电阻式电压传感器设计及误差特性的研究
摘要
目前电力系统电压信号的采集，大多采用电磁式电压互感器和电容式分压器。由于电磁式电压互感器带有电感线圈和磁性材料，测量范围受铁心磁饱和的限制，传输频带不够宽；作为感性元件，存在铁磁谐振的可能，可靠性差。而电容式分压器属于容性元件，可能与系统中的感性元件形成谐振，出现过电压，危及设备及系统的正常运行。
本课题所研究的电压传感器采用电阻分压器原理，不存在铁磁谐振，克服了铁心饱和，不再有负荷分担，短路和开路都是允许的，具有高的可靠性。与传统的电磁式互感器相比，具有体积小，重量轻，结构简单，传输频带宽，无谐振点等优点，一个分压器就能满足测量和保护的要求。同样，由于没有谐振问题，其性能优于电容式分压器。本课题所研究的电阻分压器是针对10kV的电压等级而进行的。
本文从理论上分析了电阻式电压传感器的误差，用电路分析法定性的研究了影响电阻分压器误差的因素；在理论分析的基础上进行了电阻分压器结构的初步设计；基于该设计，利用简谐场的有限元方法进行了场的计算，比较了几种结构方案的幅值误差、相角误差、最大场强值及其幅值误差的频率特性，从而得到一种最优方案；制作了分压器样机，并在本实验室进行了实验；最后，对电子电路部分进行了初步设计，并提出了抗干扰的措施。
Electromagnetic voltage transformer and capacitance divider are usually used to get voltage signal in power system. For the former has inductance winding and ferromagnetic material, its measurement range is restricted by saturation, so it has a narrower range of frequency. Being an inductance, it has the possibility of resonance. Also the capacitance divider has the possibility of resonance with inductance component in the system, which can make a heavy over-voltage and endanger the running of equipments and power system.
By adopting resistance divider, voltage sensor designed in this topic has no ferromagnetic resonance, overcome saturation, has no load sharing, and is permitted to short and cutoff in circuit, so it has high reliability. By contrast with traditional voltage transformer, it has advantages of smaller volume, lighter weight, simpler structure, wider range of frequency, and no resonance. Only one can fulfill both functions of measurement and protection. The same for no resonance, its capability is better than capacitance divider. A voltage sensor we designed is to be used in 1 OkV grade system.
In this topic, the error characteristic of resistance voltage sensor was analyzed in theory, by using electric circuit analysis, the reasons which affected its error were gotten. Based on theory analyses, initial structure was designed. Then by using FEM (finite element method) of simple resonance field, several structures electromagnetic field was calculated, and their amplitude errors, phase errors, maximum of electric field intensity and frequency characteristic of amplitude error were contrasted. Then the best structure was gotten. A sample of designed resistance divider was also made, and several tests were done. At last the initial design of electronic part was made, some methods of resisting electromagnetic interfere were put forward too.
本课题所研究的电压传感器采用电阻分压器原理，不存在铁磁谐振，克服了铁心饱和，不再有负荷分担，短路和开路都是允许的，具有高的可靠性。与传统的电磁式互感器相比，具有体积小，重量轻，结构简单，传输频带宽，无谐振点等优点，一个分压器就能满足测量和保护的要求。同样，由于没有谐振问题，其性能优于电容式分压器。本课题所研究的电阻分压器是针对10kV的电压等级而进行的。
本文从理论上分析了电阻式电压传感器的误差，用电路分析法定性的研究了影响电阻分压器误差的因素；在理论分析的基础上进行了电阻分压器结构的初步设计；基于该设计，利用简谐场的有限元方法进行了场的计算，比较了几种结构方案的幅值误差、相角误差、最大场强值及其幅值误差的频率特性，从而得到一种最优方案；制作了分压器样机，并在本实验室进行了实验；最后，对电子电路部分进行了初步设计，并提出了抗干扰的措施。
Electromagnetic voltage transformer and capacitance divider are usually used to get voltage signal in power system. For the former has inductance winding and ferromagnetic material, its measurement range is restricted by saturation, so it has a narrower range of frequency. Being an inductance, it has the possibility of resonance. Also the capacitance divider has the possibility of resonance with inductance component in the system, which can make a heavy over-voltage and endanger the running of equipments and power system.
By adopting resistance divider, voltage sensor designed in this topic has no ferromagnetic resonance, overcome saturation, has no load sharing, and is permitted to short and cutoff in circuit, so it has high reliability. By contrast with traditional voltage transformer, it has advantages of smaller volume, lighter weight, simpler structure, wider range of frequency, and no resonance. Only one can fulfill both functions of measurement and protection. The same for no resonance, its capability is better than capacitance divider. A voltage sensor we designed is to be used in 1 OkV grade system.
In this topic, the error characteristic of resistance voltage sensor was analyzed in theory, by using electric circuit analysis, the reasons which affected its error were gotten. Based on theory analyses, initial structure was designed. Then by using FEM (finite element method) of simple resonance field, several structures electromagnetic field was calculated, and their amplitude errors, phase errors, maximum of electric field intensity and frequency characteristic of amplitude error were contrasted. Then the best structure was gotten. A sample of designed resistance divider was also made, and several tests were done. At last the initial design of electronic part was made, some methods of resisting electromagnetic interfere were put forward too.
引文
[1] 赵修民，测量用互感器，北京，机械工业出版社，1986，P86～P1
[2] 李开成，叶妙元，陈乔夫，从电磁式电压互感器到光学式光纤电压互感器，变压器，1995，No．11，P6～8
[3] 专家预测，国外仪器仪表的发展趋势，东方电子集成商务网
[4] 谢旭，电磁式电压互感器引起的铁磁谐振过电压浅探，农村电工，2000，No．5，P12-13
[5] 秦冲，10kV配电系统铁磁谐振的原因分析及消除措施，东北电力技术，1997，No8，P52～56
[6] 王德忠，王季梅，电容式电压互感器误差特性的研究，高压电器，2001，No1，P5～9
[7] 房金兰，蔺耀宏，国内外电容式电压互感器目前水平及发展趋势，电力电容器，1999，No1，P1～5
[8] 瞿然，电力配电设备的智能化控制系统介绍，高压开关行业通讯，1996，No．4，P39
[9] 邹积岩，王毅，开关智能化的概念与相关的理论问题，高压电器，2000，No．6，P43-46
[10] 张仁豫，高电压试验技术，北京，清华大学出版社，1982，P44～52，P110～112
[11] 阿·施瓦伯[德]，高电压测量技术，北京，电力工业出版社，1982
[12] 林德杰，林均淳，电气测试技术，北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[13] 荒木庸夫[日]，宋永林译，电磁干扰和防止措施，北京，计量出版社，1985
[14] 朱德恒，高电压绝缘，北京，清华大学出版社，1998，P164～186，P277～283
[15] 王文生，怎样选用电阻器，北京，国防工业出版社，1987
[16] 天津大学无线电材料与元件教研室编，电阻器，技术标准出版社，1980
[17] 河野照哉，宅间董(合著)，尹克宁(译)，电场数值计算方法，北京，高
等教育出版社，1985
[18] 毕德显，电磁场理论，北京，电子工业出版社，1985
[19] 金维芳，电介质物理学，北京，机械工业出版社，1997
[20] 徐游，电磁学，淮阴，江苏科学技术出版社，1987
[21] 盛剑霓，工程电磁场数值分析，西安，西安交通大学出版社，1991，P25～77
[22] 金建铭[美]，电磁场有限元方法，西安，西安电子科技出版社，1998
[23] 冯耀霖，Microsoft Fortran Powerstation V4．0 入门，西安，西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[24] Y.X.Zhang, R.H.Mcknight and R.E.Hebner, "Interactions between two dividers used in simultaneous Comparison Measurements" IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No.3, July 1994, P1586-1594.
[25] S.Kato,S.Okabe, "Response Analysis of Voltage Divider By Numerical Electromagnetic Field Computation", Ninth International Symposium On High Voltage Engineering, Graz Convention Center Austria, August 28, September 1,1995,4524-1～-4.
[26] T.R.Mccomb, R.C.Hughes, H.A.Lightfoot, K.Schulte, R.Mcknight, "International Comparison of HV Impulse Measuring System", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No,2, April 1989, P906-915.
[27] 谭浩强，田淑清，FORTRAN 语言 Fortran 77 结构化程序设计，北京，清华大学出版社，1990，P44～303
[28] Perry F.Wilson, J.W.Adams, Mark T.Ma, "Measurement of the Electromagnetic Shielding Capabilities of Materials", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.74, No. 1, January 1986, P112-115.
[29] K.Feser, E.Gockenbach, "Distortion-free measurement of High Impulse Voltages", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.3, No.3, July 1988, P651-659.
[30] Andreas Luxa, Innovation and Future Trends for Medium Voltage Switchgear,
Sessions 5--Innovation and Trends, Xi'an, June 1998
[31]成卫国，冯峰，姚东，徐昕，Matlab5.3应用指南，北京，人民邮电出版社，1999
[32]S.Kato, "Analysis of voltage divider response by finite element method", Fifth International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Braunschweig,71.07,1987
[33]N.Hylten-Cavallius, F.A.Chagas and A.Chakrabarti, "A New Approach to Minimize Errors in the Measurement of High Voltage Impulses", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-102, P2077-2091, 1983.
[34]T.R.McComb, M.M.C.Collins and W.J.Sarjeant, "A Comparison of Three Different Designs of Resistor Divider", NBS Special Publication 628, NBS,Washington, DC, 1981,P34-45
[35]T.J. Witt, D. Reymann, and D. Avrons, "an Accurate 10kV Resistance Measurement System", IEEE Transaction on Instrument and Measurement, Vol.40, P271-273, Apr., 1991.
[36]W.J. Sarjeant, R.C. Hughes, " Development of a High Quality resistive dividers for Impulse measurement", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-90, P2247-2250, 1971
[37] 电工材料应用手册，北京，机械工业出版社，1999，
[38] 中华人民共和国国家标准，电压互感器GB1207-76，北京，中华人民共和国标准计量局，1976
[39] 谢阮清，解月珍，电子电路基础，北京：人民邮电出版社，1999年9月
[40] 王幸之，王雷等，单片机应用系统抗干扰技术，北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001年3月
[41] 中华人民共和国国家标准，高压电气设备绝缘试验电压和试验方法 GB311．1-1997，北京，中华人民共和国标准计量局，1997
[42] 吴南屏，电工材料学，北京，机械工业出版社，1990，p12
[2] 李开成，叶妙元，陈乔夫，从电磁式电压互感器到光学式光纤电压互感器，变压器，1995，No．11，P6～8
[3] 专家预测，国外仪器仪表的发展趋势，东方电子集成商务网
[4] 谢旭，电磁式电压互感器引起的铁磁谐振过电压浅探，农村电工，2000，No．5，P12-13
[5] 秦冲，10kV配电系统铁磁谐振的原因分析及消除措施，东北电力技术，1997，No8，P52～56
[6] 王德忠，王季梅，电容式电压互感器误差特性的研究，高压电器，2001，No1，P5～9
[7] 房金兰，蔺耀宏，国内外电容式电压互感器目前水平及发展趋势，电力电容器，1999，No1，P1～5
[8] 瞿然，电力配电设备的智能化控制系统介绍，高压开关行业通讯，1996，No．4，P39
[9] 邹积岩，王毅，开关智能化的概念与相关的理论问题，高压电器，2000，No．6，P43-46
[10] 张仁豫，高电压试验技术，北京，清华大学出版社，1982，P44～52，P110～112
[11] 阿·施瓦伯[德]，高电压测量技术，北京，电力工业出版社，1982
[12] 林德杰，林均淳，电气测试技术，北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[13] 荒木庸夫[日]，宋永林译，电磁干扰和防止措施，北京，计量出版社，1985
[14] 朱德恒，高电压绝缘，北京，清华大学出版社，1998，P164～186，P277～283
[15] 王文生，怎样选用电阻器，北京，国防工业出版社，1987
[16] 天津大学无线电材料与元件教研室编，电阻器，技术标准出版社，1980
[17] 河野照哉，宅间董(合著)，尹克宁(译)，电场数值计算方法，北京，高
等教育出版社，1985
[18] 毕德显，电磁场理论，北京，电子工业出版社，1985
[19] 金维芳，电介质物理学，北京，机械工业出版社，1997
[20] 徐游，电磁学，淮阴，江苏科学技术出版社，1987
[21] 盛剑霓，工程电磁场数值分析，西安，西安交通大学出版社，1991，P25～77
[22] 金建铭[美]，电磁场有限元方法，西安，西安电子科技出版社，1998
[23] 冯耀霖，Microsoft Fortran Powerstation V4．0 入门，西安，西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[24] Y.X.Zhang, R.H.Mcknight and R.E.Hebner, "Interactions between two dividers used in simultaneous Comparison Measurements" IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No.3, July 1994, P1586-1594.
[25] S.Kato,S.Okabe, "Response Analysis of Voltage Divider By Numerical Electromagnetic Field Computation", Ninth International Symposium On High Voltage Engineering, Graz Convention Center Austria, August 28, September 1,1995,4524-1～-4.
[26] T.R.Mccomb, R.C.Hughes, H.A.Lightfoot, K.Schulte, R.Mcknight, "International Comparison of HV Impulse Measuring System", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No,2, April 1989, P906-915.
[27] 谭浩强，田淑清，FORTRAN 语言 Fortran 77 结构化程序设计，北京，清华大学出版社，1990，P44～303
[28] Perry F.Wilson, J.W.Adams, Mark T.Ma, "Measurement of the Electromagnetic Shielding Capabilities of Materials", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.74, No. 1, January 1986, P112-115.
[29] K.Feser, E.Gockenbach, "Distortion-free measurement of High Impulse Voltages", IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol.3, No.3, July 1988, P651-659.
[30] Andreas Luxa, Innovation and Future Trends for Medium Voltage Switchgear,
Sessions 5--Innovation and Trends, Xi'an, June 1998
[31]成卫国，冯峰，姚东，徐昕，Matlab5.3应用指南，北京，人民邮电出版社，1999
[32]S.Kato, "Analysis of voltage divider response by finite element method", Fifth International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Braunschweig,71.07,1987
[33]N.Hylten-Cavallius, F.A.Chagas and A.Chakrabarti, "A New Approach to Minimize Errors in the Measurement of High Voltage Impulses", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-102, P2077-2091, 1983.
[34]T.R.McComb, M.M.C.Collins and W.J.Sarjeant, "A Comparison of Three Different Designs of Resistor Divider", NBS Special Publication 628, NBS,Washington, DC, 1981,P34-45
[35]T.J. Witt, D. Reymann, and D. Avrons, "an Accurate 10kV Resistance Measurement System", IEEE Transaction on Instrument and Measurement, Vol.40, P271-273, Apr., 1991.
[36]W.J. Sarjeant, R.C. Hughes, " Development of a High Quality resistive dividers for Impulse measurement", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-90, P2247-2250, 1971
[37] 电工材料应用手册，北京，机械工业出版社，1999，
[38] 中华人民共和国国家标准，电压互感器GB1207-76，北京，中华人民共和国标准计量局，1976
[39] 谢阮清，解月珍，电子电路基础，北京：人民邮电出版社，1999年9月
[40] 王幸之，王雷等，单片机应用系统抗干扰技术，北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001年3月
[41] 中华人民共和国国家标准，高压电气设备绝缘试验电压和试验方法 GB311．1-1997，北京，中华人民共和国标准计量局，1997
[42] 吴南屏，电工材料学，北京，机械工业出版社，1990，p12
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