柴油机废气湿式净化技术研究
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摘要
本文以喷射鼓泡反应器作吸收装置，采用凹凸棒粘土吸收剂进行柴油机废气净化实验，通过实验研究了吸收剂的结构性质、脱除废气中碳烟的机理和喷射鼓泡反应器的动力学特性，探讨了该技术应用于柴油车的可行性，从而为柴油车尾气净化开辟新的技术途径。研究结果表明：凹凸棒粘土吸收剂具有表面活性，能改善碳烟在吸收剂中的润湿性和溶解能力；凹凸棒粘土颗粒还具有胶体吸附特性，能显著提高各污染物的脱除效率。喷射鼓泡反应器独特的涡流式气液流动方式为气液传质提供了较好的接触面积和停留时间，强化了气液间传质效率，装置结构简单、体积小、压力损失小等优点。通过实验还讨论了液层高度、吸收剂浓度、柴油车工况等因素对污染物脱除效率的影响，确定了该净化系统的最佳操作条件：液高150mm～180mm、吸收剂浓度41.2％、喷射口气体流速10m·s~(-1)～20m·s~(-1)，气泡上升的速度0.1m·s~(-1)～0.3m·s~(-1)，此时，碳烟脱除率为66.7％，SO_2脱除效率为96％，NO_x脱除效率为91.4％。
This paper has done such an experiment that diesel exhaust gas was purified by attapulgite clay absorbent in a jet bubble reactor (JBR) in order to look for a new approach to purify diesel exhaust gas. The test has studied the structure and the characters of absorbent, the removal mechanism of soot from diesel exhaust gas, dynamic characters of JBR reactor, and probed the feasibility of this technique using in the diesel vehicles The result shows that attapulgite clay possesses surfactancy and nature of a colloid, and can improve the wettability and solubilization of soot particulate in absorbent, and obviously increase the removal rate. JBR offers the best contact area and retention time for its unique vortex liquid flow mode, and strengthen mass transfer efficiency. The reactor has some merits, such as simple structure, small volume, the low pressure-resistance, etc. The experiment has discussed the effects of some factors to removal pollution from diesel exhaust gas, such as the liquid level, the absorbent concentration and the diesel running modes, etc. The best operation conditions of the purifying system in the experiment was determined: Liquid height 150mm-180mm, absorbent percent concentration 41.2%, velocity of jet gas flow 10m.s-1-20m.s-1, upward speed of bubble 0.1 m.s-1-0.3 m.s-1. Under the conditions, the removal rate of soot is 66.7%, and that of SO2 is 96%, and that of NOx is 91.4%.
This paper has done such an experiment that diesel exhaust gas was purified by attapulgite clay absorbent in a jet bubble reactor (JBR) in order to look for a new approach to purify diesel exhaust gas. The test has studied the structure and the characters of absorbent, the removal mechanism of soot from diesel exhaust gas, dynamic characters of JBR reactor, and probed the feasibility of this technique using in the diesel vehicles The result shows that attapulgite clay possesses surfactancy and nature of a colloid, and can improve the wettability and solubilization of soot particulate in absorbent, and obviously increase the removal rate. JBR offers the best contact area and retention time for its unique vortex liquid flow mode, and strengthen mass transfer efficiency. The reactor has some merits, such as simple structure, small volume, the low pressure-resistance, etc. The experiment has discussed the effects of some factors to removal pollution from diesel exhaust gas, such as the liquid level, the absorbent concentration and the diesel running modes, etc. The best operation conditions of the purifying system in the experiment was determined: Liquid height 150mm-180mm, absorbent percent concentration 41.2%, velocity of jet gas flow 10m.s-1-20m.s-1, upward speed of bubble 0.1 m.s-1-0.3 m.s-1. Under the conditions, the removal rate of soot is 66.7%, and that of SO2 is 96%, and that of NOx is 91.4%.
引文
1 刘志明，郝郑平，沈迪新等．柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NO_x催化净化技术的研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备．2000,1(5)：78～86
2 沈迪新．我国汽车排放控制现状和发展战略的探讨．环境污染治理技术与设备．2000，1(6)：53～58
3 范艳辉．柴油机微粒排放控制技术．汽车与配件．1998，(4，5)：24
4 胡逸民，李飞鹏．内燃机废气净化．第一版．北京：中国铁道出版社，1994
5 陈家骅等编．内燃机燃烧．第一版．哈尔滨：哈尔滨船舶工程出版社，1986
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11 孙济美主编．天然气和液化石油汽车．第一版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999
12 蔡凤田，谢素华，韩国庆等编著．汽车节能与环保实用技术．第一版．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
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14 B N Hawker. Diesel emission control technology. System containing platinum catalyst and filter unit removes particulate from diesel exhaust. Platinum Met Rev. 1995, 39:2～8
15 Guido Mul, John P A Neeft, Freek Kapteijn, Soot oxidation catalyzed by a Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst: oxides of vanadium pentoxide and cupric oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 1995, 6:339～352
16 John P A Neeft, Wiebe Schipper. Feasibility study towards a Cu/K/Mo/Cl soot oxidation catalyst for application in diesel exhaust gases. Appl Catal. 1997, B11:365～382
17 Y Teraoka, K Nakano. Simultaneous removal of nitrogen oxides and diesel soot particulates catalyzed by perovskite type oxides. Appl Catal. 1997, B5: 181～185
18 J O Petunchi, W K Hall. On the role of nitrogen dioxide in the mechanism of selective reduction of NO_x over Cu-ZSM-5 zeolite. Appl Catal. B:Environ. 1993, 2:17～26
19 Bethke KA, Kung MC. Metal oxide catalysts for lean NO_x Reduction. Catal Today. 1995, 26:169
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22 小岛久史．采用洗涤器清除柴油车排气中的颗粒排放．机讲论，1995，73(3)：196～197
23 周旭．车辆废气净化装置．中国专利94244283，1995
24 王晓光，吴华．柴油自卸式卡车排气净化．环境工程．1992，9：17～18
25 张子升．真空控温喷水减污排气管．中国专利 1238235A，1999
26 刘杰．柴油汽车废气净化装置的研制．汽车杂志．1989，4：8
27 Schmidt R M. Diesel wet exhaust purifying method. DE4327469, 1995
28 anaka, Hideaki. Purification apparatus for automobile exhaust gas by wet scrubbing and waterelectrolysts. JP1113454, 1999
29 华觉源．柴油机排放控制技术新发展．Review on 19th CIMAC(Ⅱ)．1991：6～15
30 王金荣．汽车尾气净化技术的发展趋势及建议．石油炼制与化工．1994，25(5)：58～63
31 依成武．对大型柴油车(机)排放烟气治理的实验探讨．环境工程．1994，12(3)：30～32
32 Shimozu, Masateru. Apparatus for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide using coordinate devices. JP04118021, 1992
33 Kato Akira; Secchiku T Sugita;Nanba Masaru.Treatment of gases containing low concentration of NO. JP 10225616
34 Takahashi, Yoshishiye. Apparatus for engine exhaust gas treatment. JP 1119466, 1999
35 蒋文举，宁平主编．大气污染控制工程．第一版．成都：四川大学出版社，2001
36 Noel de Nevers. Air pollution control engineering. Second edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2000
37 Edward A. Exhaust gas treatment device. US3353336, 1967
38 Allan F, Munn St. Pollution control apparatus. US5121602, 1992
39 Howard Alliger. Auto exhaust scrubber with catalyst. US3768981, 1973
40 Picketing, John J. Automobile exhaust gas cleaner. US4821513, 1989
41 Gerald Bruce Sien. Diesel engine for use in mines. US3886738, 1975
42 Terao, Kunio. Exhaust gas liquid contactor. US3967941.1976
43 Coyle, Charles F.Exhaust gas scrubber for internal combustion engines. US4300924.1981
44 Olavson, Lars G. Scrubber-exhaust gas conditioner. US4816042, 1989
45 Woods, Woodrow E. Muffler for marine engine. US5196655, 1993
46 LeQuire, Wayne A. Marine engine exhaust system and associated method. US5554058, 1996
47 Ford, John R, Shelton. Combination wet marine exhaust muffler and water separator. US5746630, 1998
48 Sidney B, Woodmar Ave. Purifying apparatus to eliminate air pollution from automotive, industrial and commercial exhaust products. US3282047, 1966
49 Allan E McCorvey. Pollution control apparatus. US5121602, 1992
50 Leander J. Exhaust gas conditioning apparatus US3556734, 1971
51 Terao, Kunio. Exhaust gas liquid contactor. US3964971, 1976
52 Angelo Y. Olan smog device. US3742692, 1973
53 Walker; Robert A. Engine emission control device. US4184858, 1980
54 Manfredi, Frank A. Exhaust purifier systemUS3967445, 1976
55 Luigl Vecchio. Exhaust gas scrubber. US3485015, 1969
56 Robin B.Exhaust gas-treating device. US3316693, 1967
57 Widmann.Diesel wet exhaust processing system. US6200179, 2001
58 Walter Baldwin. Exhaust gas conditioner. US3561194, 1971
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60 王瑛，张琼，杜妮泥等．喷射鼓泡式除尘脱硫净化装置研制．甘肃工业大学学报．2002，28(2)：54～56
61 钟秦，王婷茹．喷射鼓泡脱硫除尘装置．中国专利 95240624，1996
62 钟秦，王娟．喷射鼓泡反应器湿法烟气脱硫模型．南京理工大学学报．2000，24(4)：364～368
63 沈德树，陈昭宣，甘海明．喷射鼓泡反应器在废气脱硫中的应用．环境工程．1988，8(4)：27～29
64 钟秦，黄俊，王婷如等．喷射鼓泡烟气脱硫(Ⅰ)——化学吸收工艺的研究．南京理工大学学报．1997，21(5)：419～422
65 钟秦，王婷如，刘永奎等．喷射鼓泡烟气脱硫(Ⅱ)——在工业锅炉上的应用．南京理工大学学报．1997，21(5)：423～427
66 王挹薇，张成芳，钦淑均．自吸式搅拌鼓泡反应器测定气液平衡数据．华东化工学院学报．1991，17(1)：39～42
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68 吴国华，丁文江，罗吉荣．凹凸棒粘土对消失模涂料流变性的影响．硅酸盐学报．2002，30(1)：81～85
69 周杰，刘宁，李云等．凹凸棒石粘土的显微结构特征．硅酸盐通报．1999，6：50～55
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2 沈迪新．我国汽车排放控制现状和发展战略的探讨．环境污染治理技术与设备．2000，1(6)：53～58
3 范艳辉．柴油机微粒排放控制技术．汽车与配件．1998，(4，5)：24
4 胡逸民，李飞鹏．内燃机废气净化．第一版．北京：中国铁道出版社，1994
5 陈家骅等编．内燃机燃烧．第一版．哈尔滨：哈尔滨船舶工程出版社，1986
6 倪计民编著．汽车内燃机原理．第一版．上海：同济大学出版社，1997
7 钱耀义编著．汽车发动机排气污染与控制．第一版．北京：人民交通出版社，1987
8 秦文新编著．汽车排气净化．第一版．北京：人民交通出版社，1988
9 西安交通大学内燃机教研室编．内燃机原理．第一版．北京：中国农业机械出版社，1981
10 程至远，解建光．内燃机排放与净化．第一版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，2000
11 孙济美主编．天然气和液化石油汽车．第一版．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999
12 蔡凤田，谢素华，韩国庆等编著．汽车节能与环保实用技术．第一版．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
13 宁智．柴油机微粒排放的机后处理技术及其发展趋势．车用发动机．1995：4
14 B N Hawker. Diesel emission control technology. System containing platinum catalyst and filter unit removes particulate from diesel exhaust. Platinum Met Rev. 1995, 39:2～8
15 Guido Mul, John P A Neeft, Freek Kapteijn, Soot oxidation catalyzed by a Cu/K/Mo/Cl catalyst: oxides of vanadium pentoxide and cupric oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 1995, 6:339～352
16 John P A Neeft, Wiebe Schipper. Feasibility study towards a Cu/K/Mo/Cl soot oxidation catalyst for application in diesel exhaust gases. Appl Catal. 1997, B11:365～382
17 Y Teraoka, K Nakano. Simultaneous removal of nitrogen oxides and diesel soot particulates catalyzed by perovskite type oxides. Appl Catal. 1997, B5: 181～185
18 J O Petunchi, W K Hall. On the role of nitrogen dioxide in the mechanism of selective reduction of NO_x over Cu-ZSM-5 zeolite. Appl Catal. B:Environ. 1993, 2:17～26
19 Bethke KA, Kung MC. Metal oxide catalysts for lean NO_x Reduction. Catal Today. 1995, 26:169
20 周玉明．内燃机废气排放及控制技术．第一版．北京：人民交通出版社出版，2001
21 徐凯．发动机排气污染物控制技术及发展趋势．车用发动机．1998，6：7～11
22 小岛久史．采用洗涤器清除柴油车排气中的颗粒排放．机讲论，1995，73(3)：196～197
23 周旭．车辆废气净化装置．中国专利94244283，1995
24 王晓光，吴华．柴油自卸式卡车排气净化．环境工程．1992，9：17～18
25 张子升．真空控温喷水减污排气管．中国专利 1238235A，1999
26 刘杰．柴油汽车废气净化装置的研制．汽车杂志．1989，4：8
27 Schmidt R M. Diesel wet exhaust purifying method. DE4327469, 1995
28 anaka, Hideaki. Purification apparatus for automobile exhaust gas by wet scrubbing and waterelectrolysts. JP1113454, 1999
29 华觉源．柴油机排放控制技术新发展．Review on 19th CIMAC(Ⅱ)．1991：6～15
30 王金荣．汽车尾气净化技术的发展趋势及建议．石油炼制与化工．1994，25(5)：58～63
31 依成武．对大型柴油车(机)排放烟气治理的实验探讨．环境工程．1994，12(3)：30～32
32 Shimozu, Masateru. Apparatus for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide using coordinate devices. JP04118021, 1992
33 Kato Akira; Secchiku T Sugita;Nanba Masaru.Treatment of gases containing low concentration of NO. JP 10225616
34 Takahashi, Yoshishiye. Apparatus for engine exhaust gas treatment. JP 1119466, 1999
35 蒋文举，宁平主编．大气污染控制工程．第一版．成都：四川大学出版社，2001
36 Noel de Nevers. Air pollution control engineering. Second edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2000
37 Edward A. Exhaust gas treatment device. US3353336, 1967
38 Allan F, Munn St. Pollution control apparatus. US5121602, 1992
39 Howard Alliger. Auto exhaust scrubber with catalyst. US3768981, 1973
40 Picketing, John J. Automobile exhaust gas cleaner. US4821513, 1989
41 Gerald Bruce Sien. Diesel engine for use in mines. US3886738, 1975
42 Terao, Kunio. Exhaust gas liquid contactor. US3967941.1976
43 Coyle, Charles F.Exhaust gas scrubber for internal combustion engines. US4300924.1981
44 Olavson, Lars G. Scrubber-exhaust gas conditioner. US4816042, 1989
45 Woods, Woodrow E. Muffler for marine engine. US5196655, 1993
46 LeQuire, Wayne A. Marine engine exhaust system and associated method. US5554058, 1996
47 Ford, John R, Shelton. Combination wet marine exhaust muffler and water separator. US5746630, 1998
48 Sidney B, Woodmar Ave. Purifying apparatus to eliminate air pollution from automotive, industrial and commercial exhaust products. US3282047, 1966
49 Allan E McCorvey. Pollution control apparatus. US5121602, 1992
50 Leander J. Exhaust gas conditioning apparatus US3556734, 1971
51 Terao, Kunio. Exhaust gas liquid contactor. US3964971, 1976
52 Angelo Y. Olan smog device. US3742692, 1973
53 Walker; Robert A. Engine emission control device. US4184858, 1980
54 Manfredi, Frank A. Exhaust purifier systemUS3967445, 1976
55 Luigl Vecchio. Exhaust gas scrubber. US3485015, 1969
56 Robin B.Exhaust gas-treating device. US3316693, 1967
57 Widmann.Diesel wet exhaust processing system. US6200179, 2001
58 Walter Baldwin. Exhaust gas conditioner. US3561194, 1971
59 B．M．拉姆．气体吸收．刘凤志译．第二版．北京：化学工业出版社．1985：291～362．
60 王瑛，张琼，杜妮泥等．喷射鼓泡式除尘脱硫净化装置研制．甘肃工业大学学报．2002，28(2)：54～56
61 钟秦，王婷茹．喷射鼓泡脱硫除尘装置．中国专利 95240624，1996
62 钟秦，王娟．喷射鼓泡反应器湿法烟气脱硫模型．南京理工大学学报．2000，24(4)：364～368
63 沈德树，陈昭宣，甘海明．喷射鼓泡反应器在废气脱硫中的应用．环境工程．1988，8(4)：27～29
64 钟秦，黄俊，王婷如等．喷射鼓泡烟气脱硫(Ⅰ)——化学吸收工艺的研究．南京理工大学学报．1997，21(5)：419～422
65 钟秦，王婷如，刘永奎等．喷射鼓泡烟气脱硫(Ⅱ)——在工业锅炉上的应用．南京理工大学学报．1997，21(5)：423～427
66 王挹薇，张成芳，钦淑均．自吸式搅拌鼓泡反应器测定气液平衡数据．华东化工学院学报．1991，17(1)：39～42
67 沈钟，王果庭．胶体与表面化学(第二版)．北京：化学工业出版社．1997：269～275
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69 周杰，刘宁，李云等．凹凸棒石粘土的显微结构特征．硅酸盐通报．1999，6：50～55
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