滑坡可视化技术研究
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摘要
滑坡学是研究滑坡的综合性学科，在滑坡研究中，会涉及大量与三维空间及位置有关的信息，如地质信息、位置信息等，而在以往研究技术中很难把握这些信息，并无法实现在三维空间进行虚拟工程设计、布置和施工等进而分析其效果。随着可视化技术在滑坡研究中的应用，这些问题将能够得到满意的解决。滑坡可视化技术是快速、适时地再现滑坡体三维信息及综合分析的有效途径，它将极大地促进滑坡研究的发展，为社会、经济和生态系统带来显著利益。
本文的研究分为两个部分。第一部分是在总结滑坡研究和可视化技术发展的基础上，对滑坡可视化技术研究做出了总体探讨和预测，给出了滑坡可视化技术研究的总体构架，并对各研究部分做出了详细分析，使滑坡可视化技术研究形成了一个整体和系统，为滑坡可视化的系统、深入研究奠定了可靠的基础。
第二部分以三峡库区榨坊坪滑坡体为例，详细阐述了滑坡体地面模型和滑动面模型的数据采集和处理、模型的构建与可视化显示及分析方法。利用可视化软件IDL中的TRIANGULATE函数和TRIGRID函数相结合，建立了基于Delaunay三角网的榨坊坪滑坡体规则格网地面模型和浅层、深层滑动面三维可视化模型，实现了该滑坡体的三维模拟与再现，使滑动面由“隐性”变为了“显性”，且获得了众多不同角度的三维立体图、等高线地形图和地面模型与等高线地形图的组合图等，并对各可视化模型进行了详细地分析与比较。分析得出：滑坡体三维可视化地面模型不仅完全体现了该滑坡体的地面特征和剖面特征，且能够从总体上进行分析和把握地面特征；由于浅层滑动面与深层滑动面整体坡度相近，且比深层滑动面平坦、简单，故浅层滑动面稳定性较差，且由于深层滑动面各部分形状存在较大差别而导致稳定性不同，其中中间部分稳定性最差，故在防治设计时应重点治理浅层滑动且治理方案应布置于深层滑动面的中间部位处。
Landslide is a comprehensive discipline. In the landslide study, it involve a large amount of information related to three-dimensional space and position, for instance geological information, position information, etc. But it is difficult to grasp any information in the past technology of studying, and it is unable to carry on fictitious engineering design, assign and construct and then analyse the result in three-dimensional space. With the application of landslide visualization technology, the above problems can receive satisfied settlement. Landslide visualization is one of the most effective methods to reproduce and analysis synthetically the three-dimensional information of landslide body in real time. The application of visualization on landslide will greatly prompt the development of landslide and bring to the enormous benefits for the society, the economy and ecosystem system.
The research of the paper can be divided into two parts. In the first part, on the basis of summarizing landslide study and visual technical development, landslide visual technical is probed into and predicted, the total frame of landslide visual technical research is gived, and every part is analysed in detail. It will make landslide visual technical form a whole and system and establish the reliable foundation for system and further research on landslide visual technical.
In the second part, taking Zhafangping Landslide in Reservoir area of Three Gorges as an example, the data gathering, data dealing with, design and visualization of digital terrain model and 3-D sliding surface model are presented in detail. Using latest visual software IDL (Interactive Data Language) and combining TRIGRID function with TRIANGULATE function in IDL, Regular Network terrain model and 3-D shallow and deep sliding surface model of Zhafangping Landslide body based on Delaunay triangular network is set up. It makes the sliding surface turn from " recessiveness " into " dominance ", and gets numerous
different three- dimensional cubic chart, contour topographic map, the combine model of terrain model and contour topo-graphic map . And every visual model has analysed and compared in detail. The analyse shows: the three-dimension visual terrain model of the landslide body not only embodies totally its terrain characteristic and sectional characteristic, but also can make the ground characteristic analysed and hold on whole; Compared to the deep sliding surface, the shallow sliding surface has the similar whole slope and is more smooth and simple, so it is worse in the stability. And the parts of the deep sliding surface have great difference, it causes the different stability, Among them the stability of the midst part is the worst. So the shallow sliding should be controlled importantly, and the controlling scheme should be assigned in the midst part of the deep sliding surface in the controlling design.
本文的研究分为两个部分。第一部分是在总结滑坡研究和可视化技术发展的基础上，对滑坡可视化技术研究做出了总体探讨和预测，给出了滑坡可视化技术研究的总体构架，并对各研究部分做出了详细分析，使滑坡可视化技术研究形成了一个整体和系统，为滑坡可视化的系统、深入研究奠定了可靠的基础。
第二部分以三峡库区榨坊坪滑坡体为例，详细阐述了滑坡体地面模型和滑动面模型的数据采集和处理、模型的构建与可视化显示及分析方法。利用可视化软件IDL中的TRIANGULATE函数和TRIGRID函数相结合，建立了基于Delaunay三角网的榨坊坪滑坡体规则格网地面模型和浅层、深层滑动面三维可视化模型，实现了该滑坡体的三维模拟与再现，使滑动面由“隐性”变为了“显性”，且获得了众多不同角度的三维立体图、等高线地形图和地面模型与等高线地形图的组合图等，并对各可视化模型进行了详细地分析与比较。分析得出：滑坡体三维可视化地面模型不仅完全体现了该滑坡体的地面特征和剖面特征，且能够从总体上进行分析和把握地面特征；由于浅层滑动面与深层滑动面整体坡度相近，且比深层滑动面平坦、简单，故浅层滑动面稳定性较差，且由于深层滑动面各部分形状存在较大差别而导致稳定性不同，其中中间部分稳定性最差，故在防治设计时应重点治理浅层滑动且治理方案应布置于深层滑动面的中间部位处。
Landslide is a comprehensive discipline. In the landslide study, it involve a large amount of information related to three-dimensional space and position, for instance geological information, position information, etc. But it is difficult to grasp any information in the past technology of studying, and it is unable to carry on fictitious engineering design, assign and construct and then analyse the result in three-dimensional space. With the application of landslide visualization technology, the above problems can receive satisfied settlement. Landslide visualization is one of the most effective methods to reproduce and analysis synthetically the three-dimensional information of landslide body in real time. The application of visualization on landslide will greatly prompt the development of landslide and bring to the enormous benefits for the society, the economy and ecosystem system.
The research of the paper can be divided into two parts. In the first part, on the basis of summarizing landslide study and visual technical development, landslide visual technical is probed into and predicted, the total frame of landslide visual technical research is gived, and every part is analysed in detail. It will make landslide visual technical form a whole and system and establish the reliable foundation for system and further research on landslide visual technical.
In the second part, taking Zhafangping Landslide in Reservoir area of Three Gorges as an example, the data gathering, data dealing with, design and visualization of digital terrain model and 3-D sliding surface model are presented in detail. Using latest visual software IDL (Interactive Data Language) and combining TRIGRID function with TRIANGULATE function in IDL, Regular Network terrain model and 3-D shallow and deep sliding surface model of Zhafangping Landslide body based on Delaunay triangular network is set up. It makes the sliding surface turn from " recessiveness " into " dominance ", and gets numerous
different three- dimensional cubic chart, contour topographic map, the combine model of terrain model and contour topo-graphic map . And every visual model has analysed and compared in detail. The analyse shows: the three-dimension visual terrain model of the landslide body not only embodies totally its terrain characteristic and sectional characteristic, but also can make the ground characteristic analysed and hold on whole; Compared to the deep sliding surface, the shallow sliding surface has the similar whole slope and is more smooth and simple, so it is worse in the stability. And the parts of the deep sliding surface have great difference, it causes the different stability, Among them the stability of the midst part is the worst. So the shallow sliding should be controlled importantly, and the controlling scheme should be assigned in the midst part of the deep sliding surface in the controlling design.
引文
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[4] 彭少民．国内外滑坡防治与研究现状综述．地质勘探安全，2000．3：16～19
[5] 黄润秋，许强等．地质灾害过程模拟和过程控制研究．北京：科学出版社，2002．11
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[7] 郑磊，蔡荣等．工程地质模型可视化探讨．连云港化工高等专科学校学报．2001．14(3)：47～49
[8] 陈昌彦，张菊明等．边坡工程地质信息的三维可视化及其在三峡船闸边坡工程中的应用．岩土工程学报，1998．7．20(4)：1～6
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[12] 唐泽圣等。三维数据场可视化．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．12
[13] McCormick B H, Defanti T A, Brown M D. Visualization in Scientific Computing. Computer Graphics, 1987. 21(6): 12～15
[14] Brodlie, K; Wood J. Recent advances in volume visualization. Computer Graphics Forum; 20(2)Jun 2001: 125～48
[15] 王建江，刘国华等．土木工程优化中的可视化研究与应用．OPTIMIZATION OF CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION，1996．16(1)：12～14
[16] 白世伟，王笑海等．岩土工程的信息化与可视化．岩土论坛，2000．4(5)：16～17
[17] 闫殿武．IDL可视化工具入门与提高．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．5
[18] R. Marschallinger. Three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization of geological materials with IDL--examples and source code. Computers & geosciences, 2001. 27(4): 419～426
[19] Hongjie Xie, Nigel Hicks, G. Randy Keller, etc.. An IDL/ENVI implementation of the FFT-based algorithm for automatic image registration. Comprters & Geosciences, 2003. 29: 1045～1055
[20] 陈自生．论滑坡学．山地研究，1996．14(2)：96～102
[21] 殷坤龙，朝再生等．国际滑坡研究的新进展．水文地质工程地质，2000．5：1～4
[22] 申杰，刘浩吾等．一种新的滑坡可视化方法．岩石力学与工程学报，2002．9．21(9)：1364～1367
[23] 杨化超，杨国东．三维地面模型的可视化研究．世界地质，2001．12．20(4)：8～10
[24] 孙国庆，施木俊等．三维工程地质模型与可视化研究．工程勘察，2001．5：26～30
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