无线信道中信号传输的自适应调制技术
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摘要
自适应调制技术是近几年来移动通信领域的热点。本文针对移动通信中的变速率QAM调制进行了较为深入的研究。首先，阐述了移动通信中信道的衰落特性，分别分析信道的阴影衰落、慢衰落、快衰落几种模型；接着对QAM的调制原理进行了分析，着重研究了这种调制方式的参数设置以及星座图的设计，文中示出了8QAM和16QAM的框图和波形情况。然后作者的精力转入信道的自适应方案的研究中，首先通过研究发现Nakagami衰落因子的适当调整可以近似于常见的瑞利衰落和莱斯衰落，接着研究在无线信道中采用三种不同自适应方案时的信道容量，研究表明速率的调整是增加信道容量的关键，在此基础上，着重研究了离散变速率QAM的情况，表明这种调制方案无论在频带利用率还是在系统平均误码率比其它情况提高很多。在文章的最后一节通过仿真研究了一基站和一移动终端通过上述调制方案的情况，进一步证明了这种方案的可行性。
Adaptive modulation has become the subject of intensive study in recent years. This paper focus on the variable rate QAM for Mobile Radio. Firstly we introduce mobile radio fading channel variations, Shadow fading. Slow fading. Rapid fading and so on. Then we introduce the QAM schemes of modulation about the design of parameters and constellations of QAM and show the result of 8QAM and 16QAM. Afterward we switch to the study of adaptive project, above all, we find that we can alter the parameter of Nakagami fading channels to other fadings, and then we study three different adaptive projects. We then present numerical results showing that rate adaptation is the key to achieving high link spectral efficiency. Based on these advantages we analyze the performance of constant-power variable-rate M-QAM schemes for spectrally efficient data transmission over NMF channels. By introducing the adaptive modulation approach , we gain two things: 1) the error rate is kept at a constant level. 2) the achievable spectral efficiency comes within 5 dB of the Shannon capacity limit.At the last chapter , the presentation of a single base station and a single mobile scenario proved the feasibility of adaptive schemes.
Adaptive modulation has become the subject of intensive study in recent years. This paper focus on the variable rate QAM for Mobile Radio. Firstly we introduce mobile radio fading channel variations, Shadow fading. Slow fading. Rapid fading and so on. Then we introduce the QAM schemes of modulation about the design of parameters and constellations of QAM and show the result of 8QAM and 16QAM. Afterward we switch to the study of adaptive project, above all, we find that we can alter the parameter of Nakagami fading channels to other fadings, and then we study three different adaptive projects. We then present numerical results showing that rate adaptation is the key to achieving high link spectral efficiency. Based on these advantages we analyze the performance of constant-power variable-rate M-QAM schemes for spectrally efficient data transmission over NMF channels. By introducing the adaptive modulation approach , we gain two things: 1) the error rate is kept at a constant level. 2) the achievable spectral efficiency comes within 5 dB of the Shannon capacity limit.At the last chapter , the presentation of a single base station and a single mobile scenario proved the feasibility of adaptive schemes.
引文
[1] K. Pahlavan and A. H. Levesque. Wirless data communications, Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, pp. 1389-1430,September 1994．
[2] Toyoki Ue,Seiichi Sampei,and Norihiko Morinaga, Adaptive Modulation Packet Radio Communication System using NP-CSMA/TDD Scheme, IEEE Vehic-ular Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 416-420, May 1996．
[3] J.K.Cavers, Variable-rate transmission for Rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Trans.Commun, vol. COM-20, pp. 15-22, Februaryl972．
[4] T. Ue, Sampei, and N.Morinaga,Symbol rate and modulation level controlled adaptive modulation/TDMA/TDD for personal communica-tion systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. VTC' 95 , Chicago, IL, pp. 306-310, July 1995．
[5] W.T.Webb and R.Steele,Variable rate QAM for mobile radio, IEEE Trans, on Commun, vol. COM-43, pp. 2223-2230, July 1995
[6] A. J. Goldsmith and S. G. Chua, Variable-rate variable-power M-QAM for fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. COM-45, pp. 1218-1230,October 1997．
[7] H. Matsuoka, S. Sampei, N.Morinage, and Y. Kamio, Adaptive modulation system with variable coding rate concatenated code for high quality multi-media communication systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol Conf. VTC' 96, Atlanta, GA, pp. 487-491, April 1996．
[8] A. Goldsmith,Variable-rate coded M-QAM for fading channels, in Proc.Communication Theory Mini-Conference(CTMC-III) in conjunc-tion with IEEE GJobal Commun. Conf. GLOBECOM' 94, San Fransisco, CA, pp. 186-190,November 1994． To apper in the IEEE Trans. Commun.
[9] A. Goldsmith and P. Varaiya,Capacity of fading channels with channel side information, IEEE Trans, on Information Theory, vol.IT-43,pp.1896-1992, November 1997．
[1O]J.M.Torrance and L.Hanzo,Upper bound performance of Adaptive modulation in a slow Rayleigh fading channel,Electron.Lett.,vol.32,pp.718-719,April 1996.
[11]I.S.Gradshteyn and I.M.Ryzhik,Table of Integrals,Series,and Products.San Diego,CA:Academic Press.fifth ed.,1994.
[12]H.Suzuki,A statistical model for urban multipath propagation,IEEE Trans.on Commun.vol COM-25,pp.673-680,July 1977
[13]C.G.Gunther,Commnet on estimate of channel capacity in Ray-leigh fading environment,IEEE Trans.on Veh.Technol,.vol VT-45,pp.401-403,May 1996.
[14]郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．数字移动通信．北京：人民邮电出版社，1995年3月．
[15]李建东，杨家玮．个人通信．北京：人民邮电出版社，1998年5月．
[16]彭启琮．DSP与实时数字信号处理．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1994．
[17]Heinrich Meyr.Digital Communication Receivers.New York.1998.
[18]Proakis. Digital Communications.3~(rd) edition.清华大学出版社，1999．
[19]沈兰荪．调制解调的数字实现．电信科学．93．9(6)：27-31．
[20]张贤达 通信信号处理。第一版；国防工业出版社，2000．12
[21]孙立新 CDMA(码分多址)移动通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，1997．
[22]沈振元 通信系统原理 第一版；西安电子科技大学出版社 1993．10．
[23]Ohno K,Sawahashi M,Adachi F.Wideband Coherent DS-CDMA.Pro IEEE Vechicular Technology Conference(VTC),Chicago,USA:779-783
[24]Torbjorn Ekman Gernot Kubin,Nonlinear Prediction of Mobile Radio Channels:Measurement and MARS Model gesiogns.IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,Phoenix Arizona,March,1999.
[25]J M Torrance,L Hanzo.Adaptive Modulation in a Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel.PIMR' 96,Oct,1996,Taipei,Taiwan.
[26]T Ve S Sampei,N Morinaga.Symobol Rate and Modulation Level Controlled Adaptive Modulation/TPMA/TDD for Personal Communica-tion System.IEEE VTC,July 1995.
[27]G.D.Forney Jr.,R.G.Gallager,G.R.Lang,F.M.Longstaff,and S.U.Qureshi.Efficient modulation for band-limitted channels,IEEE.J.Select.Areas Commun.,vol.SAC-2,pp.623-646,September 1984.
[28]W.T.Webb and L.Hanzo,Modern Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.New York, NY:IEEE Press,1994.
[29]Y.-D.Yao and A.U.H.Sheikh.Evaluation of channel capacity in a generalized fading channel,in Proc.IEEE Veh.Technol.Conf.VTC'93,Secaucus,NJ,pp.134-137,May 1993.
[30]T.Ericson.A Gaussian channel with slow fading,IEEE Trans.Infor.Theory,vol.IT-16,pp.353-355,May 1970.
[31]苏仁宏．移动通信中的π／4-QPSK调制解调技术及DSP实现．电讯技术．1998．8：24-29．
[32]沈兰逊．软件无线电调制解调的数字实现．电信科学．1993．11：27-31．
[33]David B.Chester.Digtal IF filter Technology for 3G systems:An intruduction.IEEE Communications Magzine.May.1999:39-45.
[34]M.Cummings and S.Haruyama.FPGA in the software radio.IEEE Communications Magzine.Vol.37.no.2.Feb.1999:108-112.
[35]Starnley A.White.Applications of distributed arithmatic to digital signal processing:A tutorial review.IEEE ASSP magzine.July.1989:4-19.
[36]姚彦 数字微波中继通信工程。第一版。北京：人民邮电出版社，1990．
[37]王士林 现代数字调制技术。第一版．北京：人民邮电出版社，1987．
[38]徐錦忠 数字通信原理．北京：人民邮电出版社，1993．11．
[39]CCITT Draft Recommendation V.34.A modem operating at data signaling rates of up to 28,800bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased point to 2-wire
telephone-type circuits,1993．
[40] J. A. C Bingham. Multticarrier modulation for data transmission :an Idea whose time has come, IEEE Comm. Mag. , vol. 28, pp. 5-14, May 1990．
[41] R. V. Cox, J. Hagenauer, N. Seshadri, and C. E. W. Sundberg. Subband speech coding and matched convolutonal channel coding for mobile radio channels, IEEE Trans. Signal Proces. , Vol.39,pp.1717-1731, Aug. 1991．
[2] Toyoki Ue,Seiichi Sampei,and Norihiko Morinaga, Adaptive Modulation Packet Radio Communication System using NP-CSMA/TDD Scheme, IEEE Vehic-ular Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 416-420, May 1996．
[3] J.K.Cavers, Variable-rate transmission for Rayleigh fading channels, IEEE Trans.Commun, vol. COM-20, pp. 15-22, Februaryl972．
[4] T. Ue, Sampei, and N.Morinaga,Symbol rate and modulation level controlled adaptive modulation/TDMA/TDD for personal communica-tion systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. VTC' 95 , Chicago, IL, pp. 306-310, July 1995．
[5] W.T.Webb and R.Steele,Variable rate QAM for mobile radio, IEEE Trans, on Commun, vol. COM-43, pp. 2223-2230, July 1995
[6] A. J. Goldsmith and S. G. Chua, Variable-rate variable-power M-QAM for fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. COM-45, pp. 1218-1230,October 1997．
[7] H. Matsuoka, S. Sampei, N.Morinage, and Y. Kamio, Adaptive modulation system with variable coding rate concatenated code for high quality multi-media communication systems, in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol Conf. VTC' 96, Atlanta, GA, pp. 487-491, April 1996．
[8] A. Goldsmith,Variable-rate coded M-QAM for fading channels, in Proc.Communication Theory Mini-Conference(CTMC-III) in conjunc-tion with IEEE GJobal Commun. Conf. GLOBECOM' 94, San Fransisco, CA, pp. 186-190,November 1994． To apper in the IEEE Trans. Commun.
[9] A. Goldsmith and P. Varaiya,Capacity of fading channels with channel side information, IEEE Trans, on Information Theory, vol.IT-43,pp.1896-1992, November 1997．
[1O]J.M.Torrance and L.Hanzo,Upper bound performance of Adaptive modulation in a slow Rayleigh fading channel,Electron.Lett.,vol.32,pp.718-719,April 1996.
[11]I.S.Gradshteyn and I.M.Ryzhik,Table of Integrals,Series,and Products.San Diego,CA:Academic Press.fifth ed.,1994.
[12]H.Suzuki,A statistical model for urban multipath propagation,IEEE Trans.on Commun.vol COM-25,pp.673-680,July 1977
[13]C.G.Gunther,Commnet on estimate of channel capacity in Ray-leigh fading environment,IEEE Trans.on Veh.Technol,.vol VT-45,pp.401-403,May 1996.
[14]郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东．数字移动通信．北京：人民邮电出版社，1995年3月．
[15]李建东，杨家玮．个人通信．北京：人民邮电出版社，1998年5月．
[16]彭启琮．DSP与实时数字信号处理．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1994．
[17]Heinrich Meyr.Digital Communication Receivers.New York.1998.
[18]Proakis. Digital Communications.3~(rd) edition.清华大学出版社，1999．
[19]沈兰荪．调制解调的数字实现．电信科学．93．9(6)：27-31．
[20]张贤达 通信信号处理。第一版；国防工业出版社，2000．12
[21]孙立新 CDMA(码分多址)移动通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，1997．
[22]沈振元 通信系统原理 第一版；西安电子科技大学出版社 1993．10．
[23]Ohno K,Sawahashi M,Adachi F.Wideband Coherent DS-CDMA.Pro IEEE Vechicular Technology Conference(VTC),Chicago,USA:779-783
[24]Torbjorn Ekman Gernot Kubin,Nonlinear Prediction of Mobile Radio Channels:Measurement and MARS Model gesiogns.IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,Phoenix Arizona,March,1999.
[25]J M Torrance,L Hanzo.Adaptive Modulation in a Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel.PIMR' 96,Oct,1996,Taipei,Taiwan.
[26]T Ve S Sampei,N Morinaga.Symobol Rate and Modulation Level Controlled Adaptive Modulation/TPMA/TDD for Personal Communica-tion System.IEEE VTC,July 1995.
[27]G.D.Forney Jr.,R.G.Gallager,G.R.Lang,F.M.Longstaff,and S.U.Qureshi.Efficient modulation for band-limitted channels,IEEE.J.Select.Areas Commun.,vol.SAC-2,pp.623-646,September 1984.
[28]W.T.Webb and L.Hanzo,Modern Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.New York, NY:IEEE Press,1994.
[29]Y.-D.Yao and A.U.H.Sheikh.Evaluation of channel capacity in a generalized fading channel,in Proc.IEEE Veh.Technol.Conf.VTC'93,Secaucus,NJ,pp.134-137,May 1993.
[30]T.Ericson.A Gaussian channel with slow fading,IEEE Trans.Infor.Theory,vol.IT-16,pp.353-355,May 1970.
[31]苏仁宏．移动通信中的π／4-QPSK调制解调技术及DSP实现．电讯技术．1998．8：24-29．
[32]沈兰逊．软件无线电调制解调的数字实现．电信科学．1993．11：27-31．
[33]David B.Chester.Digtal IF filter Technology for 3G systems:An intruduction.IEEE Communications Magzine.May.1999:39-45.
[34]M.Cummings and S.Haruyama.FPGA in the software radio.IEEE Communications Magzine.Vol.37.no.2.Feb.1999:108-112.
[35]Starnley A.White.Applications of distributed arithmatic to digital signal processing:A tutorial review.IEEE ASSP magzine.July.1989:4-19.
[36]姚彦 数字微波中继通信工程。第一版。北京：人民邮电出版社，1990．
[37]王士林 现代数字调制技术。第一版．北京：人民邮电出版社，1987．
[38]徐錦忠 数字通信原理．北京：人民邮电出版社，1993．11．
[39]CCITT Draft Recommendation V.34.A modem operating at data signaling rates of up to 28,800bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased point to 2-wire
telephone-type circuits,1993．
[40] J. A. C Bingham. Multticarrier modulation for data transmission :an Idea whose time has come, IEEE Comm. Mag. , vol. 28, pp. 5-14, May 1990．
[41] R. V. Cox, J. Hagenauer, N. Seshadri, and C. E. W. Sundberg. Subband speech coding and matched convolutonal channel coding for mobile radio channels, IEEE Trans. Signal Proces. , Vol.39,pp.1717-1731, Aug. 1991．
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