甲状腺激素对乌鸡生长和蛋白质沉积的影响
|
摘要
本试验研究了不同添加水平的T3对雪峰乌鸡生产性能、蛋白质沉积的影响，并考察了在生长后期停止添加T3后，T3的后续作用。选用1日龄乌鸡640只，随机分成4组(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组)，每组4个重复，每重复40只鸡。试验鸡分别采食在基础日粮中添加0.0mgT3／kg，0.1mgT3／kg，0.3mgT3／kg，0.5mgT3／kg的日粮，自由采食和饮水。试验分前期(0—4周)和后期(5—8周)；在第5周龄始，每重复又分为两组(A组和B组)，A组后期日粮中不再加T3，B组后期日粮中继续加T3，在2、4、6、8周龄时分别测定试鸡生产性能、腿肌和胸肌中蛋白质沉积量、血清中T3、T4、TSH、GH、胰岛素等生化指标，并在第8周龄试验结束时测定T3对氮的代谢利用率的影响。
结果表明，日粮中添加0.1mgT3／kg可提高乌鸡6周龄以前的累积生长、平均增重和平均日增重、相对生长率；6周龄以后起抑制作用。0.5mgT3／kg添加量对乌鸡全期累积生长有抑制作用。6周龄以后，日粮中继续添加T3会抑制乌鸡的生长，日粮中停止添加T3可以解除T3对乌鸡生长的抑制作用，但差异不显著。与后期累积生长一致，日粮中添加T3显著或极显著降低8周龄时氮的利用率。日粮中添加0.1mgT3／kg能显著提高乌鸡2周龄前的腿肌和胸肌中蛋白质沉积(P＜0.05)；后期日粮中继续添加T3对腿肌蛋白质沉积有抑制作用，8周龄时三个处理水平的B组的腿肌蛋白质沉积量分别比A组低12.13％、5.47％和1.30％，但胸肌蛋白质沉积分别比A组高15.83％、7.82％和3.42％。2周龄时，随着日粮中T3添加水平的增高，血清中T3浓度显著升高，T4浓度显著降低。4周龄时，血清中T3、T4浓度都随着日粮中T3的添加水平的增高而降低。6周龄时，三个处理水平中A组血清的T3浓度分别是B组的2.39、32.33、38.00倍，差异显著或极显著，T4浓度分别是B组的1.79、1.96、2.66倍。8周龄时三个处理水平中A组血清T3浓度分别是B组的1.68、10.31和16.00倍，差异显著或极显著。血清T4浓度分别比B组高18.53％、39.42％和123.23％。日粮中添加T3对血清中TSH、GH和胰岛素无影响。上述结果表明：
1．甲状腺激素对乌鸡生长发挥最佳作用的剂量为0.1mg／kg日粮，且这种效应具有后续作用，6周龄以后，日粮中继续使用T3可以降低乌鸡的生长；停止使用T3，
则T3对是乌鸡生长的降低作用又可消除。与此相一致，8周龄时日粮中使用T3可以
极显著降低氮的利用率，甲状腺激素的添加水平与氮的利用率呈负相关：y二一
13．164X＋59．109（Rz二0．8267）。
2．T3可以促进乌鸡6周龄前腿肌和胸肌中的蛋白质沉积量，且以 0．ling八g作用
效果为最好。
3．2周龄时，血清中T3的浓度随着日粮中T3水平的增加而增高，同时血清中T4
浓度下降（P＜0．05）；2周龄后血清中T3浓度下降，同时血清中T4浓度也下降。后期
日粮中继续添加 T3时，血清中的 T3、T4浓度皆下降；停止添加 T3时，血清中的 T3、
T4浓度又可上升。日粮中添加 T3，对乌鸡血清中的 TSH和GH浓度无显著影响。
The present study investingated the effect of dietary T3 supplementation on growth and protein retention of black-bone chickens,and the carry-over effect of dietary T3 supplementation. A total of 640 black-bone birds were assigned to 4 treatments( I II III IV) with 4 replicates which conclued 40 birds. The control birds( I ) was fed basal diet and other birds were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.1( II )N 0.3(III) and 0.5(IV)mg T3/kg diet respectively. All birds consumed feed and water ad libitum. The whole period was separated into early period (0-4 week) and late period(5-8 week). At 5th week, every replicate was separated into two group(A group and B group) again , the birds of group A was fed basal diet, birds of group B continue fed basal diet supplemented with T3. Protein deposition in leg and breast muscle, growth performance, and serum T3, T4, TSH, GH and Ins were measured at 2th, 4th, 6th, 8th week.At the end of trial,a metabolize experiment was carried to measure nitrogen metabolize efficiency.
The results showed that dietary supplemented with 0.1 mgT3/kg improved accumulative growth, average body-weight gain and relative growth ratio before 6th-week, and retarded them after 6th-week.Supplemented with 0.5mgT3/kg depressed growth of black-bone chickens during whole period. In 7-8week, added T3 to diet retarded performance;while withdrawed T3 to diet performance recovered (P>0.05). Nitrogen metabolize efficiency was significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation. Protein retention in leg and breast muscle was significantly affected by supplemented with 0.1mgT3/kg at 2nd-week. During 7-8 weeks, protein retention was decreased in leg muscle and increased in breast(P>0.05) by treated with T3 ,and detail, B group of three treated group was lower 12.13%, 5.47%, 1.30% in leg muscle and higher 15.38%,7.82%, 3.42% in breast muscle respectively than that of A group.T3 concentration in serum significantly increased,T4 concentration inserum significantly decreased with T3 added to diet at 2nd-week, and T3 , T4 concentration significantly decreased at 4th-week.At 6th-week, T3 concentration of three A group was 2.37,32.33,38.00 times of that of B group respectively. At 8th-week, T3 concentration of A group of three trial groups was 1.68,10.31and 16.00 times of that of B group respectively;while T4 concentration of
A group was higherl8.53%,39.42%,123.23% than that of B group respectively.lt suggested that:
1. Dietary T3 supplementation stimulate growth of black-bone chickens before 6th-week,and optimal dose is 0.1mgT3/kg diet;After 6th-week,dietary T3 supplementation retard growth of black-bone chickens;While withdrawed T3 to dietary,growth is recovered. Nitrogen metabolize efficiency is significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation at 8th-week, and correlation between nitrogen metabolize efficiency and T3 is y=13.164x+59.109 (R2=0.8267).
2. Protein retention in leg and breast muscle can be promoted by dietary T3 supplementation before 6th-week,and appropriate dose is 0.1mg/kg.
3. At 2nd-week, T3 concentration in serum is significantly increased, while T4 concentration in serum is significantly decreased when T3 is added to diet. After 2nd-week, both T3 and T4 concentration in serum is significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation during late period, and increased while withdrawed T3 to diet. GH and
TSH concentration has no significantly change in whole period.
结果表明，日粮中添加0.1mgT3／kg可提高乌鸡6周龄以前的累积生长、平均增重和平均日增重、相对生长率；6周龄以后起抑制作用。0.5mgT3／kg添加量对乌鸡全期累积生长有抑制作用。6周龄以后，日粮中继续添加T3会抑制乌鸡的生长，日粮中停止添加T3可以解除T3对乌鸡生长的抑制作用，但差异不显著。与后期累积生长一致，日粮中添加T3显著或极显著降低8周龄时氮的利用率。日粮中添加0.1mgT3／kg能显著提高乌鸡2周龄前的腿肌和胸肌中蛋白质沉积(P＜0.05)；后期日粮中继续添加T3对腿肌蛋白质沉积有抑制作用，8周龄时三个处理水平的B组的腿肌蛋白质沉积量分别比A组低12.13％、5.47％和1.30％，但胸肌蛋白质沉积分别比A组高15.83％、7.82％和3.42％。2周龄时，随着日粮中T3添加水平的增高，血清中T3浓度显著升高，T4浓度显著降低。4周龄时，血清中T3、T4浓度都随着日粮中T3的添加水平的增高而降低。6周龄时，三个处理水平中A组血清的T3浓度分别是B组的2.39、32.33、38.00倍，差异显著或极显著，T4浓度分别是B组的1.79、1.96、2.66倍。8周龄时三个处理水平中A组血清T3浓度分别是B组的1.68、10.31和16.00倍，差异显著或极显著。血清T4浓度分别比B组高18.53％、39.42％和123.23％。日粮中添加T3对血清中TSH、GH和胰岛素无影响。上述结果表明：
1．甲状腺激素对乌鸡生长发挥最佳作用的剂量为0.1mg／kg日粮，且这种效应具有后续作用，6周龄以后，日粮中继续使用T3可以降低乌鸡的生长；停止使用T3，
则T3对是乌鸡生长的降低作用又可消除。与此相一致，8周龄时日粮中使用T3可以
极显著降低氮的利用率，甲状腺激素的添加水平与氮的利用率呈负相关：y二一
13．164X＋59．109（Rz二0．8267）。
2．T3可以促进乌鸡6周龄前腿肌和胸肌中的蛋白质沉积量，且以 0．ling八g作用
效果为最好。
3．2周龄时，血清中T3的浓度随着日粮中T3水平的增加而增高，同时血清中T4
浓度下降（P＜0．05）；2周龄后血清中T3浓度下降，同时血清中T4浓度也下降。后期
日粮中继续添加 T3时，血清中的 T3、T4浓度皆下降；停止添加 T3时，血清中的 T3、
T4浓度又可上升。日粮中添加 T3，对乌鸡血清中的 TSH和GH浓度无显著影响。
The present study investingated the effect of dietary T3 supplementation on growth and protein retention of black-bone chickens,and the carry-over effect of dietary T3 supplementation. A total of 640 black-bone birds were assigned to 4 treatments( I II III IV) with 4 replicates which conclued 40 birds. The control birds( I ) was fed basal diet and other birds were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.1( II )N 0.3(III) and 0.5(IV)mg T3/kg diet respectively. All birds consumed feed and water ad libitum. The whole period was separated into early period (0-4 week) and late period(5-8 week). At 5th week, every replicate was separated into two group(A group and B group) again , the birds of group A was fed basal diet, birds of group B continue fed basal diet supplemented with T3. Protein deposition in leg and breast muscle, growth performance, and serum T3, T4, TSH, GH and Ins were measured at 2th, 4th, 6th, 8th week.At the end of trial,a metabolize experiment was carried to measure nitrogen metabolize efficiency.
The results showed that dietary supplemented with 0.1 mgT3/kg improved accumulative growth, average body-weight gain and relative growth ratio before 6th-week, and retarded them after 6th-week.Supplemented with 0.5mgT3/kg depressed growth of black-bone chickens during whole period. In 7-8week, added T3 to diet retarded performance;while withdrawed T3 to diet performance recovered (P>0.05). Nitrogen metabolize efficiency was significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation. Protein retention in leg and breast muscle was significantly affected by supplemented with 0.1mgT3/kg at 2nd-week. During 7-8 weeks, protein retention was decreased in leg muscle and increased in breast(P>0.05) by treated with T3 ,and detail, B group of three treated group was lower 12.13%, 5.47%, 1.30% in leg muscle and higher 15.38%,7.82%, 3.42% in breast muscle respectively than that of A group.T3 concentration in serum significantly increased,T4 concentration inserum significantly decreased with T3 added to diet at 2nd-week, and T3 , T4 concentration significantly decreased at 4th-week.At 6th-week, T3 concentration of three A group was 2.37,32.33,38.00 times of that of B group respectively. At 8th-week, T3 concentration of A group of three trial groups was 1.68,10.31and 16.00 times of that of B group respectively;while T4 concentration of
A group was higherl8.53%,39.42%,123.23% than that of B group respectively.lt suggested that:
1. Dietary T3 supplementation stimulate growth of black-bone chickens before 6th-week,and optimal dose is 0.1mgT3/kg diet;After 6th-week,dietary T3 supplementation retard growth of black-bone chickens;While withdrawed T3 to dietary,growth is recovered. Nitrogen metabolize efficiency is significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation at 8th-week, and correlation between nitrogen metabolize efficiency and T3 is y=13.164x+59.109 (R2=0.8267).
2. Protein retention in leg and breast muscle can be promoted by dietary T3 supplementation before 6th-week,and appropriate dose is 0.1mg/kg.
3. At 2nd-week, T3 concentration in serum is significantly increased, while T4 concentration in serum is significantly decreased when T3 is added to diet. After 2nd-week, both T3 and T4 concentration in serum is significantly decreased by dietary T3 supplementation during late period, and increased while withdrawed T3 to diet. GH and
TSH concentration has no significantly change in whole period.
引文
1．谌澄光，孙汉编著．食用珍禽养殖大全[M]．南昌：江西科学技术出版社，1997，第一版，P238-241．
2．赵万里主编．特种经济禽类生产[M]．北京：农业出版社，1993，第一版，P98-102．
3．李玉祥，程彤编著．中国泰和乌鸡资源与开发利用[J]．北京：科学出版社，1994，第一版，P5-9．
4．郑弈辉主编．动物激素及其应用[M]．南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1996，第一版，P66-75．
5. Sunde K and Swick R W, Growth and protein turnover in the skeletal muscles of Broiler chicks [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998(251): 442-448.
6. Maruyama K, Sunde M L and Robert W, Growth and muscle protein turnover in the chick [J] . Biochemical Journal. 1978(176): 573-582.
7. Harrison A P, Tivey D R, Clausen T, Role of thyroid hormones in early postnatal development of skeletal muscle and its implications for undernution [J]. British Journal of Nutrition. 1996(76): 841-855.
8. Hayashi K, Role of thyroid Hormone in growth and protein turnover [J]. Animal Science and Technology, 1993, 64(9): 938-947.
9．南京农业大学教材编审组．家畜生理学[M]．1988，第二版，P280-286．
10．陈守良编著，动物生理学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1996，第二版，P216-219．
11．张玉生，傅伟龙．动物生理学[M]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994，第二版，P226-270．
12．缪明主编．内分泌学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1992，第二版，P86-89．
13．(美)斯托凯 P D 主编．禽类生理学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1964，第一版，P368-377．
14．高增兵，傅伟龙．高温环境对肉鸡生产性能和甲状腺激素、胰岛素水平的影响[J]．华南农业大学学报，1999，20(1)：26-27．
15．何天掊，顾景范，高兰兴．牛黄酸对应激大鼠甲状腺激素代谢的影响[J]．营养学报，1998，20(4)：413—415．
16．Spence G．调节生长的激素系统[J]．牧青译，国外畜牧科技，1985，5：60-64．
17．周泉，李志梁，王素华等．大鼠甲状腺功能状态对心肌细胞凋亡的影响[J]．第四军医大学学报，2001，22(15)：1388-1391．
18．曾林，李学勇．高甲状腺激素水平作用下大鼠心肌病理学改变[J]．上海实验动物科学，1997，17(4)：220．
19. Tagami T, Nakamura H,Sasaki S, Immumohistochemical localization of nuclear 3,5,3'—triiodothyronine receptor protein in rat tissue studies with antiserum against C-Erb A/T3 receptor [J] .Endocrinology, 1990.127:1727-1734.
20. Halperin Y, Surks M and Shapiro L E, L-triiodothyronine(T3) regulates cellular growth rates, growth hormone production and level of nuclear T3 receptors via distinct dose-response ranges in cultured GC cells [J]. Endocrinology, 1990(126):2321-2326.
21. Nakashima K, Ohtsuka A and Hayashi K, Comparison of the effects of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine on protein Turnover and Apoptosis in Primary Chick Muscle Cell Cultures[J].Biochemical andBiophysical research communications, 1998,(251):442-448.
22. Yunboshi, Thyroid hormone induced apoptosis during amphibian metamophosis [J].Cell Research,2002,12(3):286-287.
23. Wilson H R,Boome M A, Arafa A S, Abdomnal fat pad reduction in broiler with thyroactive iodinatal casein [J]. Poultry science, 1983(62):811-818.
24. Soomee S OH and Murry L K, Early treatment of obese(ob/ob) mice with triiodothyronine increases oxidative metabolism in muscle but not in Brown adipose tissue or liver [J], The Journal of nutrition, 1995(125):112-124.
25. Francois J, Duchamp C G, Williams J, A role for thyroid hormones in the regulation of diet-induced thirmogenesis in birds [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1997(78):963-973.
26．高凤仙，田科雄，贺建华等．甲状腺激素对乌鸡生长和蛋白质能量沉积的影响[D]．湖南农业大学学报，2002，28(4)：329-314．
27. Rosebrough R W, Dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T3) interactions in the broiler chicken [J]. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1999,69(4):
292-298.
28. Kahl S,Rosebrough R W, Hepatic iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase activity in the broiler:Effect of dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation [J]. Nutrition Research, June, 1998; 18 (6) 1039-1047.
29．张臻宇，鲍宝龙．鱼类早期发育阶段甲状腺激素的作用[J]．上海水产大学学报，1999(8)1：68-75．
30. Jeremy W S, Tudor A, Evans, Thyroid hormones brain function and cognition:a brief review [J]. Neuro Science and Biobehavioral Reviews,2002,26(1):45-60.
31. Rosebough R W, PmcMartry J and Younken V, Further studied on carry—over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine(T3) in broiler chickens [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1998,79(1):89-95.
32. Rosebrough R W, Mihchell A, Dietary protein and triiodothyronine(T3) effects on the response of broilers to isoproterenol and cyclic adenesine monophoshate in vitro [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1995.73(1):73-85.
33. Butte S V, Nimbulkar M V, Jagatp D G, Effec of feeding thyroxine on egg production in poultry [J]. Nutrition Abstract and Review,2002.
34. Hejianhua, Ohtsuka A and Hayashi K, Selenium influences growth via thyroid hormone status in broiler Chickens [J]. British Jounal of Nutrition,2000,84:727-732.
35．丁炎湖，丁近勇．饲料中的致甲状腺肿物质[J]．粮食与饲料工业，1997(1)：33-36．
36．刘晓亮，许艳丽，刘松岩．硒与甲状腺激素代谢关系的研究[J]．营养学报，1995，17(1)：75—78．
37．华刚，韩正康．甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激素及瘤胃代谢的影响[J]．南京农业大学学报，1990，13(4)：125-130．
38．蔡辉益，文杰，杨禄良译．家禽营养需要[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1994，第九次修订版．
39．李俊波，左绍群，张克英．生长前期丝羽乌骨鸡饲粮适宜能量、蛋白质水平研究[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(3)：37-43．
40．郭万红，程树芳，曾庆玲．泰和乌骨鸡适宜营养水平与研究[J]．中国家禽，2000(7)：38．
41．吴晓林，柳小春．雪峰乌骨鸡的生长曲线分析[J]．上海畜牧兽医通讯，1993(1)：3-4。
42．陈鹭江，谢德鹿，贺淹才．泰和乌鸡生长发育中的甲状腺活动[J]．江西农业大学学报，1996(1)：27—31．
43．陈靖华．乌骨鸡育成期适宜蛋白质水平研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1996(5)：32-33．
44．顾宏达主编．基础动物学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，1992，P199-202．
45．卢守藩主编．家畜及实验动物生理参数[M]．北京：农业出版社，1983，P13-17．
46．曾经译主编．生物药物分析[M]．北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科联合出版社，1998，第二版，P162-164．
47．杨凤主编．动物营养学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．1999，第二版，P233-251．
48．杨胜主编．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]．北京：农业大学出版社，1999，第四版，P19-21．
49．梁小萍，原丽萍．人类放免药盒测定正常大鼠血中T3、T4、皮质醇，胰岛素水平的探讨[J]．北京实验动物科学，1990，7(3)：1-4．
50．刘玉斌，苟世金．动物免疫学实验技术[M]．吉林科学技术出版社，1989，P923-931．
51．张元跃主编．试验设计[M]．
52．张元跃，陈斌主编．生物统计原理与方法[M]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1997，第一版．
53. Paul M Y, Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action [J]. Physiological Reviews,2001,83(5):3101-3112.
54. Blache D, Blackbeny M A, Cleeff J V and Martin G B., Plasma thyroid hormone and growth hormone in embryonic and growing emus [J]. Reproduction fertility and development,2001,13(2-3):125-132.
55．邹晓庭，马玉龙．碘化酪蛋白对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响及作用机理[J]．浙江农业学报，2001，(6)：231-234．
56．杨晓建，陈建新．碘化酪蛋白在畜禽生产中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2001(8)：23—25．
57. Rosebrough R W, McMurtry J, Supplemental triiodothyronine, feeding regimens and
metabolic responses by the broiler chicken [J]. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2000,19(1):15-24.
58. Suthama Y, Hayashi K, Toyomizn M, Effect of dietary thyronine on growth and muscle protein metabolism in broiler chicken [J]. Poultry Science, 1989(68):1396-1401.
59．李荣文，李绍巍，杨同书．硒与大鼠甲状腺代谢关系及其对心肌肌球蛋白重链基因表达的影响[J]．中国兽医学报，1996．16(5)：442—446．
60．杨琳，Minaingar M，傅伟龙等．不同光照制度对黄羽肉鸡蛋白质沉积及血浆中甲状腺激素浓度的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(4)：57—61．
61. Renden J A, Bilgili S F, Live performance and yields of broilers proveded various lighting schedules [J]. Poultry Science, 1991,70(10):2055-2062.
62. Klasing K G and Jarrell V L, Regulation of protein degration in chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 1985,(64):694-699.
63. Suthama N K, Hayashi K, Toyomizu M and Tomita Y et al, Effect of dietary thyroxine on growth and muscle protein metabolism in broiler chickens [J]. Poultry Science, 1989,(68):1396-1401.
64. Glin G, Scanes C G, Harvey S, Hormone and growth in poultry [J]. Poultry Science, 1984,(63):2062-2074.
65．吴安国，张筱琴，刘志学．幼龄去势沙能公山羊血清T3含量的季节和昼夜动态变化[J]．甘肃畜牧兽医，1990，(6)：4-5．
66．张筱琴．幼龄山羊血清T4含量的季节和昼夜节律变化[J]．甘肃农业大学学报，1994，(1)：27-31．
67．陈鹭江，谢德扈，贺淹才．泰和鸡生长发育中的甲状腺活动[J]．1996，18(1)：5-8．
68．徐日福，孙宪如．肉鸡血浆激素含量在决定屠体性状中的作用[J]．中国家禽，1997(9)：4-5．
69. Colin G, Robert D J and BowenS J, Effect of thyroid hormones on growth hormone secretion in broiler chickens [J]. Poultry Science, 1986(65):384-390.
70．邓利，张为民，林洁然．生长激素受体的研究进展[J]．动物学研究，2001，22(3)：226-230．
71．薛长勇．下丘脑腹内侧核损伤性肥胖大鼠脂肪代谢及胰岛素分泌的变化[J]．
营养学报，1996．(18)3：263—266．
72．张桂珍，任立群，李广生等．硒和维生素E缺乏对大鼠胰岛功能的影响[J]．营养学报，1996，18(4)：441—444
73．卢一凡．血浆甲状腺激素(T3、T4)与肉鸡胴体性状相关性研究[D]．云南农业大学学报，1992，7(1)：23-26．
2．赵万里主编．特种经济禽类生产[M]．北京：农业出版社，1993，第一版，P98-102．
3．李玉祥，程彤编著．中国泰和乌鸡资源与开发利用[J]．北京：科学出版社，1994，第一版，P5-9．
4．郑弈辉主编．动物激素及其应用[M]．南京：江苏科学技术出版社，1996，第一版，P66-75．
5. Sunde K and Swick R W, Growth and protein turnover in the skeletal muscles of Broiler chicks [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998(251): 442-448.
6. Maruyama K, Sunde M L and Robert W, Growth and muscle protein turnover in the chick [J] . Biochemical Journal. 1978(176): 573-582.
7. Harrison A P, Tivey D R, Clausen T, Role of thyroid hormones in early postnatal development of skeletal muscle and its implications for undernution [J]. British Journal of Nutrition. 1996(76): 841-855.
8. Hayashi K, Role of thyroid Hormone in growth and protein turnover [J]. Animal Science and Technology, 1993, 64(9): 938-947.
9．南京农业大学教材编审组．家畜生理学[M]．1988，第二版，P280-286．
10．陈守良编著，动物生理学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1996，第二版，P216-219．
11．张玉生，傅伟龙．动物生理学[M]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994，第二版，P226-270．
12．缪明主编．内分泌学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1992，第二版，P86-89．
13．(美)斯托凯 P D 主编．禽类生理学[M]．北京：科学出版社，1964，第一版，P368-377．
14．高增兵，傅伟龙．高温环境对肉鸡生产性能和甲状腺激素、胰岛素水平的影响[J]．华南农业大学学报，1999，20(1)：26-27．
15．何天掊，顾景范，高兰兴．牛黄酸对应激大鼠甲状腺激素代谢的影响[J]．营养学报，1998，20(4)：413—415．
16．Spence G．调节生长的激素系统[J]．牧青译，国外畜牧科技，1985，5：60-64．
17．周泉，李志梁，王素华等．大鼠甲状腺功能状态对心肌细胞凋亡的影响[J]．第四军医大学学报，2001，22(15)：1388-1391．
18．曾林，李学勇．高甲状腺激素水平作用下大鼠心肌病理学改变[J]．上海实验动物科学，1997，17(4)：220．
19. Tagami T, Nakamura H,Sasaki S, Immumohistochemical localization of nuclear 3,5,3'—triiodothyronine receptor protein in rat tissue studies with antiserum against C-Erb A/T3 receptor [J] .Endocrinology, 1990.127:1727-1734.
20. Halperin Y, Surks M and Shapiro L E, L-triiodothyronine(T3) regulates cellular growth rates, growth hormone production and level of nuclear T3 receptors via distinct dose-response ranges in cultured GC cells [J]. Endocrinology, 1990(126):2321-2326.
21. Nakashima K, Ohtsuka A and Hayashi K, Comparison of the effects of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine on protein Turnover and Apoptosis in Primary Chick Muscle Cell Cultures[J].Biochemical andBiophysical research communications, 1998,(251):442-448.
22. Yunboshi, Thyroid hormone induced apoptosis during amphibian metamophosis [J].Cell Research,2002,12(3):286-287.
23. Wilson H R,Boome M A, Arafa A S, Abdomnal fat pad reduction in broiler with thyroactive iodinatal casein [J]. Poultry science, 1983(62):811-818.
24. Soomee S OH and Murry L K, Early treatment of obese(ob/ob) mice with triiodothyronine increases oxidative metabolism in muscle but not in Brown adipose tissue or liver [J], The Journal of nutrition, 1995(125):112-124.
25. Francois J, Duchamp C G, Williams J, A role for thyroid hormones in the regulation of diet-induced thirmogenesis in birds [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1997(78):963-973.
26．高凤仙，田科雄，贺建华等．甲状腺激素对乌鸡生长和蛋白质能量沉积的影响[D]．湖南农业大学学报，2002，28(4)：329-314．
27. Rosebrough R W, Dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T3) interactions in the broiler chicken [J]. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1999,69(4):
292-298.
28. Kahl S,Rosebrough R W, Hepatic iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase activity in the broiler:Effect of dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation [J]. Nutrition Research, June, 1998; 18 (6) 1039-1047.
29．张臻宇，鲍宝龙．鱼类早期发育阶段甲状腺激素的作用[J]．上海水产大学学报，1999(8)1：68-75．
30. Jeremy W S, Tudor A, Evans, Thyroid hormones brain function and cognition:a brief review [J]. Neuro Science and Biobehavioral Reviews,2002,26(1):45-60.
31. Rosebough R W, PmcMartry J and Younken V, Further studied on carry—over effects of dietary crude protein and triiodothyronine(T3) in broiler chickens [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1998,79(1):89-95.
32. Rosebrough R W, Mihchell A, Dietary protein and triiodothyronine(T3) effects on the response of broilers to isoproterenol and cyclic adenesine monophoshate in vitro [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1995.73(1):73-85.
33. Butte S V, Nimbulkar M V, Jagatp D G, Effec of feeding thyroxine on egg production in poultry [J]. Nutrition Abstract and Review,2002.
34. Hejianhua, Ohtsuka A and Hayashi K, Selenium influences growth via thyroid hormone status in broiler Chickens [J]. British Jounal of Nutrition,2000,84:727-732.
35．丁炎湖，丁近勇．饲料中的致甲状腺肿物质[J]．粮食与饲料工业，1997(1)：33-36．
36．刘晓亮，许艳丽，刘松岩．硒与甲状腺激素代谢关系的研究[J]．营养学报，1995，17(1)：75—78．
37．华刚，韩正康．甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激素及瘤胃代谢的影响[J]．南京农业大学学报，1990，13(4)：125-130．
38．蔡辉益，文杰，杨禄良译．家禽营养需要[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1994，第九次修订版．
39．李俊波，左绍群，张克英．生长前期丝羽乌骨鸡饲粮适宜能量、蛋白质水平研究[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(3)：37-43．
40．郭万红，程树芳，曾庆玲．泰和乌骨鸡适宜营养水平与研究[J]．中国家禽，2000(7)：38．
41．吴晓林，柳小春．雪峰乌骨鸡的生长曲线分析[J]．上海畜牧兽医通讯，1993(1)：3-4。
42．陈鹭江，谢德鹿，贺淹才．泰和乌鸡生长发育中的甲状腺活动[J]．江西农业大学学报，1996(1)：27—31．
43．陈靖华．乌骨鸡育成期适宜蛋白质水平研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1996(5)：32-33．
44．顾宏达主编．基础动物学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，1992，P199-202．
45．卢守藩主编．家畜及实验动物生理参数[M]．北京：农业出版社，1983，P13-17．
46．曾经译主编．生物药物分析[M]．北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科联合出版社，1998，第二版，P162-164．
47．杨凤主编．动物营养学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．1999，第二版，P233-251．
48．杨胜主编．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]．北京：农业大学出版社，1999，第四版，P19-21．
49．梁小萍，原丽萍．人类放免药盒测定正常大鼠血中T3、T4、皮质醇，胰岛素水平的探讨[J]．北京实验动物科学，1990，7(3)：1-4．
50．刘玉斌，苟世金．动物免疫学实验技术[M]．吉林科学技术出版社，1989，P923-931．
51．张元跃主编．试验设计[M]．
52．张元跃，陈斌主编．生物统计原理与方法[M]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1997，第一版．
53. Paul M Y, Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action [J]. Physiological Reviews,2001,83(5):3101-3112.
54. Blache D, Blackbeny M A, Cleeff J V and Martin G B., Plasma thyroid hormone and growth hormone in embryonic and growing emus [J]. Reproduction fertility and development,2001,13(2-3):125-132.
55．邹晓庭，马玉龙．碘化酪蛋白对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响及作用机理[J]．浙江农业学报，2001，(6)：231-234．
56．杨晓建，陈建新．碘化酪蛋白在畜禽生产中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2001(8)：23—25．
57. Rosebrough R W, McMurtry J, Supplemental triiodothyronine, feeding regimens and
metabolic responses by the broiler chicken [J]. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2000,19(1):15-24.
58. Suthama Y, Hayashi K, Toyomizn M, Effect of dietary thyronine on growth and muscle protein metabolism in broiler chicken [J]. Poultry Science, 1989(68):1396-1401.
59．李荣文，李绍巍，杨同书．硒与大鼠甲状腺代谢关系及其对心肌肌球蛋白重链基因表达的影响[J]．中国兽医学报，1996．16(5)：442—446．
60．杨琳，Minaingar M，傅伟龙等．不同光照制度对黄羽肉鸡蛋白质沉积及血浆中甲状腺激素浓度的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(4)：57—61．
61. Renden J A, Bilgili S F, Live performance and yields of broilers proveded various lighting schedules [J]. Poultry Science, 1991,70(10):2055-2062.
62. Klasing K G and Jarrell V L, Regulation of protein degration in chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 1985,(64):694-699.
63. Suthama N K, Hayashi K, Toyomizu M and Tomita Y et al, Effect of dietary thyroxine on growth and muscle protein metabolism in broiler chickens [J]. Poultry Science, 1989,(68):1396-1401.
64. Glin G, Scanes C G, Harvey S, Hormone and growth in poultry [J]. Poultry Science, 1984,(63):2062-2074.
65．吴安国，张筱琴，刘志学．幼龄去势沙能公山羊血清T3含量的季节和昼夜动态变化[J]．甘肃畜牧兽医，1990，(6)：4-5．
66．张筱琴．幼龄山羊血清T4含量的季节和昼夜节律变化[J]．甘肃农业大学学报，1994，(1)：27-31．
67．陈鹭江，谢德扈，贺淹才．泰和鸡生长发育中的甲状腺活动[J]．1996，18(1)：5-8．
68．徐日福，孙宪如．肉鸡血浆激素含量在决定屠体性状中的作用[J]．中国家禽，1997(9)：4-5．
69. Colin G, Robert D J and BowenS J, Effect of thyroid hormones on growth hormone secretion in broiler chickens [J]. Poultry Science, 1986(65):384-390.
70．邓利，张为民，林洁然．生长激素受体的研究进展[J]．动物学研究，2001，22(3)：226-230．
71．薛长勇．下丘脑腹内侧核损伤性肥胖大鼠脂肪代谢及胰岛素分泌的变化[J]．
营养学报，1996．(18)3：263—266．
72．张桂珍，任立群，李广生等．硒和维生素E缺乏对大鼠胰岛功能的影响[J]．营养学报，1996，18(4)：441—444
73．卢一凡．血浆甲状腺激素(T3、T4)与肉鸡胴体性状相关性研究[D]．云南农业大学学报，1992，7(1)：23-26．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |