内蒙古阴山北麓土地利用与表层土壤性质变化研究
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摘要
内蒙古阴山北麓位于中国北方的内蒙古高原,地处干旱半干旱地区,土地利用以农牧交错方式为主,属于农业生产环境脆弱区,影响农业的主要因素是低温和水资源的不足。其中水资源对农业生产的制约性最大,本文通过野外调查取样和室内理化性质分析,对阴山北麓不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分进行动态监测。其结果表明:初春时期,受低温的影响,土壤深层水处于固结状态,土壤表层含水量较少,随着地温的升高,土壤中的固态水逐渐融化,增加了土壤表层的含水量。随着春季气温的升高,该区风力不断加强,近地面的蒸发随之加大,所有的土地类型其土壤表层的含水量均明显降低。今后农地实行免耕有利于保持土壤含水量,所以每年秋收后不应很快将土地翻耕。阴山北麓地区以西北风为主风向,西北风来自内陆干冷地区,风中含水量低,且风速大,迎风坡地区应尽量减少耕地,增大草地及灌木林面积,以减小风对土壤水份的蒸发。随着社会经济的发展,人类对土地利用的强度不断增大,这改变了自然土壤表层原有的性质。通过对阴山北麓不同利用方式下的土地进行野外调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了不同土地利用方式中表土有机质含量变化。结果表明:第一,在阴山北麓地区,不同土地利用方式中,土壤有机质的含量是不同的,例如:同一次采集的样品,耕地、林地、灌丛、草地的有机质含量分别为2.58%、1.61%、1.72%、4.15%,存在着较大的差异。第二,温度及风速大小是影响阴山北麓地区土壤有机质变化的最主要因素。第三,土壤有机质含量的变化不是渐变的,而是一个突变的过程。因此针对阴山北麓处于西北风主风向地带、风速大的实际情况,在其迎风坡应尽量减少耕地,增大草地及灌木林面积,以增强土壤的抗风蚀能力、增加表土的有机质,从而提高土壤肥力,使土壤资源得以保护。阴山北麓不同土地利用情况下,土壤组成物中粒径<0.002mm颗粒的含量变化最为明显。具体是通过地表植被的盖度来进行影响的,地表植被覆盖度低的耕地质地组成变化较大。在所有调查的土地类型中,以秋季翻耕的耕地和退化林地土壤质地组成变化最大。而植被盖度好的草灌林地土壤质地变化较少,所以区域最佳的土地利用方式是草地、灌木林地或林地,通过增加地表植被盖度改善土壤表层环境。
本研究结果可为内蒙古高原及北方干旱半干旱的农牧交错带土地资源的合理开发利用提供一些浅显的基础理论依据。
The north foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia lies in northern China at Inner Mongolian Plateau, located in arid and semi-arid areas. Agriculture pasture transition is the main land-use ways and is environmental fragile areas in agricultural production. The major factors affecting the agricultural are low temperature and inadequate water resources. Thereinto, constraints of water resources for agricultural production are the largest. Through field survey and sampling, and indoor analysis of physical and chemical properties on the north foot of Yinshan Mountain, soil moisture is monitored dynamic under different land use ways. The results show that: in the period of early spring, the impact of the low temperature, the state of deep water in soil is consolidation. The content of moisture in surface soil is less. With the increase of temperature, soil water in solid melts gradually and the content of surface soil water increases. With the increase of temperature in spring, wind in the area continuously strengthened, evaporation in the near-surface increases and the content of surface soil moisture in all types of soil is significantly reduced. Implementation of no-tillage farming in the future is conducive to maintaining soil moisture. It should not be tilling the land soon after harvest in annual autumn. The main wind in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain is northwest wind. It comes from cold and dry inland areas, the low content of moisture in the wind, and big wind speed. Windward slope region should minimize farmland, increase grassland and shrub area to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture because of wind. As the development of social and economic, land-use intensity is growing by human. It changed the nature of the original soil surface. Through field survey, sampling and indoor physical and chemical analyses in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain under different land use, the content change of organic matter in surface soil under different land use patterns is researched. The results show that: First, in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain, the content of soil organic matter is different in different way of land use. For example, with a collection of samples in the same collection, the contents of organic matter in farmland, woodland, scrub and grassland are 2.58%, 1.61%, 1.72% and 4.15%. There is a great difference. Second, the temperature and wind speed is the most important factors affected the change of soil organic matter in the north foot of Yinshan Mountian. Third, the change of the content of soil organic matter is not gradual, but a mutation process. Therefore, according to the actual situation that the north foot of Yinshan Mountain located in the north wind zone of northwest wind and the wind speed is big, it should minimize farmland in its windward slope, increase the area of grassland and bush so as to strengthen the ability of anti-soil erosion, increase topsoil organic matter, thereby improve soil fertility, soil resources can be protected. In north foot of Yinshan Mountain in different land use, particle content which size is <0.002mm is most obvious in soil composing, which is specifically through the surface vegetation cover to impact. The change of texture composition in arable land is big in low vegetation coverage. In all types of land surveyed, the soil texture of arable land tilling in fall and degenerated woodland change greatest. The soil texture changes less in grass and shrub woodland with good vegetation cover. So the best way of regional land use is grassland, shrub land or forest land. Increase vegetation coverage to improve the environment in soil surface.
The results of this study provide the basis of some simple theory for the rational development and use of land resources at the Inner Mongolia plateau and in the agriculture pasture transition zone in the northern arid and semi-arid region.
本研究结果可为内蒙古高原及北方干旱半干旱的农牧交错带土地资源的合理开发利用提供一些浅显的基础理论依据。
The north foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia lies in northern China at Inner Mongolian Plateau, located in arid and semi-arid areas. Agriculture pasture transition is the main land-use ways and is environmental fragile areas in agricultural production. The major factors affecting the agricultural are low temperature and inadequate water resources. Thereinto, constraints of water resources for agricultural production are the largest. Through field survey and sampling, and indoor analysis of physical and chemical properties on the north foot of Yinshan Mountain, soil moisture is monitored dynamic under different land use ways. The results show that: in the period of early spring, the impact of the low temperature, the state of deep water in soil is consolidation. The content of moisture in surface soil is less. With the increase of temperature, soil water in solid melts gradually and the content of surface soil water increases. With the increase of temperature in spring, wind in the area continuously strengthened, evaporation in the near-surface increases and the content of surface soil moisture in all types of soil is significantly reduced. Implementation of no-tillage farming in the future is conducive to maintaining soil moisture. It should not be tilling the land soon after harvest in annual autumn. The main wind in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain is northwest wind. It comes from cold and dry inland areas, the low content of moisture in the wind, and big wind speed. Windward slope region should minimize farmland, increase grassland and shrub area to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture because of wind. As the development of social and economic, land-use intensity is growing by human. It changed the nature of the original soil surface. Through field survey, sampling and indoor physical and chemical analyses in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain under different land use, the content change of organic matter in surface soil under different land use patterns is researched. The results show that: First, in the north foot of Yinshan Mountain, the content of soil organic matter is different in different way of land use. For example, with a collection of samples in the same collection, the contents of organic matter in farmland, woodland, scrub and grassland are 2.58%, 1.61%, 1.72% and 4.15%. There is a great difference. Second, the temperature and wind speed is the most important factors affected the change of soil organic matter in the north foot of Yinshan Mountian. Third, the change of the content of soil organic matter is not gradual, but a mutation process. Therefore, according to the actual situation that the north foot of Yinshan Mountain located in the north wind zone of northwest wind and the wind speed is big, it should minimize farmland in its windward slope, increase the area of grassland and bush so as to strengthen the ability of anti-soil erosion, increase topsoil organic matter, thereby improve soil fertility, soil resources can be protected. In north foot of Yinshan Mountain in different land use, particle content which size is <0.002mm is most obvious in soil composing, which is specifically through the surface vegetation cover to impact. The change of texture composition in arable land is big in low vegetation coverage. In all types of land surveyed, the soil texture of arable land tilling in fall and degenerated woodland change greatest. The soil texture changes less in grass and shrub woodland with good vegetation cover. So the best way of regional land use is grassland, shrub land or forest land. Increase vegetation coverage to improve the environment in soil surface.
The results of this study provide the basis of some simple theory for the rational development and use of land resources at the Inner Mongolia plateau and in the agriculture pasture transition zone in the northern arid and semi-arid region.
引文
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