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民商事案件域外取证制度研究
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摘要
调查取证直接关系到对案件是非曲直的判断,是整个诉讼过程的重要环节。当证据所在地与争议解决地不一致的时候,通过适当方式从域外获取有关证据,是诉讼程序顺利进行的重要保证。由于各国的取证制度存在较大差异,域外取证往往又受到证据所在地国司法主权的限制,因此,域外取证需要不同于国内取证的特殊规则和制度。鉴于域外取证大量发生于民商事领域,本文拟对民商事案件的域外取证制度作一些粗浅的探讨。
     本文从介绍域外取证的范围入手,研究了民商事案件域外取证的方式和作证人员跨国作证的问题,最后对如何完善我国的民商事案件域外取证制度提出了若干建议,以期抛砖引玉、为完善我国的民商事案件域外取证制度略尽绵薄之力。
     全文分为以下四部分:
     第一部分:域外取证的范围
     首先,明确了“域外”的含义,指出域外取证,即是从一个法域之外的其他法域获取证据。
     其次,结合各国民事诉讼法的规定,明确了在域外提取的证据的大致范围。
     最后,分析了域外取证所适用的案件范围,并圈定民商事案件的域外取证制度为本文研究的重点。
     第二部分:民商事案件域外取证的方式
     按照取证主体,本文将域外取证方式分为当事人或其诉讼代理人取证和受案法院取证两种方式。其中当事人或其代理人取证又可以细分为当事人自行取证及诉讼代理人代为取证两种做法。而受案法院取证,则包括通过指定的中央机关调查取证、直接委托外国司法机关调查取证、委托本国使领馆调查取证和指定特派员调查取证四种方式。该部分结合1970年《关于从国外调取民事或商事证据的公约》、有关国家的立法和司法协助条约的规定,对上述方式分别进行了介绍及评价。
     此外,该部分还研究了仲裁机构或仲裁员在域外取证的问题。
     第三部分:作证人员跨国作证
    
     该部分明确了跨国作证人员的范围,阐述了作证人员跨国作证的条件
    及程序,并在此基础上,结合有关司法协助条约的规定,分析了国际社会
    保护跨国作证人员的相关制度.
     第四部分:完善我国民商事案件域外取证制度的建议
     在以上三部分的基础上,该部分结合1970年《关于从国外调取民事
     或商事证据的公约》的相关规定,就如何完善我国的民商事案件域外取证
    尸制度提出以下建议:
     1,承认和采用特派员调查取证的方式。
     2.完善作证人员拒绝作证的相关规定。
     3.完善我国内部民商事域外取证制度。9
The taking of evidence, having direct relation with the judgment on cases, is an important part of the litigation procedure. When the location of evidences is different from that of the dispute settlement, the taking of evidence abroad in appropriate way ensures that the procedure could proceed smoothly. Due to the great varieties in different nations' evidence-taking systems, the taking of evidence abroad would be limited by the judicial sovereignty of the location of evidences. Therefore, the taking of evidence abroad is to be made under special regulations ancl systems, which are different from domestic evidence-taking systems. During dealing with civil and commercial cases, it is necessary to take evidence abroad frequently, so this paper aims at examining the taking of evidence abroad in civil and commercial cases.
    Proceeds with the introduction of abroad evidence-taking system, this paper probes into the methods of taking evidence abroad in civil ancl commercial cases and the system about foreigners presenting as witnesses. To conclude, this paper offers certain proposals on the perfection of China's abroad evidence-taking system in civil and commercial cases.
    This paper is divided into four parts:
    Part one: scope of abroad evidence-taking system
    First, the paper defines 'abroad' and points out that taking of evidence abroad refers to taking evidences from other law districts.
    Secondly, based on relevant regulations under the civil procedure law of various nations, this paper defines the general scope of evidences taken abroad.
    Finally, the author analyzes the scope of the cases applicable to abroad evidence-taking and determines this paper aims at examining the abroad evidence-taking system in civil and commercial cases.
    Part two: methods of taking evidence abroad in civil and commercial cases
    
    
    
    This paper divides methods of taking evidence abroad in civil and commercial cases into two kinds, one is taking of evidence by parties and there attorneys, another is taking of evidence by courts which have accepted the cases. This part respectively introduces and evaluates the above-mentioned methods grounded on the Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters and different legislations and judicial assistance treaties.
    Furthermore, this part studies on the taking of evidence abroad by arbitration institutions and arbitrators.
    Part three: foreigners presenting as witnesses
    This part clarifies the scope of foreigners presenting as witnesses, and analyzes the present status of the international society's protection on transnational witnesses.
    Part four: proposals on perfecting China's abroad evidence taking system in civil and commercial cases
    Based on the three former parts, this part contains the following proposals on perfecting China's abroad evidence- taking system in civil and commercial cases:
    First, taking of evidence by commissioners should be admitted and adopted.
    Secondly, the relevant regulations of the persons to be examined who refuse to give evidence should be perfected.
    Thirdly, evidence-taking system in civil and commercial cases in various Chinese law districts should be perfected.
引文
1.徐宏著:《国际民事司法协助》,武汉:武汉大学出版社1996年版;
    2.李玉泉主编:《国际民事诉讼与国际商事仲裁》,武汉:武汉大学出版社1994年版;
    3.沈达明编著:《比较民事诉讼法初论》(上下册),北京:中信出版社1991年版;
    4.彭世忠编著:《国际民商事诉讼法原理》,北京:中国法制出版社2000年版;
    5.韩德培主编:《国际私法新论》,武汉:武汉大学出版社1997年版;
    6.张茂著:《美国国际民事诉讼法》,北京:中国政法大学出版社1999年版;
    7.李双元、谢石松著:《国际民事诉讼法概论》,武汉:武汉大学出版社2001年版;
    8.白绿铉著:《美国民事诉讼法》,北京:经济日报出版社1996年版;
    9.赵相林、杜新丽编:《中国国际私法立法问题研究》,北京:中国政法大学出版社2002年版;
    10.肖永平著:《肖永平论冲突法》,武汉:武汉大学出版社2002年版;
    11.李双元、欧福永、雄之才编:《国际私法教学参考资料选编》(中册—程序法),北京:北京大学出版社2002年版;
    12.郑远民、吕国民、余志宏编著:《国际私法》(国际民事诉讼法与国际商事仲裁法),北京:中信出版社2002年版;
    13.李双元主编:《中国与国际私法统一化进程》,武汉:武汉大学出版社1993年版;
    14.刘想树著:《国际私法基本问题研究》,北京:法律出版社2001年版;
    15.李金荣主编:《国际法教程》,成都:成都科技大学出版社1997年版;
    16.司法部司法协助局编:《司法协助研究》,北京:法律出版社1996年版;
    17.司法部司法协助局编:《中外司法协助条约规则概览》,北京:法律出版社1998年版;
    18. Mary Kay Kane, Civil procedure, West group, 1996.
    
    
    1.段东辉:“海牙取证公约述评”,《法学评论》(武汉)1998年第3期;
    2.段东辉:“论我国民商事域外取证的立法和实践”,《政法论坛》(北京)1998年第5期;
    3.袁泉:“从若干案例看网络发展对传统国际私法的挑战”,《法商研究》(武汉)2002年第2期;
    4. "Full status report convention # 20, Hague convention on private international law", http://www.hcch.net/e/status/start20e.html, 2002年10月12日访问;
    5. "Notes on pre-trial discovery of documents", http://www.law.gov.au/agd/Civil-Justice/International-Law/int-judicial-asst/taking-of-evidence-abroad/notes.html, 2002年10月12日;
    6. "Explanatory, Report on the Hague Convention of 18 March 1970 on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters", http://www.hcch.net/e/conventions/exp120e.html, 2002年7月4日访问.

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