基于多源数据的流域现代景观格局研究
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摘要
流域是景观的多功能单元综合体，具有独特的水流和矿质元素循环
过程，是影响自然过程和人类活动的重要地域单元。分水岭不仅是水
流向的分界处，也是热量、土壤类型、生物类型等的明显分界线。因
此，以小流域为地域单元对景观格局进行研究具有重要意义。
本文以秦皇岛市洋河流域为例，研究流域现代景观格局特征。在研
究中，利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，对流域多源景观
信息进行综合集成，对洋河流域的景观格局特征进行多方面、多角度、
多时段研究，对流域景观生态系统稳定性进行分析评价，得出人为因
子影响下洋河流域生态系统稳定性分布特征，以及社会经济发展过程
中存在的生态问题，为区域生态系统管理和政策制定提供指导。论文
共分六部分：
第一部分：前言，介绍了景观格局研究进展及流域景观格局研究
的重要意义。
第二部分：研究区概况，首先，对研究范围-洋河流域进行界定；
然后对研究区的自然、社会、经济概况进行概述，并分析洋河流域现
存的生态问题。
第三部分：理论基础与方法，首先，对景观格局研究的基本原理
异质性和等级性进行分析，景观异质性包括空间异质性、时间异质和
功能异质性，是景观格局分析的重要理论基础；然后论述了本文的研
究方法-指数分析法。
第四部分：流域多源景观信息的提取和集成，以小流域为基本单
元，实现了遥感SPOT数据与Landsat ETM~+数据、遥感数据与监测数
据、专题数据、统计数据的综合集成，建立多源景观信息数据库，为
多方面、多角度、多时段的景观格局研究提供数据支持；同时，利用
GIS的叠加分析功能实现了洋河流域景观生态类型划分、景观指数获
取。在景观指数选取中，本文采用主成分分析法克服了人为选择指数
的主观性。
第五部分：景观格局分析研究，分析了洋河流域1987-2000年景
观格局指数和类型指数的特征，综合评价二者与生态地貌类型指数，
最终得出洋河流域景观生态系统稳定性格局及其发展过程中存在的生
态问题和主要驱动因子，为流域级生态系统管理提供立论依据。
第六部分：结论。
通过研究表明：遥感和GIS技术是流域景观研究的重要基础，是景
观生态学研究中大范围、多时段信息获取的有效手段，在格局与过程
研究中具有重要意义。本文以景观异质性和等级性原理为基础，对流
域现代景观格局特征进行分析，进而探寻洋河流域发展过程中生态问
题产生的主导因子和限制因子。
Watershed, a complex with multi-function, has special processions, such as the movements of water and mineral elements, and is the important regional unit affecting the natural processions and manual actions. The coteau is not only the division of water flow, but also the distinct line of heat, soil types, and biologic types. In a word, the study on the watershed landscape pattern has significances to the development of modern society.
Taken the Yanghe Watershed in Qinhuangdao City as a case, this article studies the characters and changes of modern landscape pattern in the scale of watershed. Through the technique of remote sensing and geographic information system, the author achieves the integration of multi-data about watershed landscape, and studies patterns and stabilities of watershed landscape from multi-way, multi-angle and multi-period. On the base of the analysis of pattern indices and type indices, the distribution of the ecological system stability was concluded, and the ecological problems and the factors affecting the problems in the economical development were also analyzed. Thus the study can be the guide to the management of ecological systems and the establishment of economical policies. There are six parts in this article:
First: the preface. In this part, the significances of the study on the watershed landscape pattern and the study on landscape pattern were introduced.
Second: the generality of the study region. First, the author introduced the definition of the study area-Yanghe Watershed. Second, the characters of nature, society, and economy were introduced. At the end of this part, the ecological problems were analyzed.
Third: the theory and method of the article. The theory of heterogeneity and scale is the base of this article. Landscape heterogeneity includes three aspects: special, temporal and the functional. The mainly methods of this article are indices analysis.
Fourth: the integration of multi-data. In this part, by the base of watershed, the author achieved the combination of SPOT and Landsat ETM+, remote sensing data and inspect data, remote sensing data and thematic data, remote sensing and statistical data, which composed a database for the study on watershed landscape. At the same time, by using the overlay function of GIS, this article achieved the landscape ecology classification and the automatic calculation of landscape indices. In the
selection of landscape indices, the author got ride of the subjectivity in the selection of landscape indices through the Karhunen-Loeve.
Fifth: the main and important part. In this part, the author analyses landscape indices and type indices in Yanghe Watershed from 1987 to 2000. Integrating the two type indices, the stability of ecological system in Yanghe Watershed is gained, and the ecological problems in the economical development and the factors bringing to these were analyzed, which was the valid bases for the landscape ecological management.
Sixth: the summary and the prospect.
The study shows: Remote Sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are the efficient tools to the study of landscape. And the GIS techniques make the study of pattern and procession of dynamic and special landscape more and more possible. On the base of principle of landscape heterogeneity and landscape scale, this article analyzed the modern landscape pattern in watershed, which makes it more available to explore the main restrained factors in the development of Yanghe watershed and provide foundations for the management of watershed landscape ecological systems.
过程，是影响自然过程和人类活动的重要地域单元。分水岭不仅是水
流向的分界处，也是热量、土壤类型、生物类型等的明显分界线。因
此，以小流域为地域单元对景观格局进行研究具有重要意义。
本文以秦皇岛市洋河流域为例，研究流域现代景观格局特征。在研
究中，利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，对流域多源景观
信息进行综合集成，对洋河流域的景观格局特征进行多方面、多角度、
多时段研究，对流域景观生态系统稳定性进行分析评价，得出人为因
子影响下洋河流域生态系统稳定性分布特征，以及社会经济发展过程
中存在的生态问题，为区域生态系统管理和政策制定提供指导。论文
共分六部分：
第一部分：前言，介绍了景观格局研究进展及流域景观格局研究
的重要意义。
第二部分：研究区概况，首先，对研究范围-洋河流域进行界定；
然后对研究区的自然、社会、经济概况进行概述，并分析洋河流域现
存的生态问题。
第三部分：理论基础与方法，首先，对景观格局研究的基本原理
异质性和等级性进行分析，景观异质性包括空间异质性、时间异质和
功能异质性，是景观格局分析的重要理论基础；然后论述了本文的研
究方法-指数分析法。
第四部分：流域多源景观信息的提取和集成，以小流域为基本单
元，实现了遥感SPOT数据与Landsat ETM~+数据、遥感数据与监测数
据、专题数据、统计数据的综合集成，建立多源景观信息数据库，为
多方面、多角度、多时段的景观格局研究提供数据支持；同时，利用
GIS的叠加分析功能实现了洋河流域景观生态类型划分、景观指数获
取。在景观指数选取中，本文采用主成分分析法克服了人为选择指数
的主观性。
第五部分：景观格局分析研究，分析了洋河流域1987-2000年景
观格局指数和类型指数的特征，综合评价二者与生态地貌类型指数，
最终得出洋河流域景观生态系统稳定性格局及其发展过程中存在的生
态问题和主要驱动因子，为流域级生态系统管理提供立论依据。
第六部分：结论。
通过研究表明：遥感和GIS技术是流域景观研究的重要基础，是景
观生态学研究中大范围、多时段信息获取的有效手段，在格局与过程
研究中具有重要意义。本文以景观异质性和等级性原理为基础，对流
域现代景观格局特征进行分析，进而探寻洋河流域发展过程中生态问
题产生的主导因子和限制因子。
Watershed, a complex with multi-function, has special processions, such as the movements of water and mineral elements, and is the important regional unit affecting the natural processions and manual actions. The coteau is not only the division of water flow, but also the distinct line of heat, soil types, and biologic types. In a word, the study on the watershed landscape pattern has significances to the development of modern society.
Taken the Yanghe Watershed in Qinhuangdao City as a case, this article studies the characters and changes of modern landscape pattern in the scale of watershed. Through the technique of remote sensing and geographic information system, the author achieves the integration of multi-data about watershed landscape, and studies patterns and stabilities of watershed landscape from multi-way, multi-angle and multi-period. On the base of the analysis of pattern indices and type indices, the distribution of the ecological system stability was concluded, and the ecological problems and the factors affecting the problems in the economical development were also analyzed. Thus the study can be the guide to the management of ecological systems and the establishment of economical policies. There are six parts in this article:
First: the preface. In this part, the significances of the study on the watershed landscape pattern and the study on landscape pattern were introduced.
Second: the generality of the study region. First, the author introduced the definition of the study area-Yanghe Watershed. Second, the characters of nature, society, and economy were introduced. At the end of this part, the ecological problems were analyzed.
Third: the theory and method of the article. The theory of heterogeneity and scale is the base of this article. Landscape heterogeneity includes three aspects: special, temporal and the functional. The mainly methods of this article are indices analysis.
Fourth: the integration of multi-data. In this part, by the base of watershed, the author achieved the combination of SPOT and Landsat ETM+, remote sensing data and inspect data, remote sensing data and thematic data, remote sensing and statistical data, which composed a database for the study on watershed landscape. At the same time, by using the overlay function of GIS, this article achieved the landscape ecology classification and the automatic calculation of landscape indices. In the
selection of landscape indices, the author got ride of the subjectivity in the selection of landscape indices through the Karhunen-Loeve.
Fifth: the main and important part. In this part, the author analyses landscape indices and type indices in Yanghe Watershed from 1987 to 2000. Integrating the two type indices, the stability of ecological system in Yanghe Watershed is gained, and the ecological problems in the economical development and the factors bringing to these were analyzed, which was the valid bases for the landscape ecological management.
Sixth: the summary and the prospect.
The study shows: Remote Sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are the efficient tools to the study of landscape. And the GIS techniques make the study of pattern and procession of dynamic and special landscape more and more possible. On the base of principle of landscape heterogeneity and landscape scale, this article analyzed the modern landscape pattern in watershed, which makes it more available to explore the main restrained factors in the development of Yanghe watershed and provide foundations for the management of watershed landscape ecological systems.
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