利用微卫星标记对蚜虫种群遗传多样性的初步研究
摘要
蚜虫类是同翅目中比较大的一个类群，世界已知种类达4000余种，在我国已经命名的约1000种左右，有些是世界上著名的农、林大害虫，例如麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum(Rondani))、棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Golver)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae(Sulzer))、红花指管蚜(Uroleucon gobonis(Matsumura))等对粮食作物、棉花、蔬菜、油料作物、果树、林木、中草药以及牧草等都造成一定的危害。其中，麦类的蚜虫可以造成严重的经济损失，并且传播多种植物病毒病。因此，蚜虫不仅是环境生物多样性的重要成员，也是农林业生产中一类重要的预防对象，开展蚜虫类的基础研究，不仅对保护环境生物多样性和维护生态平衡有着重要的意义，而且对蚜虫的防治也有重要的意义。
微卫星DNA也称为简单串联重复序列或者简单串联重复序列多态性，是指基因组DNA中小于10bp的简单串联式核苷酸重复序列，是一种遍布于真核生物基因组的重复序列，一般为2—5个碱基重复如(CA)n和(GATA)n，尤以(CA)n重复序列最为常见，其长度由重复单元的拷贝数n来决定。由于微卫星DNA具有高度的多态性和灵敏度，用PCR方法扩增这些微卫星序列，就能够充分显示出它们的多态性，而广泛应用于种质资源鉴定、种群遗传学研究、亲缘关系分析、基因图谱构建等方面的研究，另外还可用于遗传性疾病的连锁分析和基因诊断。微卫星技术已成为遗传多样性研究和分子遗传学研究中最重要的手段之一。
本实验利用微卫星DNA引物33.5核心序列、(GATA)_4和(CAC)_3，对陕西的西安和汉中地区、山西的临汾地区的桃蚜(Myzus persicae (Sulzer))、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch))、豆蚜(Aphis craccivor Koch)、马尾松大蚜(Cinara formosana (Takahashi))、甘蓝蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae (L.))和五倍子蚜(Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell))等几种蚜虫不同地理种群的基因组DNA进行扩增，根据扩增的结果，把扩增条带的有无情况转化成0-1数据，利用DPS数据分析系统对数据进行聚类分析，籍以探讨地理环境对不同种群造成的遗传多样性改变。实验结果显示：
(1) 微卫星引物对蚜虫的遗传多态性研究具有较好的稳定性。
(2) 微卫星引物33.5核心序列在玉米蚜、豆蚜、马尾松大蚜的扩增中出现的条带数目比较多，它是一种遗传多态性研究较好的通用性引物。微卫星引物(GATA)_4、(CAC)_5的种的特异性较强，表现为只在少数种内有明显的扩增带出现，
不适合遗传多态性研究。
（3）对桃蚜不同地理种群遗传多态性比较时发观，海拔高度的变化对桃蚜
的遗传多态性有一定的影响，而且寄主植物的改变对桃蚜的不同种群的遗传结构
产生一定的影响。但是这些影响怎样发生，还需要进行更深一步的研究。
（4）对同一个寄主但是分布在不同地区的玉米蚜进行研究时发现，生存环
境相似的群体之间的遗传差异要比生存在环境差别大的群体之间的遗传差异要
小。在寄主植物相同的条件下，环境的改变能引起玉米蚜种群基因组DNA的改变。
（5）在利用 33．5核心序列对寄主植物相同且分布在同一个地区的五倍子蚜
进行研究时发现，不同的个体之间几乎没有差异，即同一地理种群内具有特征带
（共有带），在其它种类中也发现类似现象。
Aphids are a great group of Homopotera. There are four thousands species in the world and a few of aphids are pests of crops ,cottons, vegetables, oil plants, fruit trees, forest, herbal medicine, pasture and so on. Cotton aphid, some kinds of wheat aphids and green peach aphid can cause serious economic losses, and can spread manifold plant virus disease. Therefore, the aphid not only is an important member of biology diversity, but also is an important defended object of agriculture and forest. It is very necessary to cany out the basic research of aphids.
Microsatellite DNA, the simple tandem repeat sequence (or simple tandem repeat sequence polymorphism), is a kind of repeat sequence in the genome DNA, whose length is less than 10bp. It spreads all over the genome of eukaryotic genomes .Its length depends on the number of repeat unit. We do not know about its function, and think that it is concerned with gene recombination leading to genetic variation. Because of its hypervariability, neutrality, co-dominance, ubiquity and especially its good polymorphism, sensitivity, microsatellite DNA is becoming preferred molecular marker for strain identification, population genetic studies, kinship analysis and mapping purpose as well as for linkage analysis, gene diagonose of transmissibility disease. It has already been an important method of molecular genetic study.
The PCR technique with microsatellite primers,33.5 core sequence,(GATA)4 and (CAC)s were used to analyze the DNA polymorphism in different geographic population of green peach aphid, com leaf aphid, cowpea aphid, pine aphid, cabbage aphid and Chinese gall aphid. According to the amplified results, we can discuss the variation of population genetic arised from the changes of georgraphic conditions . The results were following:
(1) The studies on genetic diversity of aphids using microsatellite primers showed that there were stabilities.
(2) There were a lot of bands in the results of corn leaf aphid, cowpea aphid , pine aphid and so on, using the micrpsatellite primer 33.5 core sequence. The results also showed that the microsatellite primer, 33.5 core sequence, was a ubiquitous primer. But the microsatellite primers, (GATA)4 and (CAC)s were primers with strong speciality, because of few or none of band.
(3) The studies of green peach aphid suggested that altitude and host plant could affect the genetic structure of different populations. But the data available was limited and conclusions couldn't be drawn.
(4) The studies of individuals within corn leaf aphid in the same host plants but different regions showed that: the variation among populations of similar circumstances is less than the variation between populations of different circumstance. The result suggested that: the changes of circumstance can influence the genetic structure.
(5) The result of Chinese gall aphid showed that: there are few differences among individuals. There were similarity in the other aphids.
微卫星DNA也称为简单串联重复序列或者简单串联重复序列多态性，是指基因组DNA中小于10bp的简单串联式核苷酸重复序列，是一种遍布于真核生物基因组的重复序列，一般为2—5个碱基重复如(CA)n和(GATA)n，尤以(CA)n重复序列最为常见，其长度由重复单元的拷贝数n来决定。由于微卫星DNA具有高度的多态性和灵敏度，用PCR方法扩增这些微卫星序列，就能够充分显示出它们的多态性，而广泛应用于种质资源鉴定、种群遗传学研究、亲缘关系分析、基因图谱构建等方面的研究，另外还可用于遗传性疾病的连锁分析和基因诊断。微卫星技术已成为遗传多样性研究和分子遗传学研究中最重要的手段之一。
本实验利用微卫星DNA引物33.5核心序列、(GATA)_4和(CAC)_3，对陕西的西安和汉中地区、山西的临汾地区的桃蚜(Myzus persicae (Sulzer))、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch))、豆蚜(Aphis craccivor Koch)、马尾松大蚜(Cinara formosana (Takahashi))、甘蓝蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae (L.))和五倍子蚜(Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell))等几种蚜虫不同地理种群的基因组DNA进行扩增，根据扩增的结果，把扩增条带的有无情况转化成0-1数据，利用DPS数据分析系统对数据进行聚类分析，籍以探讨地理环境对不同种群造成的遗传多样性改变。实验结果显示：
(1) 微卫星引物对蚜虫的遗传多态性研究具有较好的稳定性。
(2) 微卫星引物33.5核心序列在玉米蚜、豆蚜、马尾松大蚜的扩增中出现的条带数目比较多，它是一种遗传多态性研究较好的通用性引物。微卫星引物(GATA)_4、(CAC)_5的种的特异性较强，表现为只在少数种内有明显的扩增带出现，
不适合遗传多态性研究。
（3）对桃蚜不同地理种群遗传多态性比较时发观，海拔高度的变化对桃蚜
的遗传多态性有一定的影响，而且寄主植物的改变对桃蚜的不同种群的遗传结构
产生一定的影响。但是这些影响怎样发生，还需要进行更深一步的研究。
（4）对同一个寄主但是分布在不同地区的玉米蚜进行研究时发现，生存环
境相似的群体之间的遗传差异要比生存在环境差别大的群体之间的遗传差异要
小。在寄主植物相同的条件下，环境的改变能引起玉米蚜种群基因组DNA的改变。
（5）在利用 33．5核心序列对寄主植物相同且分布在同一个地区的五倍子蚜
进行研究时发现，不同的个体之间几乎没有差异，即同一地理种群内具有特征带
（共有带），在其它种类中也发现类似现象。
Aphids are a great group of Homopotera. There are four thousands species in the world and a few of aphids are pests of crops ,cottons, vegetables, oil plants, fruit trees, forest, herbal medicine, pasture and so on. Cotton aphid, some kinds of wheat aphids and green peach aphid can cause serious economic losses, and can spread manifold plant virus disease. Therefore, the aphid not only is an important member of biology diversity, but also is an important defended object of agriculture and forest. It is very necessary to cany out the basic research of aphids.
Microsatellite DNA, the simple tandem repeat sequence (or simple tandem repeat sequence polymorphism), is a kind of repeat sequence in the genome DNA, whose length is less than 10bp. It spreads all over the genome of eukaryotic genomes .Its length depends on the number of repeat unit. We do not know about its function, and think that it is concerned with gene recombination leading to genetic variation. Because of its hypervariability, neutrality, co-dominance, ubiquity and especially its good polymorphism, sensitivity, microsatellite DNA is becoming preferred molecular marker for strain identification, population genetic studies, kinship analysis and mapping purpose as well as for linkage analysis, gene diagonose of transmissibility disease. It has already been an important method of molecular genetic study.
The PCR technique with microsatellite primers,33.5 core sequence,(GATA)4 and (CAC)s were used to analyze the DNA polymorphism in different geographic population of green peach aphid, com leaf aphid, cowpea aphid, pine aphid, cabbage aphid and Chinese gall aphid. According to the amplified results, we can discuss the variation of population genetic arised from the changes of georgraphic conditions . The results were following:
(1) The studies on genetic diversity of aphids using microsatellite primers showed that there were stabilities.
(2) There were a lot of bands in the results of corn leaf aphid, cowpea aphid , pine aphid and so on, using the micrpsatellite primer 33.5 core sequence. The results also showed that the microsatellite primer, 33.5 core sequence, was a ubiquitous primer. But the microsatellite primers, (GATA)4 and (CAC)s were primers with strong speciality, because of few or none of band.
(3) The studies of green peach aphid suggested that altitude and host plant could affect the genetic structure of different populations. But the data available was limited and conclusions couldn't be drawn.
(4) The studies of individuals within corn leaf aphid in the same host plants but different regions showed that: the variation among populations of similar circumstances is less than the variation between populations of different circumstance. The result suggested that: the changes of circumstance can influence the genetic structure.
(5) The result of Chinese gall aphid showed that: there are few differences among individuals. There were similarity in the other aphids.
引文
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