas B A,etal. Effect of polyacrylamide on seedling emergence of grass species[J].Soil Science,1989,148:355-360.
[49] Grula, M.M.; Huang, M.L.; Sewell, G. Interactions of certain polyacrylamides with soil bacteria[J]. Soil Soc 1994, 158(4):291-300.
[50] Nadler, A.; Steinberger, Y Trends in structure, plant growth, ang microorganism interrelations in the soil[J]. Soil Soc 1993 156(3):114-122.
[51] Wallace, A.; Walace, A.G. Additive and synergistic efects on plant growth from polymers and organic matter applied to soil simultaneously[J]. Soil Soc. 1986, 334-342.
[52] Wallace, A.; Abouzamam, A.M. Interactions of soil conditioner with other limiting factors to achieve high crop yields[J]. Soil Soc 1986, 141(5):343-345.
[53] 王志玉,刘作新.土壤改良剂 MDM 对草甸碱土和水稻生长的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2004, 22(2).
[54] 唐泽军等. PAM 改善黄土水土环境及对玉米生长影响的田间试验研究[J].农业工程学报.2006, 22(4).
[55] 王小彬,蔡典雄.土壤调理剂 PAM 的农用研究和应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):457~463.
[56] Stem.R, A.J.Van DerMerwe etal.Efect of soil surface treatments on runof and wheat yields under irrigation[J]. Agron.J.,1992,84:114-119.
[57] J.Woodlhouse, M.S.Jhnson etal.超吸水性多聚物对作物幼苗存活和生长的影响[J].党秀丽编译.水土保持科技情报,2001 (3): 17-21.
[58] 孙云秀.土壤结构改良剂的改土效果及其使用的研究[J].干旱地区研究.1988,(3):51-52.
[59] 高永恒. 土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草生长特性和土壤理化性质的影响研究[D].甘肃农业大学.
[60] Sherwood,L.V., J.C. Engibous.Annu.Rev.Plant Physiol.1953,5:75-90.
[61] 石义让.盐碱地复苏变绿一新型生化改良剂研制成功[J].吉林水利,2002,(3)3.
[62] 毛建华.改良剂等措施对碱化土壤的防治和对白菜生长的影响[J].天津农业科学 1999 ,5(2):4-6.
[63] 夏光利.保护地土壤改良剂(PAM)对土壤理化性质的效果研究初报[J].耕作与栽培,2002,(2):39-40.
[64] 张继澍.植物生理学[M].陕西:西北农林科技大学出版社,1999.
[65] 徐世昌,戴俊英,沈秀瑛等.水分胁迫对玉米光合性能及产量的影响[J].作物学报,1996,23(3): 356-363.
[66] 王群,李潮海,栾丽敏等.不同质地土壤夏玉米生育后期光合特性比较研究[J].作物学报,2005, 31(5):628-633.
[67] 夏江宝,刘信儒,王贵霞等.土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):179一183.
[68] 马忠明.干旱绿洲灌区春小麦亏缺灌溉效应的研究[R].农业高效用水与水土环境保护.杨凌:陕西科学技术出版社.2000,246-249.
[69] 闭裴冬,张喜英.调亏灌溉对棉花生长、生理及产量的影响[J].生态农业,2000,8(4):52-55.
[70] 刘昌明,王会肖等.土壤-作物-大气界面水分过程与节水调控[M].北京:科学出版社.1999.92-95.
[71] 三好洋·丹原一宽著.土壤物理性质与土壤诊断[M]农业出版社.北京 1986.51-52.
[72] Buttery B R, Tan C C, Drury C F etal. The effects of soil com-paction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean.Can J Plant Science, 1998, 78:571-576.
[73] Masle J, Passioura J B. The effect of soil strength on the growth of young wheat plants.Aust JPlant Physiol, 1987, 14:643~656.
[74] Atwell BJ. The effect of soil compaction on wheat during earlytillering.Ⅰ. Growth, development and root structure.New Phy-tol, 1990,115:29~35.
[75] 山东省农科院.中国玉米栽培学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986.
[76] 刘红英,蔡焕杰,王健.灌溉条件下夏玉米田根系层水分动态和田间灌溉水有效利用率的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报.2005.33(6):109-111.
[77] 周凌云.秸杆覆盖对麦田耗水量与水分利用率的影响[J].土壤通报,1997,28(5):205-206.
[78] Hillel D. Environmental Soil Physics [M ]. New York: Academic Press, 1998: 385-426.
[79] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1988:77-131,321-376.
[80] 李雪转,樊贵盛.土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3):188～190.
[81] 陈瑶,张科利,罗利等.黄土坡耕地弃耕后土壤入渗变化规律及影响因素[J]. 泥沙研究,2005,(5): 45～50.
[82] 田积莹.黄土地区土壤的物理性质与黄土成因的关系[J].中国科学院西北水保所集刊,1987,(5): 1212.
[83] 赵西宁,吴发启.土壤水分入渗的研究进展和评述[J].西北林学院学报,2004,19(1):42~45.
[84] 武海霞,刘永朝,栾清华.同质异性土壤水分特征曲线的特性试验研究[J].海河水利,2006,2:61-62.
[85] 史竹叶,赵世伟.黄土高原土壤持水曲线的计算方法[J].西北农业学报,1999,8(6):44-47.
[86] 王全九,邵明安,郑纪勇.土壤中水分运动与溶质迁移[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007,48.
[87] 郭风台,迟艺侠,程东娟等.土壤水分特征曲线试验研究[J].南水北调与水利科技.2006(4)2:47.
[88] 黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,108-110.
[89] 张小泉,张清华,毕树峰.太行山北部中山幼林地土壤水分的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(3):193-200.
[90] 陈丽华,鲁绍伟,张学培等.晋西黄土区主要造林树种林地土壤水分生态条件分析[J],水土保持研究, 2007,14 (4).
[91] 除良富,李洪建,刘太维.晋西北砖窑沟流域几种主要土壤的持水特性[J].土壤通报,1994,25(5): 199-200.
[92] 杨文治,时玉洁.黄土高原几种土壤在非饱和条件下水分的蒸发性能和抗旱力评价[J]土壤学报,1985,22(1):13-23.
[2] 段爱旺,张寄阳.中国灌溉农田粮食作物水分利用效率的研究[J].农业工程学报,2000,(4):41～44.
[3] 张岳.中国水资源与可持续发展[J].中国农村水利水电,1998(5):3～6.
[4] 吴增芳.土壤结构改良剂[M].科学出版社,1976.
[5] 李玲玲.国外土壤改良新技术[J].国外农业,1996,(7):33.
[6] 熊毅,李庆速.中国土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1987. [7].
[7] Wallace, A.; Walace, A.G. Water soluble polymers help protect the nvironment and correct soil properties Commum[J]. Soil Soc. Plant Anal.1994, 25:105-108.
[8] 龙明杰,曾繁森.聚合物土壤结构改良剂研究进展[J].土壤通报. 2000, (31): 5.
[9] 巫东堂,王久志.土壤结构改良剂及其应用[J].土壤通报.1990, (21):3.
[10] 李玲玲.国外土壤改良新技术[J].国外农业,1996,(7):33.
[11] 曹胜,漆琼,多什等.国外土壤改良新技术[J].湖南农业,1999,(5):13.
[12] 丁建国,刘晓媛.喷出一片新天地.泉州农村信息网.
[13] D.L.Bouranis, Theodopoulos, A.CzDrossopoulos,J.B.Designing Synthetic polymers as Soil Conditioner Common[J]. Soil Science.1995,26(9):1455-1480.
[14] Mark, H.F., N.GGaylord, N.M.Bikales.Polysaccharides. In Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, 1969,11:417-42.
[15] Harris, R.F., G Chesters, and.N.Allen. Dynamics of soil aggregation in Advances in agronomy,1 966,18:169-107.
[16] Khamraev, S.S. Leaching of salts from tacky soil conditioned by amide-containi Ng polyel ectrolytes.Uzb.Kim.Zh.4:16-20.
[17] Danie Hillel. Research in soil physics[J].Soil Science,1991,15(1):151- 153.
[18] 龙明杰.水性高分子对赤红壤改良作用的研究[D].华南理工大学博士论文.2000.
[19] 孙云秀.土壤结构改良剂的改土效果及其使用的研究[J].干旱区研究.1988,(3): 51-52.
[20] 汪德水.土壤结构改良剂的改土、保水、增产效果研究[J].土壤肥料.1990, (5):9-13.
[21] 徐金印,罗亦云,孙全先.几种土壤结构改良剂的制备及其效用[J].土壤学报.1984, 21(3):320-323.
[22] Uysal,H.; Taysun,A. Relation between aggregate stability of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) in cultivated brown forest soils[J].Ege Univ. Ziraat Pak Derg. 1992,29(1):43-56.
[23] 张宏伟,龙明杰,曾繁森.腐植酸接枝共聚物对赤红壤改良的研究[J]. 水土保持研究.2001, 8(2).
[24] 吴淑芳,吴普特,冯浩.高分子聚合物对土壤物理性质的影响研究[J].水土保持通报.2003, 23(1).
[25] Saito, T; Nakamuro. H. Soil amendments containing metallic solution and water insoluble copolymers. JPn. Kokai Tokkyo JP 02,173,185.
[26] Choudhary MI; Shalaby, A.A.; Alomran, A.M. Water holding capacity andevaporation of calcareous soils as afected by four synthetic polymers[J]. Commun. Soil Soc Plant AnaL 1995,26:2205-2215.
[27] Ouchi, S.; Nishikawa, A.; Kamada, E. Soil-improving effect of a super-waterabsorbent polymer. Nippon Dojo Hiryogaku Zasshi 1990,61(6):606-613.
[28] 刘东,任树梅,杨培岭.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对土壤水分蓄渗能力的影响[J].灌溉排水学报.2006.25(4).
[29] 龙明杰等.高聚物对土壤结构改良的研究(聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良研究)[J].土壤通报.2002,33(1).
[30] ]张淑芬.坡耕地施用 PAM 防治水土流失试验研究[J]..水土保持科技情报.2001,(2).
[31] R.D. Lentz, L.Shainberg, R.E. Scjka, eta1.Preventing irrigation furrow erosion with small application of Polymers[J].Soil.Science.,1992, 56:1926-1932.
[32] 杨永利,王斗天.滨海盐碱地区土壤渗透系数普测及改良措施[J].天津农业科学.1999,5(3).
[33] 林贵民.龙眼园施用 TC 土壤改良剂的效应研究[J].福建农业科学.2001,16(4):41-44.
[34] 员学锋,吴普特,冯浩.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的改土及增产效应[J].水土保持研究.2002,9(2).
[35] 张继娟等.喷射条件下 PAM 特性参数对土壤物性的影响[J].西南农业大学学报.2006,28(3).
[36] 王维敏.中国北方旱地农业技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.155-166.
[37] 王小彬,蔡典雄.土壤调理剂 PAM 的农用研究和应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):457~463.
[38] R.E.Sojka, R.E.Lentz. Reducing furrow irrigation erosion with Polyacrylamide(PAM)[J].J.Prod. Agric.1997, 10: 47-52.
[39] D.VArmbrust.Efectiveness of Polyacrylamide (PAM) for wind erosion control(J] Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1999,3:557-559.
[40] 肇普兴,夏海江.聚丙烯酞胺的保土保水保肥及改土增产作用[J].水土保持研究,1997 (4):98-104.
[41] 夏海江.聚丙烯酞胺防治坡地土壤侵蚀的室内模拟试验[J].水土保持学报, 2000(3):14 -17.
[42] 冯浩,吴淑芳,吴普特.高分子聚合物对土壤物理及破面产流产沙特征的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2006,4(1):17-19.
[43] 陈彬,张玉龙,黄毅等.生物型煤粉煤灰对碱土水溶性离子含量和透水性的影响[J] .土壤通报,2001,(6):56-70.
[44] 周恩湘,姜淳,霍习良等.沸石改良滨海盐化潮土的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1991(1): 14-18.
[45] Wallace A, Wallace G A. Effect of polymeric soil conditioners on emergence of tomato seedlings[J].Soil Science,1986,141:321-323.
[46] Wallace A,Wallace G A. Effect of polymeric soil conditioners on emergence and growth of tomato,cotton,and lettuce seedlings[J].Soil Science,1986,141:313-316.
[47] Wallace A,Wallace G A,A bouzamzam M,et al. Effects of polyacrylamide soil conditioner on the iron status of soybean plants[J].Soil Science,1986,141:368-370.
[48] Rubio H O,wood M K,Cardenas B A,etal. Effect of polyacrylamide on seedling emergence of grass species[J].Soil Science,1989,148:355-360.
[49] Grula, M.M.; Huang, M.L.; Sewell, G. Interactions of certain polyacrylamides with soil bacteria[J]. Soil Soc 1994, 158(4):291-300.
[50] Nadler, A.; Steinberger, Y Trends in structure, plant growth, ang microorganism interrelations in the soil[J]. Soil Soc 1993 156(3):114-122.
[51] Wallace, A.; Walace, A.G. Additive and synergistic efects on plant growth from polymers and organic matter applied to soil simultaneously[J]. Soil Soc. 1986, 334-342.
[52] Wallace, A.; Abouzamam, A.M. Interactions of soil conditioner with other limiting factors to achieve high crop yields[J]. Soil Soc 1986, 141(5):343-345.
[53] 王志玉,刘作新.土壤改良剂 MDM 对草甸碱土和水稻生长的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2004, 22(2).
[54] 唐泽军等. PAM 改善黄土水土环境及对玉米生长影响的田间试验研究[J].农业工程学报.2006, 22(4).
[55] 王小彬,蔡典雄.土壤调理剂 PAM 的农用研究和应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2000,6(4):457~463.
[56] Stem.R, A.J.Van DerMerwe etal.Efect of soil surface treatments on runof and wheat yields under irrigation[J]. Agron.J.,1992,84:114-119.
[57] J.Woodlhouse, M.S.Jhnson etal.超吸水性多聚物对作物幼苗存活和生长的影响[J].党秀丽编译.水土保持科技情报,2001 (3): 17-21.
[58] 孙云秀.土壤结构改良剂的改土效果及其使用的研究[J].干旱地区研究.1988,(3):51-52.
[59] 高永恒. 土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草生长特性和土壤理化性质的影响研究[D].甘肃农业大学.
[60] Sherwood,L.V., J.C. Engibous.Annu.Rev.Plant Physiol.1953,5:75-90.
[61] 石义让.盐碱地复苏变绿一新型生化改良剂研制成功[J].吉林水利,2002,(3)3.
[62] 毛建华.改良剂等措施对碱化土壤的防治和对白菜生长的影响[J].天津农业科学 1999 ,5(2):4-6.
[63] 夏光利.保护地土壤改良剂(PAM)对土壤理化性质的效果研究初报[J].耕作与栽培,2002,(2):39-40.
[64] 张继澍.植物生理学[M].陕西:西北农林科技大学出版社,1999.
[65] 徐世昌,戴俊英,沈秀瑛等.水分胁迫对玉米光合性能及产量的影响[J].作物学报,1996,23(3): 356-363.
[66] 王群,李潮海,栾丽敏等.不同质地土壤夏玉米生育后期光合特性比较研究[J].作物学报,2005, 31(5):628-633.
[67] 夏江宝,刘信儒,王贵霞等.土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):179一183.
[68] 马忠明.干旱绿洲灌区春小麦亏缺灌溉效应的研究[R].农业高效用水与水土环境保护.杨凌:陕西科学技术出版社.2000,246-249.
[69] 闭裴冬,张喜英.调亏灌溉对棉花生长、生理及产量的影响[J].生态农业,2000,8(4):52-55.
[70] 刘昌明,王会肖等.土壤-作物-大气界面水分过程与节水调控[M].北京:科学出版社.1999.92-95.
[71] 三好洋·丹原一宽著.土壤物理性质与土壤诊断[M]农业出版社.北京 1986.51-52.
[72] Buttery B R, Tan C C, Drury C F etal. The effects of soil com-paction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean.Can J Plant Science, 1998, 78:571-576.
[73] Masle J, Passioura J B. The effect of soil strength on the growth of young wheat plants.Aust JPlant Physiol, 1987, 14:643~656.
[74] Atwell BJ. The effect of soil compaction on wheat during earlytillering.Ⅰ. Growth, development and root structure.New Phy-tol, 1990,115:29~35.
[75] 山东省农科院.中国玉米栽培学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986.
[76] 刘红英,蔡焕杰,王健.灌溉条件下夏玉米田根系层水分动态和田间灌溉水有效利用率的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报.2005.33(6):109-111.
[77] 周凌云.秸杆覆盖对麦田耗水量与水分利用率的影响[J].土壤通报,1997,28(5):205-206.
[78] Hillel D. Environmental Soil Physics [M ]. New York: Academic Press, 1998: 385-426.
[79] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1988:77-131,321-376.
[80] 李雪转,樊贵盛.土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3):188～190.
[81] 陈瑶,张科利,罗利等.黄土坡耕地弃耕后土壤入渗变化规律及影响因素[J]. 泥沙研究,2005,(5): 45～50.
[82] 田积莹.黄土地区土壤的物理性质与黄土成因的关系[J].中国科学院西北水保所集刊,1987,(5): 1212.
[83] 赵西宁,吴发启.土壤水分入渗的研究进展和评述[J].西北林学院学报,2004,19(1):42~45.
[84] 武海霞,刘永朝,栾清华.同质异性土壤水分特征曲线的特性试验研究[J].海河水利,2006,2:61-62.
[85] 史竹叶,赵世伟.黄土高原土壤持水曲线的计算方法[J].西北农业学报,1999,8(6):44-47.
[86] 王全九,邵明安,郑纪勇.土壤中水分运动与溶质迁移[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007,48.
[87] 郭风台,迟艺侠,程东娟等.土壤水分特征曲线试验研究[J].南水北调与水利科技.2006(4)2:47.
[88] 黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999,108-110.
[89] 张小泉,张清华,毕树峰.太行山北部中山幼林地土壤水分的研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(3):193-200.
[90] 陈丽华,鲁绍伟,张学培等.晋西黄土区主要造林树种林地土壤水分生态条件分析[J],水土保持研究, 2007,14 (4).
[91] 除良富,李洪建,刘太维.晋西北砖窑沟流域几种主要土壤的持水特性[J].土壤通报,1994,25(5): 199-200.
[92] 杨文治,时玉洁.黄土高原几种土壤在非饱和条件下水分的蒸发性能和抗旱力评价[J]土壤学报,1985,22(1):13-23.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |